Self-esteem and measurement thereof is a very prominent phenomenon in psychology and related fields of study. In contrast to traditional measures of selfesteem which focus on individual self-esteem, Luhtanen and Crocker (1992) developed a measure of Collective self-esteem (CSE) with the following subscales: membership self-esteem, private collective self-esteem, public collective self-esteem and importance to identity. The aim of this study was to determine if the instrument is a valid measurement of collective self-esteem in the South African context. The CSE was evaluated using item analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. According to the findings of this study the Collective Self Esteem Scale is a reliable instrument for South African use, but confirmatory factor analysis determined that it is not factorially valid. The fit indexes indicate that the theorized four-factor model is not a good fit to the data in the South African context and should pave the way for further research on the construct validity of the Collective Self esteem Scale. Copyright 2010, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Rossouw, A 2010, Confirmatory factor analysis of the collective self esteem scale, MCom dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02212012-122435 / > C12/4/134/gm / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Human Resource Management / unrestricted

This thesis explores state death and the possibilities to escape death that comes with the digitalising of the state. The analysis, built on earlier theorising of how we could understand what the state is, explicate the connection between the narrative of the identity, or “collective self”, and the survival of the state through a repository of its key information, which in turn could be viewed as an asset in terms of recognition. Hence we could envision the possibility for the state to possess identity repositories where certain information becomes the bearer of identity, which ensures the survival of the narrative of the collective self, after invasion and territorial conquest. This is also put in relation to statehood and its intimate connection to the contemporary notion of spatial domain and how it might be affected by digitalisation.

p. 1-134 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-03-19T20:27:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 3,333333tdtdt.pdf: 971954 bytes, checksum: 4a5ea95473e71ab828d4282bd3de7e6f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima(tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2013-04-22T18:24:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 3,333333tdtdt.pdf: 971954 bytes, checksum: 4a5ea95473e71ab828d4282bd3de7e6f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-22T18:24:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3,333333tdtdt.pdf: 971954 bytes, checksum: 4a5ea95473e71ab828d4282bd3de7e6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Este trabalho trata da temática autogestão em cooperativas populares. O objetivo é identificar e discutir os desafios à autogestão em cooperativas populares. Partimos da premissa de que a heterogestão (gestão hierarquizada de diferentes ou desiguais) é o modo hegemônico de organização do trabalho na sociedade capitalista, desta maneira a autogestão seria uma novidade e por isso apresentaria desafios na sua efetivação. Entende-se autogestão como a não separação entre trabalho manual e intelectual, em que a posse dos meios de produção é coletiva e caracterizada como um processo em construção na organização. O objeto de pesquisa foi a Cooperativa Juvenil de Serviços Turísticos de São Bartolomeu – COOPERTUR, incubada pelo PANGEA – Centro de Estudos Sócio-ambientais e localizada no Subúrbio Ferroviário de Salvador. Foram utilizados os níveis de consciência de Paulo Freire para tentar identificar o grau de maturidade do grupo e os níveis de participação de Bordenave para perceber a atuação da diretoria e a transparência nas informações na cooperativa. Constatou-se, na pesquisa que a autogestão só se torna viável quando os cooperados se percebem no nível de consciência crítica (Paulo Freire), que pode ser caracterizado pela capacidade do indivíduo de se afastar da sua realidade objetiva e problematizá-la. No caso da COOPERTUR, foi identificada a situação a que se denominou autogestão funcional, caracterizada por cooperados em diferentes níveis de consciência, em que mesmo com os instrumentos de participação disponíveis, um grupo de cooperados opta por não participar, delegando aos demais as tomadas de decisão. A autogestão funcional seria, então, uma fase pela qual a organização passa para chegar à autogestão plena (estado ótimo). A autogestão funcional é um ponto de inflexão na trajetória da organização rumo à autogestão, e a cooperativa pode, a partir deste momento, evoluir ou retroceder (ou, ainda, deixar de existir) na construção da autogestão, dependendo dos desdobramentos desta fase, intimamente ligada ao nível de consciência dos cooperados. Quanto à atuação da diretoria, percebeu-se que a “inércia participativa” de um grupo de cooperados faz com que a cooperativa possa ser classificada no nível de participação denominado “consulta obrigatória”. Outro problema identificado na cooperativa está relacionado ao processo de comunicação, sendo identificados problemas para que a informação possa chegar até aos cooperados. / Salvador

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We analyze the memory of collective events in Peru and its relationship with Peruviannational identity in a middle-class sample from Lima (N = 81). Peruvian collective self- esteem and two dimensions of the Peruvian self-concept (Peruvians as proactive-capable and negative image of Peruvians) are related moderately to valence of historic characters remembered. Nevertheless, valence of remembered historical events was not associated to Peruvian national identity. Results also suggest that characters and events from 20th century comprise the majority of remembered instances, and 20th century instances are worse evaluated than characters and events from previous periods of Peruvian history. Results confirm a recency bias and a tendency to make more positive meaning attributions to distant eventsand characters than those made to more recent events. / Se analizan las relaciones entre la memoria de hechos colectivos en el Perú y la constitución de la identidad nacional peruana en 81 habitantes de clase media de Lima Metropolitana. La valencia positiva del recuerdo colectivo de personajes históricos, más no el de eventos, se asocia moderadamente a la autoestima colectiva y a dos dimensiones del autoconcepto colectivo (peruanos proactivos-capaces e imagen negativa de los peruanos). Se encontró que personajes y eventos del siglo XX conforman el porcentaje mayoritario de recuerdos colectivos, y en promedio personajes y eventos del siglo XX son peor evaluados que personajes y eventos previos a este siglo. Esto confirma la presencia de un sesgo de recencia y la tendencia a atribuir un significado más positivo a personajes y hechos que se recuerdan a largo plazo en contraposición con aquellos más recientes.

All bona fide professions have affiliated professional organizations, ethical standards or a code of ethics, and an accrediting and sanctioning body that deals with preparation, credentialing, and licensure, and pride in one's profession (Gale & Austin, 2003; Remley & Herlihy, 2010). As school counseling continues to evolve, school counselors have struggled to define and maintain their role. This may be due, in part, to the social desirability an individual has to belong to dominant group in the school setting (Tajfel, 1986). School counselors may draw esteem from their professional membership. This concept, called collective self-esteem, denotes those aspects of identity that are related to membership in social groups and the respective value that one places on one's membership (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992). The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between collective self-esteem and professional identity. The findings of this study indicated that collective self-esteem was relatively stable and remained moderately high across several demographic variables related to professional identity. Collective self-esteem remained relatively consistent across level of practice, professional background, years of total experience and years of experience at the current school, and area of practice. Further, collective self-esteem remained moderately high for those who were affiliated with a counseling organization and those who were not. Results also suggested that collective self-esteem is constant regardless of variations in credentialing, chosen code of ethics, role definition (educator first or counselor first), and professional pride. Results indicated that collective self-esteem remained moderately high across several demographic areas and variables related to professional identity. Further, a significant positive correlation was found between pride in the profession and collective self-esteem was shown. Additionally, a small, significant negative correlation was garnered between those participants who viewed themselves as a counselor first and held an LPC or equivalent. Further, a significant relationship was found between those participants who defined their role as a counselor first and chose the NBCC Code of Ethics as their primary code of ethics and those participants who held the counselor first position and chose the ASCA Ethical Code as their primary code of ethics.

OBJECTIVES: The general aim of this research was to analyse the relationships between bullying (as a distinct form of aggression), victimisation, personal and collective self-esteem, and narcissism in adolescents. Baumeister et al. (1996) refuted the conventionally accepted view that low self-esteem is a cause of violence whereby, for example, those who lack self-esteem may use aggression as a means of dominating others and thereby gaining self-esteem. Instead, it may be that aggression is related to high self-esteem such that individuals with a combination of high levels of both self-esteem and narcissism are more likely to react aggressively to a perceived threat. Design: After a conducting a small pilot study (n = 112), the main study employed a large-scale cross-sectional survey with self-report questionnaires administered to school students during class. METHODS: Participants were drawn from six metropolitan high schools in Adelaide (South Australia), resulting in 1,628 adolescents (665 females & 963 males, aged 12-17 years) completing the survey. The questionnaire battery comprised modified self-report bully and victim versions of the Direct and Indirect Aggression Scales (Bjorkqvist et al., 1992), personal (Rosenberg, 1979) and collective self-esteem (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992) scales, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (Raskin & Hall, 1981), and a measure of socially desirable responding (i.e., Impression Management; Paulhus, 1991). RESULTS: A variety of multivariate analyses controlling for socially desirable responses was employed to test and explore hypothesised relationships. Results showed no relationship between age and any form of bullying or victimisation. Boys reported significantly higher mean levels of direct and total bullying and victimisation, whereas girls reported higher levels of indirect bullying and victimisation. Victimisation was negatively correlated with personal self-esteem, and positively correlated with collective self-esteem. In contrast, bullying was positively correlated with personal self-esteem, with no significant relationship found with collective self-esteem. Collective and personal self-esteem did not differentially predict different types of bullying or victimisation. Narcissism was positively correlated with bullying. The predicted interaction between personal self-esteem, narcissism and bullying was evident, although the predicted collective self-esteem interaction was not found. Impression Management (social desirability) was significantly negatively correlated with bullying and, to a lesser extent, with victimisation. CONCLUSION: Research such as this into the possible causes and correlates of aggression and bullying will assist in the design, implementation, and maintenance of effective interventions. For example, as results corresponded with Baumeister et al.'s (1996) assertion in that bullying was related to high self-esteem, interventions that are designed to increase self-esteem might in reality be counterproductive and possibly contribute to an increase in bullying behaviour. Additionally, victims reported higher collective self-esteem than their non-victimised peers, clearly a novel finding worthy of further research. Findings suggested that, rather than running the risk of underreporting of socially undesirable behaviours, self-report methods provide a useful and valid means of measuring prevalence rates and internal states. Rather than underreporting aggressive behaviours, it is likely that respondents were being honest as they did not feel that these behaviours were, in fact, socially undesirable. The present sample reported bullying and victimisation prevalence rates that were comparatively high, despite using relatively conservative criteria, possibly due to an increased awareness of what constitutes bullying as a result of government and school anti-bullying policies and initiatives. The findings generally correspond with and build upon previous research. In addition, a number of the results are novel, providing numerous opportunities for future researchers to further explore and test the relationships between self-esteem, bullying, and victimisation.

<p>Individens tro på den egna förmågan benämns self-efficacy och är en viktig del vid avgörandet av hur en uppgift ska lösas, samt av hur resultatet blir. När individer presterar spelar feedback en central roll för om det kommer att skapas motivation att uppnå målen eller inte. Ovan nämnda begrepp är även centrala för den kollektiva self-efficacy som är gruppens tro på sin förmåga. Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur en individs self-efficacy påverkas vid ett negativt utfall inom ett prestationsområde. En enkätundersökning med 81 lagidrottsspelare genomfördes i Västmanlands län. Resultatet visade att det fanns en nedgång i skattad self-efficacy efter ett negativt resultat på en match. Studien visade även på sänkningar i skattad motivationen och kollektiv self-efficacy samt en höjning i upplevd feedback. Slutligen diskuteras vad anledningen till de sänkningar berodde på samt hur vidare forskning kan undersöka saken djupare.</p>

Do the Palestinians deserve a state? To answer this question, one must first provide an account of collective self-determination (CSD) and when a group is entitled to it. This starts with looking at the origins of CSD, both to see if it truly is a right and, if so, what its nature is. I will argue that there is such a thing as a right to CSD, but due to its nature, it is not a universal right of all groups. Whether a group has a right to CSD depends on the conditions in which the group lives, and in this paper, I will tease out what these conditions are. The result of such an analysis will be a set of criteria by which one can judge whether or not a group is entitled to CSD, given the conditions in which the group lives. With this criteria, I will look at the Palestinian case in particular and determine whether or not the Palestinians have a right to CSD. If so, they have a right to an independent state, since any group that exercises true CSD can determine whether or not they choose to live in such a state.