Juntoudeunisso investiga possíveis relações entre práticas cênicas desenvolvidas no ambiente escolar e procedimentos da produção artística contemporânea, mediante a reflexão sobre um projeto pedagógico realizado pela pesquisadora junto a crianças de quarta série do Ensino Fundamental, numa Instituição Educacional da Rede Privada de Porto Alegre. A análise entretece descrições de uma performance do artista Elcio Rossini e de duas intervenções urbanas elaboradas pelos alunos, depoimentos concedidos por algumas das crianças participantes e teorizações a partir de autores como Lehmann, Pupo e Desgranges, para citar alguns. Como marcas do trabalho, destacam-se: o caráter processual, a reflexão sobre o processo criativo, a radicalização da experiência de criar coletivamente, as aproximações com elementos presentes na denominada cena pós-dramática, o trânsito entre diferentes formas de expressão artística e a preocupação com o “lugar” do espectador na cena contemporânea. Ao refletir sobre questões motivadoras do projeto realizado, traçando relações entre propostas desenvolvidas na escola e conceitos presentes em investigações cênicas contemporâneas, o texto insere-se no debate sobre a presença do fazer teatral nas instituições escolares em geral. / Juntoudeunisso examines possible connections between scenic practices developed at the school environment and contemporary artistic productions by pondering over a pedagogical project developed by the researcher in a fourth grade group of a private elementary school in Porto Alegre. The analysis proposed by this research interweaves descriptions of an Elcio Rossini’s performance and two city interventions designed by the students, some students’ testimonials and theory based on Lehmann, Pupo, Desgranges, among others. Some highlighted features of this research are: the emphasis in the process, the radicalization of the collective creation experience, the connective tissue of postdramatic scene elements, the concern with the spectator’s role in the contemporary scene, the transition among different ways of artistic expression and the creative process reflection. This research is inserted in the debate about the presence of contemporary scenic investigations of the scenic practices in schools through reflection about some triggering questions of the project analyzed and through relating activities developed in school to concepts found in contemporary theatrical investigations.

A tese investiga as texturas teatrais produzidas no âmbito dos processos de criação colaborativa vivenciados por coletivos teatrais de Belo Horizonte, a partir de sua experiência de participação dentro do projeto Cena 3x4. O projeto, realizado de 2003 a 2005, pela Maldita Cia. em parceria com o Galpão Cine Horto, propunha a criação concomitante de quatro espetáculos teatrais por meio da pesquisa dos princípios colaborativos e do diálogo não somente criativo, mas também metodológico ocorrido entre os núcleos de criação compostos por grupos teatrais da cidade e por diretores e dramaturgos orientados por Antônio Araújo e Luiz Alberto de Abreu. A principal questão da tese concerne às possibilidades de texturas teatrais polifônicas que podem ser tecidas, tanto no plano enunciativo como no plano ficcional, em um processo de criação colaborativa. Ou seja, na medida em que o processo colaborativo garante aos criadores da cena um espaço de proposição eqüipolente, a partir de suas funções artísticas específicas, e privilegia o embate entre as matérias cênicas heterogêneas, ele como um sistema de criação polifônico resultaria, necessariamente, em uma dramaturgia também polifônica, cuja articulação textual tornaria visível tanto as marcas processuais quanto os rastros das vozes presentes na criação? Visando responder essas questões, examino o conceito de dramaturgia e texto, bem como as relações entre texto e cena no âmbito do pensamento teatral do século XX e da contemporaneidade e, por meio dos princípios colaborativos e das noções de polifonia, escritura e performatividade, analiso as relações entre os processos de criação investigados e as suas resultantes textuais. / The thesis investigates the theatrical textures produced within the scope of the collaborative creation processes lived by theatrical collectives from Belo Horizonte, taking into account their active experience in the Cena 3x4 project. The project carried out by Maldita Cia from 2003 to 2005, together with Galpão Cine Horto, proposed the simultaneous creation of four stage shows through the research of collaborative principles and a, not only creative, but also methodological, dialogue which took place between the creation teams, composed by theatrical groups of the town, and by directors and playwrights managed by Antônio Araújo and Luiz Alberto de Abreu. The main question of the thesis concerns the possibilities of polyphonic theatrical textures that can be woven, either on the enunciative level or the functional level, within a process of collaborative creation. In other words, as far as the collaborative process assures the scene creators some space from a equipollent proposition, considering their specific artistic functions, and favors the clash between the heterogeneous scenic subjects, would it as a system of polyphonic creation necessarily result in a polyphonic dramaturgy, too, whose textual connection would make both the processual marks and the traces of the voices present in the creation visible? Aiming at answering these questions, I examine the concept of dramaturgy and text, as well as the relations between text and scene in the scope of the 20th century and contemporaneity theatrical thought; and, by means of the collaborative principles and the notions of polyphony, scripture and performativity, I analyze the relations between the creation processes investigated and their textual outcomes.

Este trabalho investiga os processos constitutivos, as condições de atuação e o sentido político do que chama de novo engajamento cultural. Desde os anos 1990 surge na cidade de São Paulo um novo conjunto de experiências associativas informais, autodenominadas coletivos, que atualizam as formas de relacionamento entre o fazer cultural e a militância política. Essa nova configuração político-cultural notabiliza-se por se aliar a temáticas cotidianas que emanam do meio social dos públicos ou territórios com que estão envolvidos ao mesmo tempo em que direciona seus esforços para fazer do coletivo um espaço de experimentação de novas relações produtivas. Do mesmo modo, o fenômeno parece desenvolver-se nos termos de novas modalidades laborais, já que a formação de coletivos aparece também como via alternativa de acesso a subvenções públicas propiciadas pelas novas políticas culturais estruturadas por sistemas de financiamento direto a projetos selecionados através de editais públicos. A hipótese é de que a emergência do novo engajamento cultural é estreitamente vinculada com o paradigma antropológico de política cultural que se firmou no país ao longo dos anos 2000, favorecendo-se das modulações políticas operadas pela era de hegemonia dos governos progressistas. Para tanto, privilegia como arco histórico de análise os debates, formulações e impasses enfrentados pelas instâncias organizativas de dois movimentos culturais que se formaram ao redor de dois programas públicos municipais: o Fomento ao Teatro para a Cidade de São Paulo, de 2002, e a breve experiência do Fomento à Cultura da Periferia de São Paulo, de 2016. Isso é feito através de observação direta participante (no período 2011-2017) em espaços organizativos dos movimentos; análise de dados secundários compostos por atas, legislações, projetos e outros documentos atinentes à relação entre coletivos e poder público; e pesquisa bibliográfica que permitiu pensar, por diferentes perspectivas, o atual papel da cultura frente às transformações mais recentes do sistema capitalista. Em seus resultados, a pesquisa sugere que a agenda cultural antropológica, forjada em sintonia com as novas estratégias de gerenciamento político global e com a centralidade assumida pela cultura na nova etapa de acumulação, degenera o sentido político destas pequenas experiências ao instrumentalizar a capacidade mobilizadora e auto-organizativa demonstrada por elas. Intrínsecos ao novo paradigma, os sistemas de financiamento baseado na forma-edital serviram a que a norma competitiva neoliberal se infiltrasse nestes pequenos ensaios organizativos informais, o que reduziu o potencial emancipador aí presente a uma forma subordinada de trabalho e transformou os processos interativos por eles produzidos em novas espécies de mercadoria. / This work researches the constitutive processes, the conditions of action and the political sense of what it calls a new cultural engagement. Since the 1990s a new set of informal associative experiences, self-described collectives, has emerged in the city of São Paulo and updated the forms of relationship between cultural making and political activism. This new political-cultural composition is notable for its alliance with the everyday themes emanating from the social milieu of the public or territory with which they are involved. At the same time, there are direct efforts to experiment new productive relations inside the collectives. Likewise, the phenomenon seems to develop in terms of new forms of labor, since constituting collectives also appears as an alternative way to access public subsidies through new cultural policies that fund projects which are selected in open calls. The hypothesis is that the emergence of the new cultural engagement is closely linked to the anthropological paradigm of cultural policy that was established in the country during the years 2000, favored by political modulations operated by an era of hegemony of progressive governments. In order to do so, it analises the historical arc of debates, formulations and impasses faced by the organizational instances of two cultural movements that were formed around two municipal public plans: Fomento ao Teatro para a Cidade de São Paulo, established in 2002, and the brief experience of Fomento à Cultura da Periferia, established in 2016. This is done through participant direct observation in organizational spaces of the movements (during the period of 2011-2017); analysis of secondary data composed by minutes, laws, projects and other documents concerning the relationship between collectives and public power; and bibliographical research as subsidy to reflect, from different perspectives, on the current role of culture in face of the most recent transformations of the capitalist system. In its conclusions, this research suggests that the anthropological cultural agenda, forged in tune with the new global political management strategies and with the centrality assumed by culture in the new stage of accumulation, degenerates the political meaning of those small experiences by instrumentalizing their demonstrated mobilizing and self-organization capacity. The funding systems based on the open call form, intrinsic to the new paradigm, served to the infiltration of the neoliberal competitive norm into these small informal organizational experiments; reducing thus the emancipatory potential present there to a subordinate form of work and transforming the interactive processes they produced into new types of commodity.

Collective nouns are a category of nouns that refer to a group of people or things. This group of nouns has the special characteristic that when in singular form, they can be followed by either a singular or a plural verb. This feature of collective nouns has attracted a great deal of attention from researchers and traditional grammarians, who in the last few decades have tried to explain this phenomenon by investigating different perspectives on it, thereby taking into consideration morphological, syntactic and semantic, as well as variational and discourse-specific differences (Biber et al, 1999; Levin, 2001; Depraetere, 2003). One of the main assumptions that has been suggested in the literature is that collective nouns have specific concord preferences, allowing for either a singular or a plural verb or both. Another assumption that has also been invoked is that when collective nouns are part of a complex noun phrase, as for instance in the phrase the rest of (the) society, in which the collective is part of the of-phrase, the plural tends to be used. Based on these two assumptions, the aim of this thesis is to further investigate, firstly whether a singular or a plural verb is used after expressions where a collective noun is being modified by a quantifying noun expression (e.g. the rest of, part of), secondly whether the concord preferences the collective nouns have an influence on the verbal concord and finally if there is any difference between the two main varieties of English, namely British and American English. Since this is a topic of actual language use, the methods used in corpus linguistic research are also employed in the thesis. More specifically, by looking at the instances of quantifying noun expressions modifying collective nouns as well as the frequency with which such constructions occur in two different corpora, the enTenTen13 and the GloWbE (Corpus of Global Web-Based English), the thesis seeks to answer the aforementioned questions. From the analysis of the data it was concluded that in some cases the concord preferences of the collective nouns influenced the verb form following the complex noun phrases, whereas in others these preferences did not determine the selection of the verb form. Syntactic, semantic as well as contextual factors seem to also influence the selection of the verb form. Furthermore, variational differences occurred, since in British English the plural was more often used with collective nouns that prefer the plural concord over the singular one or that are more variable in their concord patterns, whereas in American English the singular was the preferred choice in all cases.

Le contrat de gestion collective est un acte qui a toujours suscité réflexion et qui demeure un mécanisme original. Son étude devait, en premier lieu, permettre d’en identifier la nature juridique. Qualifié d’« autorisation de gestion » par l’ordonnance n° 2016-1823 du 22 décembre 2016 et d’« apport » par la quasi-totalité des statuts desgestion collective, celui-ci permet d’organiser l’exercice collectif des droits d’auteur. L’examen de son objet, de ses finalités, ainsi que de ses effets, aussi bien à l’égard des parties qu’à l’égard du droit transmis en gestion, était nécessaire, pour découvrir sa structure juridique, ainsi que sa dynamique. Aussi, la présente thèse propose de retenir une qualification unitaire à l’égard de ce contrat particulier, pratiqué désormais depuis des siècles, et qui conserve la particularité de mettre en exergue les nouveaux modes d’exercice de la propriété, et singulièrement de la propriété intellectuelle. / The contract of collective copyrights management is an act, which has always been source of doctrinal reflection and which remains original in many aspects. Studying this mechanism required to identify its legal (judicial) nature. Qualified as an “authorization of management” by the ordinance n° 2016-1823, from the 22th December 2016, and as a “company contribution” by the articles of these companies, it allows organizing the collective exercise of copyright which is usually individual. The assessment of the object, of the use, as well as the effects on contracting parties and on transferred rights was necessary to discover its legal framework and its own dynamism. The purpose of this thesis is to underline its originality of this contract, which brings to light the fact of new ways of the exercise of property, and singularly of the intellectual property.

La thèse étudie les liens entre les pratiques d’enseignement et les pratiques collectives des enseignants, au sein de l’établissement, lors de l’élaboration d’un projet « vie scolaire ». Elle s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une recherche-intervention, répondant à une demande sociale, incluant un accompagnement des acteurs de terrain lors de l’élaboration du projet. Dans ce contexte, nous explicitons la rencontre entre sphère sociale et sphère académique. Pour cette dernière, mobilisant une approche dans laquelle ne dominent ni les structures sociales ni les acteurs, nous proposons d’étudier les pratiques d’enseignement à partir des incidences de leurs contextes. Les pratiques d’enseignement sont envisagées lors d’incidents relatifs à l’ordre scolaire en classe et les pratiques collectives au cours de l’élaboration du projet « vie scolaire ». Nous défendons que les pratiques d’enseignement varient en fonction des phases d’élaboration collective du projet et de l’appartenance des enseignants aux différents groupes de travail. Pour la mise à l’épreuve, nous avons utilisé d’une part une méthodologie dite des « pratiques en récit », fondée sur la narration des incidents à la fois par l’enseignant et par le chercheur et d’autre part une analyse « stratégique » de l’action des groupes de travail. Les résultats montrent que les pratiques de dénouement d’incident pédagogiques (DIP) varient selon l’appartenance des enseignants aux groupes de travail d’élaboration du projet, mais ne dépendent pas uniquement de ces derniers. Les différences repérables relèveraient davantage d’autres facteurs, plutôt que de la participation des enseignants à l’élaboration du projet. Par ailleurs, nous mettons à jour une distribution du pouvoir d’agir des enseignants selon les périodes, entre les pratiques d’enseignement et les pratiques collectives ; un fort investissement dans les unes s’accompagne d’un retrait dans les autres. / The aim of this thesis is to study the links between teaching practices and collective practices of teachers within the institution when developing a "school life" project. We conducted this work as part of a research-action responding to a social demand, and thus accompanied and led the field actors in the elaboration of the project. In this context, we explain the meeting of social sphere and an academic sphere. For the latter, involving an approach that does not dominate the social structures nor the actors, we propose an interpretative balance between teaching practices and the impact of their contexts. Teaching practices are envisaged in incidents related to the order in class and collective practices during the development of the "school life" project. We propose that teaching practices vary depending on collective project development phases and the participation of teachers in different working groups. For testing, we used on one hand a methodology of "narrative practices" based on the narration of incidents by both the teacher and the researcher and on the other hand a "strategic analysis " of the action of the working groups. The results show that the practices of outcome of pedagogical incident (DIP) vary according to the membership of teachers in project development working groups, but do not depend solely on them. The identifiable differences arise more from other factors, rather than teachers' participation in the development of the project. Furthermore, we update a distribution of the teachers’ power to act between teaching practices and collective practices; a strong investment in one is accompanied by a diminished on the other.

L’entreprise, quelle que soit sa taille, sa forme ou son importance n’est jamais à l’abri des difficultés financières pouvant la conduire à l’ouverture d’une procédure collective. Cette situation n’est pas sans conséquence sur les acteurs de l’entreprise, et notamment, sur les créanciers, partenaires essentiels à l’exercice de l’activité de l’entreprise. Ainsi, pour se prémunir contre le risque d’insolvabilité du débiteur, les créanciers peuvent tenter de bénéficier des causes légitimes de préférences, appelées sûretés. Mais celles-ci forment un ensemble complexe au sein duquel on retrouve des sous-groupes. Il existe, en effet, en droit français et en droit OHADA, une diversité de sûretés aussi bien personnelles que réelles. D'une manière générale, il est aujourd'hui admis que, dans la catégorie des sûretés réelles, celles dites "exclusives", en l’occurrence celles qui sont fondées sur la rétention ou sur la propriété du bien objet de la garantie, parviennent à tirer à leur épingle de jeu, en cas d’ouverture d’une procédure collective. Il en résulte une véritable protection de ces sûretés. L’exclusivité va en effet leur permettre d’échapper aux règles découlant de l’ouverture d’une procédure collective. Par ailleurs, les créanciers munis de sûretés réelles exclusives vont pouvoir déroger à certaines règles traditionnelles de la discipline collective. Cependant, la protection dont bénéficient ces sûretés ne les place pas à l’abri des exigences des procédures collectives. Au contraire, l’effectivité de leur protection est largement subordonnée à leur existence dans ces procédures, d’une part, et, dans une certaine mesure, à la réalisation des objectifs du droit des procédures collectives, d’autre part. Ainsi, bien que protégées, les sûretés réelles exclusives ne sont pas au-dessus de la procédure collective. / A company, whatever it size, form or importance is never away from financial difficulties that could lead it to collective proceeding. This situation is not without any consequences on the company's players, especially, creditors, who are the main collaborators in the company's exercise. Thus, to protect themselves from the risk of insolvency of the debtor, they can try to get legitimate preferential consideration, called securities. But these one make a complicated ensemble in which we can find subgroups. In French law and OHADA law, there is, in fact, a variety of securities, as well personal securities as securities right. In general terms, it is allowed today, that, in the securities right group, those called "exclusives" - the one based on the retention or on the property of the good, subject of the guarantee - succeed to pull out in case a collective proceeding is opened. Resulting in an absolute protection of these securities. The exclusivity will allow them to avoid the rules following the opening of a collective proceeding. Besides, creditors armed with securities right will be able to break with some traditional regulation from collective discipline. Yet, the protection tied to these securities don't shielded them from the requirements of collectives proceedings. On the contrary, the validity of their protection is wildly subject to their being in these procedures, on one hand, and to the fulfillment of the goal of collective proceeding law, on the other hand. So, even though they are protected, the exclusive securities right are not above the collective procedure

Les droits et actions attachés à la personne se manifestent en des domaines variés. Exceptions à l'action oblique et à certaines règles des procédures collectives, ils constituent également des biens propres dans la communauté légale. Cette hétérogénéité de leur utilisation conduit à s'interroger sur l'existence d'une véritable notion juridique. La comparaison des différentes prérogatives entre elles, rendue possible par l'existence d'enjeux communs, conduit à constater l'existence d'une telle notion. Son identification peut alors être entreprise. Marquée par une subjectivité la rendant difficilement appréhendable, la notion peut pourtant être approchée, précisée et construite.L'étude de l'objet de l'attache à la personne conduit quant à elle à constater l'existence d'une distinction constante entre aptitude à exercer et résultat découlant de cet exercice. Cette distinction, qui se confond avec la distinction du titre et de la finance, permet alors de révéler le domaine réel des droits et actions attachés à la personne. Englobant les droits extrapatrimoniaux qu'ils réunissent au sein du patrimoine, ils apparaissent même à l'origine des droits patrimoniaux non attachés à la personne. Ils conduisent alors à réorganiser l'ensemble des droits subjectifs. / The expression “rights and actions attached to the holder” is used in several fields of the private law. Exceptions to the indirect action and to some rules of the liquidation, they are also exclusives properties in the matrimony. This heterogeneity of use leads us to wonder about the existence of a true juridical notion. Its existence can be found by comparing the different prerogatives and their different relations. It is then possible to identify the notion. Even if the subjectivity of the notion can make it difficult to comprehend, however it can be approached, specified and shaped.As for the study of the object of the attach to the person, it leads us to observe the existence of a constant distinction between the ability to exercise and its result. This distinction, that merges with the distinction of the deed and the finance, can then reveal the real domain of the rights and actions attached to the holder. Gathering within the patrimony the extrapatrimonial rights, they even appear to be at the origin of the rights non-attached to the holder and lead to reorganize all subjective rights.

Quant à la loyauté, deux éléments particuliers interpellent. D’une part, la relative récence de son émergence dans l’édifice juridique, spécialement jurisprudentiel, contractuel et social, ainsi que la relative novation de ses applications dans le contrat, lequel était classiquement peu investi par le juge, et qui désormais s’inonde de diverses obligations de loyauté à charge des parties. D’autre part, c’est le caractère adapté, voire pertinent, presque affuté de ses commandements qui constitue finalement la première qualité de l’obligation et, pour le rapport de travail, relation déséquilibrée par excellence, la preuve de son utilité contractuelle. Des différences sensibles doivent être bien sûr observées selon qu’elle s’applique aux rapports collectifs ou individuels de travail. La loyauté appelle à cet égard un effort de conceptualisation qui nécessite de s’intéresser précisément à la notion sous l’angle de son émergence pour ensuite s’attacher efficacement à démontrer l’utilité de l’obligation / As for loyalty, two particular elements challenge. On the one hand, the relative recency of its emergence in the legal structure, especially jurisprudence. Also in contractual and social field, as well as the relative innovation of its applications in the contract, which was typically little invests by the judge. Now, it incorporates various loyalty obligations on parties. On the other hand, this is the relevance and suitability of its commandments which constitute the first quality of the bond. Concerning the work report, ultimate unbalanced relationship, these characteristics demonstrate its contractual value. Significant differences must be observed depending it applies to individual or collective relations of work. Loyalty calls in this regard a conceptualisation effort, that needs to focus specifically on the concept in terms of its emergence and then, attach effectively to demonstrate the value of the bond

Assurer un équilibre, entre les différentes parties du contrat du travail, a toujours été l'un des buts de la création de la branche du droit du travail. La mise en place des règles du droit du travail réside, certes, dans une finalité particulière ; elle est constituée par la volonté d'émanciper le travailleur même, dans l'espace de l'entreprise. C'est assurément dans le même dessein que, pour permettre aux libertés individuelles de ne pas rester à la lisière de l'entreprise, des droits d'expression collective ont été attribués aux travailleurs : la liberté syndicale, le droit de grève et le principe de participation. Il convient d'étudier la fondamentalité de ces droits, dans un champ qui doit nécessairement s'affranchir de tout ordre juridique national, en regard du caractère universel dont ils disposent. Mais encore faut-il partir de deux ordres internes pour mener une réflexion non superficielle. Comment ne pas dès lors partir du « pays des droits de l'homme » et du « quartier latin de l'Afrique », pour voir dans quelle mesure les droits fondamentaux de l'homme au travail sont partout respectés. La problématique de « mimétisme juridique » génère t-elle des difficultés sur le plan des garanties des libertés collectives des travailleurs en Afrique et, plus précisément, au Bénin ? Qu'en est-il de la réalité des droits fondamentaux de l'homme au travail dans l'ex Dahomey ? Telles sont les formes de questions auxquelles cette étude comparative des libertés collectives des travailleurs se propose d'apporter une esquisse de réponse. / To ensure a balance, between the different parts of the work contract, has always been the aim of the employment law creation. The implementation of the rules of employment law certainly has got a particular purpose. It is constituted by the wish to get the worker emancipated in the business space. It is certainly in the same purpose that, in order to enable individual liberties not to remain in the edge of the enterprise, those collective expressions rights were given to workers: the liberty of trade unions, the right to strike and the principle of participation. We will have to study the fundamental nature of those rights in a way which would be totally free of any national legal system, in regard of the universal character there have. However, we still have to start from two internal orders to reach a non-superficial reflexion. Then, why shall we not focus on the “human right country” and the “Latin district of Africa” to understand in which extent fundamental human rights regarding employment are respected everywhere. Does the “mimicry legal” issue generate difficulties in Africa workers' collective liberties and freedom field and more specifically in Benin? What about fundamental human rights regarding employment in ex Dahomey? That comparative study on worker's collective liberties will make an attempt to answer.