L'analyse de la thèse repose sur une enquête de terrain montrant comment l'altermondialisme marocain se constitue à partir de débats, d'échanges, de solidarités et de mobilisations d'acteurs sociaux tant au niveau local que global. Dans le cadre de l'altermondialisme international, ce mouvement a émergé pour contrer une certaine mondialisation qui réduit l'être humain à une marchandise. Bien qu'il soit influencé par l'altermondialisme mondial, du fait même de son approbation de la charte des principes de Porto Alegre, son origine se situe dans l'ancrage historique du militantisme des acteurs sociaux l'ayant impulsé. Initié à ses débuts par des ONG de développement démocratique, ce mouvement rassemble une diversité d'acteurs sociaux (organisations associatives et syndicales, mouvements sociaux…), d'objectifs variés et de relations sociales multiformes convergeant vers l'altermondialisme qui se mobilisent dans les forums sociaux. Ces derniers constituent un espace de production, de reproduction et d'appropriation de l'espace public. La diversité des acteurs, des objectifs et des relations constituant l'altermondialisme nous amène à définir son identité comme étant plurielle et fluide. Par une approche sociologique qui se base sur l'analyse de ces acteurs à travers leurs rapports sociaux, l'étude a cherché à comprendre et à analyser les particularités de l'altermondialisme marocain. Cette approche permet de déterminer les formes de solidarités, les enjeux des altermondialistes, les adversaires et les alternatives proposées. Elle a, à travers l'analyse, mis aussi en exergue la lutte des acteurs altermondialistes, les méthodes de la contestation, le renouveau de l'action collective au Maroc et l'évolution dans le répertoire d'actions. / The fieldwork grounding this thesis's analysis reveals that the “other world” movement in Morocco thrives on debate together with the sharing of experience and goals amongst social agents moving between local and issues. A dimension of an international movement, the Moroccan version too seeks to counter the reduction of mankind to mere merchandise by a certain kind of globalization. Though approving of the Porto Alegre Charter, its militants answer to a particular historical anchorage. The movement began locally thanks to NGOs working for democracy and grouping a wide spectre of social actors (trade unions, voluntary associations, social movements etc.,) each with their own agenda and networks but converging on the occasion and opportunity offered by the convening of Social Forums. These latter afforded an appropriation an (re)production of public space by those concerned. The diversity of the actors' goals and relationships means that altermondialism in general and Moroccan altermondialism in particular is possessed of a dynamic and plural identity. Leaning on a sociology of interrelationships, this thesis seeks to fathom and analyse the peculiar nature of Moroccan altermondialism, to determine the forms of solidarity implied, the aims involved, the alternatives proposed and the obstacles encountered, thus highlighting the intentional ongoing identity of the collective struggle in question and its impact on Moroccan society as a whole. / Voir le résumé en arabe dans le fichier "Resumes".

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Sciences économiques : Lyon 2 : 2002. / La couv. porte : "Université Lumière Lyon 2 - CNRS, Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique UMR n° 5824" Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr.

Thèse (Ph.D.)--Université Laval, 2007. / Bibliogr.: f. 356-377. Publié aussi en version électronique dans la Collection Mémoires et thèses électroniques.

Thèse (Ph. D. )--Université Laval, 2008. / Bibliogr.: f. 335-347. Publié aussi en version électronique dans la Collection Mémoires et thèses électroniques.

Thèse (M.A.)--Université Laval, 2005. / Bibliogr.: f. 121-127. Publié aussi en version électronique.

Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Droit privé--Paris 1, 1995. / En appendice, choix de documents et de textes législatifs. Bibliogr. p. 473-496. Index.

« Thèse présentée à l'École des gradués de l'Université Laval pour l'obtention du grade de maître ès arts (M.A.) »

In the first chapter,a harmonised linked employer-employee dataset is used to study the impact of firm-level agreements on the wage structure in the manufacturing sector in Belgium, Denmark and Spain. To our knowledge, this is one of the first cross-country studies that examines the impact of firm-level bargaining on the wage structure in European countries. We find that firm-level agreements have a positive effect both on wage levels and on wage dispersion in Belgium and Denmark. In Spain, firm also increase wage levels but reduce wage dispersion. Our interpretation is that in Belgium and Denmark, where firm-level bargaining greatly expanded since the 1980s on the initiative of the employers and the governments, firm-level bargaining is mainly used to adapt pay to the specific needs of the firm. In Spain, the structure of collective bargaining has not changed very much since the Franco period where firm agreements were used as a tool for worker mobilisation and for political struggle. Therefore, firm-level bargaining in Spain is still mainly used by trade unions in order to reduce the wage dispersion. In the second chapter, we analyse the impact of the bargaining level and of the degree of centralisation of wage bargaining on rent-sharing in Belgium. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that considers simultaneously both dimensions of collective bargaining. This is also one of the first papers that looks at the impact of wage bargaining institutions on rent-sharing in European countries. This question is important because if wage bargaining decentralisation increases the link between wages and firm specific profits, it may prevent an efficient allocation of labour across firms, increase wage inequality, lead to smaller employment adjustments, and affect the division of surplus between capital and labour (Bryson et al. 2006). Controlling for the endogeneity of profits, for heterogeneity among workers and firms and for differences in characteristics between bargaining regimes, we find that wages depend substantially more on firm specific profits in decentralised than in centralised industries , irrespective of the presence of a formal firm collective agreement. In addition, the impact of the presence of a formal firm collective agreement on the wage-profit elasticity depends on the degree of centralisation of the industry. In centralised industries, profits influence wages only when a firm collective agreement is present. This result is not surprising since industry agreements do not take into account firm-specific characteristics. Within decentralised industries, firms share their profits with their workers even if they are not covered by a formal firm collective agreement. This is probably because, in those industries, workers only covered by an industry agreement (i.e. not covered by a formal firm agreement) receive wage supplements that are paid unilaterally by their employer. The fact that those workers also benefit from rent-sharing implies that pay-setting does not need to be collective to generate rent-sharing, which is in line with the Anglo-American literature that shows that rent-sharing is not a particularity of the unionised sector. In the first two chapters, we have shown that, in Belgium, firm-level bargaining is used by firms to adapt pay to the specific characteristics of the firm, including firm’s profits. In the third and final chapter, it is shown that firm-level bargaining also allows wages to adapt to the local environment that the company may face. This aspect is of particular importance in the debate about a potential regionalisation of wage bargaining in Belgium. This debate is, however, not specific to Belgium. Indeed, the potential failure of national industry agreements to take into account the productivity levels of the least productive regions has been considered as one of the causes of regional unemployment in European countries (Davies and Hallet, 2001; OECD, 2006). Two kinds of solutions are generally proposed to solve this problem. The first, encouraged by the European Commission and the OECD, consists in decentralising wage bargaining toward the firm level (Davies and Hallet, 2001; OECD, 2006). The second solution, the regionalisation of wage bargaining, is frequently mentioned in Belgium or in Italy where regional unemployment differentials are high. In this chapter we show that, in Belgium, regional wage differentials and regional productivity differentials within joint committees are positively correlated. Moreover, this relation is stronger (i) for joint committees where firm-level bargaining is relatively frequent and (ii) for joint committees already sub-divided along a local line. We conclude that the present Belgian wage bargaining system which combines interprofessional, industry and firm bargaining, already includes the mechanisms that allow regional productivity to be taken into account in wage formation. It is therefore not necessary to further regionalise wage bargaining in Belgium.

Cette recherche analyse les processus d’identifications collectives inhérents à unnationalisme ethnoculturel ainsi que les usages sociaux et politiques de la culture et de la"tradition". Elle porte sur les Roms en Roumanie post-communiste à l'heure de l'intégrationeuropéenne. Privilégiant une étude du nationalisme en deux champs, politique et quotidien,elle procède d'un terrain multi-situé basé sur l'ethnographie de la mobilisation ethnoculturelledes Roms de Roumanie et de familles roms en Roumanie et en France.Cette thèse postule l’émergence de la nation rom sur la scène nationale roumainecomme une construction récente, intrinsèque à la modernité et au nationalisme ethnoculturelrom roumain. En cela, ce dernier est exploré autour de trois axes qui sont les trois parties dethèse. Le premier, politico-historique, interroge la cristallisation du rapport à la culture enmiroir avec l'émergence du nationalisme ethnoculturel et du contexte de changement socialpropice à son avènement (post-communisme, démocratisation et multiculturalisme). Mêlanttrajectoires sociales de militants et analyses discursives, historiques et politiques, il revient surla genèse de l'opposition entre "Roms traditionnels" et "Roms roumanisés". Le second traitedes usages politiques de la "tradition" et de la "modernité" au travers des pratiques militanteset de l’analyse du discours sur la communauté de culture : la nation rom. Il illustre le rapportmoderne à la culture. Le dernier propose une description ethnographique du fonctionnementde l'ethnicité au travers de deux lignes d'analyse. La première appréhende la réception auprèsdes Roms militants et non militants de ce processus d'identification collective à la catégorierom. La seconde rend compte des logiques de l’appartenance ethnique et sociale au quotidien.Ces trois axes visent à interroger le lien entre construction d'une identification collective et etthnogenèse. / This research analyses the collective identification process resulting from anethnocultural nationalism as well as the social and political uses of culture and tradition. Itdeals with the Roma in post-communist Romania in the context of the European integration.Favoring a study of the nationalism in two fields, political and every day life, it proceeds by amulti-sited fieldwork based on the ethnography of the ethnocultural mobilization of Roma inRomania and focuses on roma families in Romania and France.This thesis postulates the emergence of Roma nation on the Romanian national sceneas a recent construction, intrinsic to modernity and to the roma Romanian ethnoculturalnationalism. Three themes make up the three parts of the thesis. The first, political-historical,questions the crystallization of the relation to culture in mirror with the emergence of theethnocultural nationalism and the context of social change favorable to it’s advent(postcomunism, democratization and multiculturalism). Reflecting upon the social trajectoriesof activists and bringing in discursive analysis, historical and political, it retraces the genesesof the opposition between “traditionnal roma” and “romanized roma”. The second deals withpolitical uses of tradition and modernity through militant practices and the analysis of thespeech on “community of culture” : the roma nation. It shows the modern relation to culture.The last suggests an ethnographic description of how ethnicity works through two lines ofanalysis. The first apprehends the reception from the roma militant and non-militant of thiscollective identification process to the roma category. The second reports the logics of socialand ethnic belonging in everyday life. This three themes aim at questioning the link betweenthe construction of collective identification and ethnogenesis.

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