Covid-19 har efter utbrottet i slutet av 2019 medfört omfattande konsekvenser på såväl ekonomiska som sociala aspekter. Ett stort antal individer har smittats och många har avlidit till följd av viruset, vilket resulterat i kostnader i form av minskad livskvalité, sjukhusvistelse, produktionsbortfall i och med sjukfrånvaro samt förlorade levnadsår. Detta arbete ämnar värdera delar av kostnaderna för covid-19 för hälso- och sjukvården i region Värmland 2020–2021. Analysen utförs genom en cost-of-illness studie (COI) vilket beaktar indirekta och direkta kostnader. Indirekta kostnader från covid-19 som analyseras är förlorad kvalitetsjusterande levnadsår (QALY) till följd av försämrad livskvalité genom sjukdom och förlorad QALY för dödsfall. Samt produktionsbortfall vid frånvaro från arbete. Direkta kostnader är kostnader som överskridit budget för inhyrd personal, material samt vaccination, provtagning och analys samt kostnader för varje enskilt vårdtillfälle. Utöver detta har covid-19 påverkat utbud och efterfrågan på övrig vård, vilket genererat ett uppdämt vårdbehov. Denna studie lyfter det monetära värdet av vårdkö. Studien begränsas till värdet av att invänta planerad åtgärd för två typer av ingrepp, gallstensoperation och höftledsoperation. Därav framkommer i studiens resultat skilda totala kostnader beroende på vilken operation som beaktats. Gallstensoperation representerar minimivärdet som ger en total kostnad på 4 668 miljoner kr varav indirekta kostnader uppgår till 3 452 miljoner kr. Medan höftledsoperation representerar maximivärdet och i sin tur ger en total kostnad på 4 691 miljoner kr där indirekta kostnader uppgår till 3 475 miljoner kr. Slutligen visar resultatet att direkta kostnader till följd av covid-19 uppgår till 1 216 miljoner kr oberoende av vilken åtgärd som patienten väntar på. / Following the outbreak at the end of 2019, COVID-19 has had extensive consequences on both economic and social aspects. A large number of individuals have been infected and many have died as a result of the virus, resulting in costs in form of reduced quality of life, hospitalization, loss of production due to sick leave and lost life years. This work aims to evaluate parts of the costs of COVID- 19 for healthcare in Värmland 2020–2021. The analysis is performed through a cost-of-illness study (COI) which takes indirect and direct costs into account. Indirect costs from COVID-19 analyzed are lost quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) due to impaired quality of life through illness and lost QALYs for death. As well as loss of production due to absence from work. Direct costs are costs that exceed the budget for hired staff, materials, vaccination, sampling and analysis, as well as costs for each individual care session. In addition, COVID-19 has affected the supply and demand for other care, which has generated a suppressed need for care. This study highlights the monetary value of waiting lists. The study is limited to the value of waiting for planned action for two types of surgery, gallstone- and hip replacement surgery. Therefore, the results of the study show different total costs depending on the operation considered. Gallstone surgery represents the minimum value, which gives a total cost of SEK 4.668 million, of which indirect costs amount to SEK 3.452 million. While hip replacement surgery represents the maximum value and in turn gives a total cost of SEK 4.691 million where indirect costs amount to SEK 3.475 million. Finally, the results show that direct costs as a result of covid-19 amount to SEK 1.216 million, regardless of which action the patient is waiting for.

The alarming rate at which we see the decline in biodiversity due to human activity has raised concerns about the well-being of our planet. Butterflies which serve as pollinators are an essential part of many ecosystems and sensitive indicators of environmental changes and can provide valuable insight into how ecosystems function and evolve. This thesis aims to create phylogenetic trees based on DNA sequences from butterflies and compare different nucleotide substitution models and methods in order to better understand butterflies' evolution and genetic relationships. Our approach was to use Markov theory to investigate how the four nucleotides are evolving. In regard to the comparison of models, the General Time Reversible model with more degrees of freedom was found to be better than the K80 model. Although the Maximum Likelihood and Pairwise Distance methods were found to have different transition rate matrices, the tree reconstructions had no registered differences. Interestingly, the Q matrix was found to be similar across butterfly families. These findings can suggest that it is possible to have a standard Q matrix when estimating or inferring evolutionary relationships among butterflies, and probably other animal groups. This should improve the accuracy of estimations within phylogenetics when dealing with small data sets. The information helps with reconstructing evolutionary relationships and species, therefore contributing to preserving biodiversity and thereby the ecosystems to whom they belong - and in addition humankind. / Den oroväckande takten med vilken vi ser en minskning i biologisk mångfald på grund av mänsklig aktivitet har väckt rädsla för vår planets fortsatta välbefinnande. Fjärilar som är en väsentlig del av många ekosystem fungerar som pollinatörer och indikatorer för miljöförändringar, vilket ger värdefull insikt om ekosystemens funktion och utveckling. Fjärilar fungerar som pollinatörer och är en viktig del av många ekosystem. Därmed är de känsliga indikatorer på miljöförändringar och kan ge värdefull insikt om hur ekosystem fungerar samt utvecklas. Detta kandidatexamensarbete syftar till att skapa fylogenetiska träd baserade fjärilars DNA-sekvenser och jämföra olika modeller för nukleotid substitution och metoder för att bättre förstå fjärilars utveckling och genetiska relationer. Vårt tillvägagångssätt var att använda Markovs teori för att undersöka hur de fyra nukleotiderna utvecklas. När det gäller jämförelsen av modeller visade sig General Time Reversible-modellen med fler frihetsgrader vara bättre än K80-modellen. Fastän Maximum Likelihood och Pairwise Distance metoderna visade sig ha olika övergångsmatriser fanns det inga registrerade skillnader i trädrekonstruktionerna. Ytterligare ett intressant resultat var att Q-matrisen var liknande oberoende av fjärilsfamilj. Detta kan tyda på att det är möjligt att ha en standard Q-matris när man uppskattar eller drar slutsatser om evolutionära samband mellan fjärilar och förmodligen andra djurgrupper. Vidare studier behövs men detta skulle förbättra noggrannheten av uppskattningar inom fylogenetiken när man hanterar små datamängder. Sammanfattningsvis hjälper nämnda insikter till att rekonstruera evolutionära relationer bland arter och bidrar därför till att bevara den biologiska mångfalden, tillhörande ekosystem och dessutom mänskligheten.

Low-temperature magnetic force microscopy was used to study the phase diagram of a La1/3Pr1/3Ca1/3MnO3 thin film grown on a (110) NdGaO3 (NGO) substrate by pulsed laser deposition. Traditionally, one can observe the phase change at the nanoscale level as the sample is cooled from room temperature through the transition temperature to liquid nitrogen temperatures, but in this case a fixed voltage ranging from 0 V to 31 V was applied before each cooling cycle. From in and ex situ transport measurements, it is observed that the temperature of the peak of the transition increases with applied field; however, the MFM images show that the magnetic transition begins at a lower temperature with the same increase in field. Thus, this dissertation shows that a new voltage control exists for the phase transition in certain manganites. / text

Esta tese trata da constituição do campo esportivo (BOURDIEU, 1983) do futebol nos Jogos Olímpicos. Para apresentar a configuração dessa estrutura foi utilizada uma análise documental juntamente com a história de vida dos atletas brasileiros que participaram do torneio olímpico entre 1952 e 1988. O tema referente ao amadorismo e profissionalismo estruturou toda a tese. Os conflitos políticos em torno do COI e da FIFA pelo controle do futebol foram amparados na disputa de poder para estabelecer como seria definido o termo amador. As divergências sobre esse assunto fizeram com que a FIFA criasse a sua Copa do Mundo em 1930 e que o futebol ficasse fora do programa olímpico dos Jogos de 1932. Foi a partir desse debate que os múltiplos olhares em relação ao futebol e aos Jogos Olímpicos sustentaram a tese. Esses olhares foram construídos a partir da história de vida dos atletas brasileiros que defenderam o país no futebol, dos membros e presidentes do COI e da FIFA, dos dirigentes do COB e da CBD, depois CBF, e da imprensa que apareceu nos jornais Folha da Manhã, Folha de S. Paulo e O Estado de S. Paulo, e nos Boletins Olímpicos do COI. Desse modo, construiu-se a tese de que foram os conflitos políticos entre o COI e a FIFA em torno do estabelecimento das definições da condição de atleta amador e profissional que ditaram os rumos do futebol olímpico e da modalidade no mundo / This thesis deals with the establishment of football as a sport field (BOURDIEU, 1983) in the Olympic Games. In order to present the configuration of this structure, a documental analysis was performed as well as the review of Brazilian athletes life history, since 1952 until 1988. The theme related to amateurism and professionalism has completely structured this thesis. Political conflicts developed in the relationship of COI and FIFA for control of football activities were based on the power dispute on how amateur should be defined. Deviations related to this subject lead to FIFA launching of its 1930 World Cup, and prevented football from being excluded in the Olympic Games of 1932. Rooted on this debate, multiple views related to football and Olympic Games maintained the thesis. Those multiple views were built upon the life history of Brazilian athletes that defended the country in football games, of members and presidents of COI and FIFA, of the leaders of COB and CBD, later on CBF, and upon press articles shown on Folha da Manhã, Folha de S. Paulo and O Estado de S. Paulo diaries, as well as on COI Olympic Bulletins. In this way, it was built the thesis that political conflicts between COI and FIFA were the root for the establishment of the definitions on amateur and professional athlete conditions, which ruled the track of Olympic football, as well as professional football, worldwide

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2017-10-19T19:19:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Rafael Bonfim de Almeida.pdf: 1398729 bytes, checksum: b49f522af530568d079f7e0bdc9a7372 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-19T19:19:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Rafael Bonfim de Almeida.pdf: 1398729 bytes, checksum: b49f522af530568d079f7e0bdc9a7372 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A grande quantidade de dados filogenéticos que vêm sendo disponibilizados, principalmente de caráter molecular, com os avanços de técnicas de obtenção, amplificação e sequenciamento de moléculas de DNA, RNA e proteínas, oferece uma nova perspectiva para a resolução de relações filogenéticas de grupos problemáticos. Porém, esta crescente quantidade de dados necessita de estratégia de integração e análise conjunta tanto entre os dados moleculares a per se quanto com outros dados anteriores, como dados morfológicos, citogenéticos, etológicos, entre outros. Uma alternativa recente para essa integração e metanálise filogenética é a abordagem de construção de super árvores, que consiste no princípio de agrupamento de filogenias independentes menores que possuem táxons terminais em comum em uma filogenia maior, construída com maior número de caracteres, com maior número de táxons terminais, sendo, portanto uma importante ferramenta para inferências mais acuradas quanto à sistemática, evolução, biologia, etologia, biogeografia e citogenética já que oferece uma perspectiva mais ampla do grupo em estudo. Neste estudo, dois grupos problemáticos quanto à sistemática filogenética foram escolhidos e analisados sob a perspectiva da abordagem de construção de super árvore. Para a subfamília Galerucinae sensu lato foi realizada uma filogenia molecular para espécies de Alticinae com ênfase na tribo Oedionychini a partir do alinhamento das sequências do segmento de expansão 2 (D2) do gene nuclear para 28S rDNA (28S-D2) e o gene mitocondrial para a subunidade I do Citocromo Oxidase C (COI), sendo essa filogenia juncionada com sequências associadas a bancos de dados e utilizadas em estudos filogenéticos anteriores. Posteriormente essa filogenia molecular foi integrada a uma super árvore construída para Galerucinae sensu lato. A super árvore recuperou a monofilia de Galerucinae com um grupo Alticinae parafilético. Para a ordem Siluriformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi) foi construída uma super árvore baseada tanto em dados morfológicos quanto dados moleculares, contendo todas as famílias do grupo na topologia final. A topologia final recuperou a monofilia de Siluriformes, com Diplomystidae sendo o silurídeo mais basal e grupo-irmão do restante dos Eusiluroidei. / The large amount of phylogenetic data that are being available, with predominance of molecular, with the recent advances in techniques to obtainment, amplification and sequencing of DNA molecules, RNA and proteins, offer a new perspective for solving phylogenetic relationships of problem groups. However, this increased amount of data requires integration strategies and combined analysis of data, gathering the molecular per se with other previous data, such as morphological, cytological, ethological, and others. A recent alternative for this integration and phylogenetic meta-analysis is the Supertree Construction approach, that in principle consists in a gathering of independent smaller phylogenies that have some terminal taxa in common into a larger phylogeny, built with more characters, major number of terminal taxa, being an important tool for more accurate inferences about the systematics, evolution, biology, ethology, biogeography, cytogenetics, and others, once it offers a broader perspective of the study group. In this study, two problematic groups about their phylogenetic systematics were selected and analyzed under the perspective of the Supertree Construction approach. For subfamily Galerucinae sensu lato was performed a molecular phylogeny for Alticinae species with emphasis on the segment Oedionychini, based on alignment of the sequences of expansion segment 2 (D2) of nuclear 28S rDNA gene (28SD2), and the mitochondrial gene for the subunit I of cytochrome oxidase c (COI), being this phylogenies gather with other data used in previous phylogenetic studies. Later, this molecular phylogeny was incorporated into a supertree, constructed for Galerucinae sensu lato. The supertree recovered the monophyly of a Galerucinae group, and paraphyletic Alticinae. To order Siluriformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi) was built a supertree based on both, morphological and molecular data, containing all families recognized for the group. The final topology recovered the monophyly of Siluriformes with Diplomystidae being the most basal catfish and sister group of the rest of Eusiluroidei.

Esta tese trata da constituição do campo esportivo (BOURDIEU, 1983) do futebol nos Jogos Olímpicos. Para apresentar a configuração dessa estrutura foi utilizada uma análise documental juntamente com a história de vida dos atletas brasileiros que participaram do torneio olímpico entre 1952 e 1988. O tema referente ao amadorismo e profissionalismo estruturou toda a tese. Os conflitos políticos em torno do COI e da FIFA pelo controle do futebol foram amparados na disputa de poder para estabelecer como seria definido o termo amador. As divergências sobre esse assunto fizeram com que a FIFA criasse a sua Copa do Mundo em 1930 e que o futebol ficasse fora do programa olímpico dos Jogos de 1932. Foi a partir desse debate que os múltiplos olhares em relação ao futebol e aos Jogos Olímpicos sustentaram a tese. Esses olhares foram construídos a partir da história de vida dos atletas brasileiros que defenderam o país no futebol, dos membros e presidentes do COI e da FIFA, dos dirigentes do COB e da CBD, depois CBF, e da imprensa que apareceu nos jornais Folha da Manhã, Folha de S. Paulo e O Estado de S. Paulo, e nos Boletins Olímpicos do COI. Desse modo, construiu-se a tese de que foram os conflitos políticos entre o COI e a FIFA em torno do estabelecimento das definições da condição de atleta amador e profissional que ditaram os rumos do futebol olímpico e da modalidade no mundo / This thesis deals with the establishment of football as a sport field (BOURDIEU, 1983) in the Olympic Games. In order to present the configuration of this structure, a documental analysis was performed as well as the review of Brazilian athletes life history, since 1952 until 1988. The theme related to amateurism and professionalism has completely structured this thesis. Political conflicts developed in the relationship of COI and FIFA for control of football activities were based on the power dispute on how amateur should be defined. Deviations related to this subject lead to FIFA launching of its 1930 World Cup, and prevented football from being excluded in the Olympic Games of 1932. Rooted on this debate, multiple views related to football and Olympic Games maintained the thesis. Those multiple views were built upon the life history of Brazilian athletes that defended the country in football games, of members and presidents of COI and FIFA, of the leaders of COB and CBD, later on CBF, and upon press articles shown on Folha da Manhã, Folha de S. Paulo and O Estado de S. Paulo diaries, as well as on COI Olympic Bulletins. In this way, it was built the thesis that political conflicts between COI and FIFA were the root for the establishment of the definitions on amateur and professional athlete conditions, which ruled the track of Olympic football, as well as professional football, worldwide

The ability to accurately identify species is fundamental to ecological research and environmental monitoring. Current taxonomic identifications often rely on differentiation of morphologically ambiguous characters, and a process of categorization which is tedious and often leads to misidentifications. This is compounded by the presence of cryptic taxa, which may be prevalent among Polychaete worms (Polychaeta: Annelida). With increased access to genetic techniques, Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I has been suggested as a possible aid to assist in the discrimination of species resources. In this study, I tested the hypothesis that the mtDNA COI gene locus is effective in discriminating morphologically recognised species of Polychaete worms. A 543 base-pair fragment of the COI locus was successfully extracted for 111 individuals from 16 out of 20 morphologically recognised species. Average intraspecific divergences were 0.8 %, ranging from 0 % to 5 %. Average interspecific variation was 26.4 %, ranging from 13.8 % to 36.8 %. The lowest divergences were found between two Nereid species (13.8 %), and two Glycera americana species (17.2 %). Relatively high maximum divergences of over 30 % suggest that some species may have reached a divergence saturation level, which may partially explain why familial groupings in constructed trees were not monophyletic. Divergences within the different Nereid species - a group previously known to have morphologically cryptic species - did not reveal the presence of any cryptic taxa. Pairwise comparisons showed a clear divide between percentages of intra- and interspecific divergences, and the suggested threshold of 11 % is effective for the taxa investigated here. On the basis of these results, I conclude that sequence variation in the mtDNA COI gene locus is effective in discriminating morphologically recognised species of Polychaete worms, but may not be appropriate for deeper (e.g. generic or familial) phylogenetic relationships among taxa.

This study assembles COI barcodes from 1814 specimens from the shorebird order, Charadriiformes and examines variation relative to time, rate of evolution and taxonomic level. In the suborder Scolopaci, 95% of sampled species were identified correctly. COI barcode variation within monotypic species was low (0-1% maximum distance) but showed a wide range within polytypic species (0-5%). Preliminary Charadrii results suggest similar trends but success is reduced in the third suborder, Lari. Rates of COI evolution are found to be lowest in the Lari and this leads to reduced species identification in recently radiated families: just 49% of the Laridae and 57% of the Stercoraridae are identified but 100% of the older Alcidae. In the faster Scolopaci, subspecies are at the limit of resolution with some well differentiated subspecies not distinguished by barcodes. The interplay of evolutionary rates, divergence dates and gene flow appears to determine COI barcode differentiation between taxa.

This study assembles COI barcodes from 1814 specimens from the shorebird order, Charadriiformes and examines variation relative to time, rate of evolution and taxonomic level. In the suborder Scolopaci, 95% of sampled species were identified correctly. COI barcode variation within monotypic species was low (0-1% maximum distance) but showed a wide range within polytypic species (0-5%). Preliminary Charadrii results suggest similar trends but success is reduced in the third suborder, Lari. Rates of COI evolution are found to be lowest in the Lari and this leads to reduced species identification in recently radiated families: just 49% of the Laridae and 57% of the Stercoraridae are identified but 100% of the older Alcidae. In the faster Scolopaci, subspecies are at the limit of resolution with some well differentiated subspecies not distinguished by barcodes. The interplay of evolutionary rates, divergence dates and gene flow appears to determine COI barcode differentiation between taxa.

Advocates of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), a cross-cultural phenomenon that has attracted public attention throughout the world, portray them as an equalizing force in international higher education; but researchers have noted discrepancies in how learners from different countries have engaged with them. The number of MOOC learners in China is growing rapidly, and Chinese learners are enthusiastic about the unprecedented freedom they now have in selecting courses and accessing resources from the best international universities. However, they have a significantly low completion rate and may experience unique challenges about which little is known. This study took into account the diversity of MOOC learners and proposed changes to its course design to make it more inclusive for Chinese students. I used a mixed method—including document analysis, surveys, and interviews—to investigate the Chinese experience of taking Western MOOCs and also to explore the educational theories and design principles of MOOCs that have been discussed in the Western and Chinese literature. My analysis of the literature revealed issues of contextualization that may play a critical role in improving the MOOC experience for Chinese students. Drawing on theoretical educational frameworks—including motivation, community of inquiry, self-regulated learning, and social identity—my analysis of surveys and interviews identified common themes in the Chinese experience of Western MOOCs. In accordance with the results of my analysis, and also in line with interaction equivalency and situational principles, this study provided suggestions for adapting MOOCs to Chinese learners, such as enhancing content quality, improving learner–learner and learner–instructor interactions, providing social support, and collaborating with local universities and agencies in providing technical and credentialing support.