Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009 / O presente estudo caracteriza-se por ser uma pesquisa qualitativa em saúde e ambiente, que tem como objetivo conhecer a percepção de riscos ambientais e as estratégias de enfrentamento dos problemas de saúde e ambiente dos trabalhadores(as) catadores(as) de materiais recicláveis, do Aterro Controlado de Jardim Gramacho (ACJG), de Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro/RJ. Como instrumento de coleta de dados, optou-se pela entrevista semi-estruturada com informantes-chave, complementada com a observação participante e com registros feitos a partir de caderneta de campo. Foram entrevistados(as) vinte e nove trabalhadores(as) catadores(as), sendo treze pertencentes à Associação dos Catadores de Materiais Recicláveis de Jardim Gramacho (ACAMJG) e dezesseis da Cooperativa de Gramacho (COOPERGRAMACHO), sendo catorze homens e quinze mulheres, com uma média de idade de 40 anos. Estes trabalhadores atuavam como catadores, em média, há quinze anos e apresentavam baixo nível de escolaridade, sendo cerca de 17% de analfabetos e 65% com ensino fundamental incompleto. Os dados, analisados por meio da Análise do Conteúdo, geraram resultados que evidenciaram ser a catação de materiais recicláveis, no ACJG uma atividade perigosa e insalubre, embora, constitua-se na única forma de sobrevivência da grande maioria dos trabalhadores(as) catadores(as). A análise da percepção de risco ambiental mostrou que, em razão dessa luta pela sobrevivência, os trabalhadores negligenciavam aspectos mínimos de segurança, minimizando os riscos e, em muitos casos, negando o perigo, configurando uma ideologia defensiva no grupo que, em última instância, era o mecanismo encontrado para o enfrentamento das cotidianas situações de risco a que estão submetidos, de modo a permitir sua manutenção na prática da catação. / This study is based on qualitative environmental health research techniques, aiming to understand risk perception among recycling material collectors working in a controlled sanitary garbage deposal unity in Jardim Gramacho (ACJG), Duque de Caxias Municipality, Rio de Janeiro State. As a data collection instrument, semi-structured interviews with key-informants were used, complemented with participatory observations with field notebook registers. Twenty-nine workers were interviewed, thirteen from the Jardim Gramacho Collectors Association (ACAMJG) and sixteen from the Gramacho Cooperative (COOPERGRAMACHO), fourteen men and fifteen women, with 40 years-old in average. These workers were in recycling material collecting business for fifteen years in average and had a low educational level, being 17% of them illiterate and 65% with incomplete elementary school degree. Data analyzed using Content Analysis techniques revealed that recycling material collecting is a dangerous and unhealthy activity, but is the only activity available for the workers survival. Risk perception analyses showed that due this survival need, most of the workers neglected environmental and health risks and minimum safety procedures, characterizing risk denial and danger minimizing. This configured a defensive ideology that, in a complementary analysis, the pathway these workers found to face risk situations common in their work quotidian.

La marchandisation de l’art se traduit par une dérive progressive de l'esprit de collection. Elle est notamment perceptible dans le désir de plus-value des collectionneurs, qui va de pair avec le fait que l'aura de la valeur artistique et esthétique d'une œuvre est fonction du prix qu'elle atteint en tant que marchandise de luxe dans les salles de vente. La valeur de l’art s’en est trouvée assujettie à un marché capitaliste dont les guerres ont paradoxalement favorisé la mondialisation. Ce marché de l’art, qui est en cours de restructuration permanente, favorise chez les artistes une course à la « starification » et à des cotations tout particulièrement ambivalentes. Faut-il en conclure que la marchandisation a pris le pas sur l'artistique, le prix sur la valeur de l’œuvre, le lucre sur l'esthétique ? Cette thèse défend l'idée que la force, et la ruse des œuvres d'art, se manifestent dans leur capacité, à se jouer du milieu religieux, idéologique ou imagologique dans lequel elles voient le jour. Cette force se révèle aujourd'hui dans l’aptitude du geste créateur, qui relève — Marcel Mauss l'a bien vu — fondamentalement du don et du contre-don, à faire voler en éclat les illusions engendrées par la marchandisation. En permettant à l’imaginaire de s’incarner à l’égal du réel, l’artiste ouvre le champ infini des possibles. C'est pourquoi la vie des œuvres d'art n'en finit pas de rendre le cosmos cosmétique, quitte à se servir du « lucre » comme d'un appât habile à stimuler le marché, dont se sert in fine, sa « main invisible ». / The commodification of art results in a gradual drift of the collection spirit. This is particularly noticeable in the desire of collectors for added value, which goes hand in hand with the fact that the aura of the artistic and aesthetic value of work depends on the price it has achieved as a luxury commodity in the sales rooms. The result was a subjugation of the value of art to a capitalist market whose wars paradoxally favored globalization. This art market, which is undergoing permanent restructuring, favors artists’ quest for « starification » and particularly ambivalent ratings. Must we conclude that commodification has overtaken the artistics, that the price is now beyond the value, the profit beyond the aesthetic ? This thesis defends the idea that force and cunning of works of art are manifested in their opportune ability to trifle with the religions, ideological or imaginary environment in which they emerge. This force is today identified in the aptitude of the creative gesture, which – Marcel Mauss saw clearly – is fundamentally a gift and a counter-gift, to smash to pieces the illusions engendered by the commodification. And strong work links the imaginary to the symbolics to become « real ». By making the imaginary equal to the real, the artist opens the infinite field of possibilities. This is why the life of works of art never ceases to make the cosmos cosmetic, even if it uses the « lucre » as a bait skilful enough to stimulate the market, which is, in fine, manipulated by its « invisible hand ».

Semiconductors such as CuInGaSe2 and CdTe have been investigated as absorber layer materials for thin film solar cells since their band gap matches with the solar spectrum. Films as thin as 2m are sufficient for the absorption of the visible part of solar radiation, because they are characterized by a high absorption coefficient. However, the scarcity and high costs of Indium, Gallium and Tellurium have led to concerns on the sustainability of these technologies. The semiconductor Cu2ZnSnS4 (Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide) consisting of abundantly available elements promises to be an excellent photovoltaic absorber material. The present study is focused on the growth and characterization of CZTS/ZnS thin film heterostructure suitable for PV applications. Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis (USP), a variation of Spray Pyrolysis is a thin film deposition technique where the solution to be sprayed is atomized by ultrasonic frequencies. The details of the USP experimental set up and the deposition principle are presented in the thesis. The active layers of the solar cell, viz. the CZTS absorber layer and ZnS emitter layer were grown by this technique. The metal top contact was deposited using e-beam evaporation. The effects of copper concentration and sodium diffusion on the Cu2ZnSnS4 film properties were investigated. The films have shown preferred orientation along (112) direction confirming kesterite structure. The optical studies revealed that a reduction of copper in the films will bring the band gap energy to 1.5eV, which will match with the solar spectrum. Sodium diffusion in the CZTS films is found to passivate the grain boundaries and enhance the electrical conductivity. These properties render CZTS films as good photovoltaic absorber layers. ZnS has a high band gap and is non toxic unlike CdS. The influences of variation in substrate temperature and spray duration on the ZnS film properties were examined. The optical studies conducted on ZnS films revealed that they are highly transparent in the visible region of the solar spectrum. The films were found to possess a band gap of 3.5 eV. These properties make them potential candidates as solar cell emitter layers. The CZTS/ZnS heterojunction solar cell was fabricated and subjected to electrical characterization in dark and illuminated conditions. A conversion efficiency of 1.16% was achieved for the device.

Cooking is an integral part of each and every human being as food is one of the basic necessities for living. Commonly used sources of energy for cooking are firewood, crop residue, cow dung, kerosene, electricity, liquefied petroleum gas(LPG), biogas etc. Half of the world’s population is exposed to indoor air pollution, mainly the result of burning solid fuels for cooking and heating. Wood cut for cooking purpose contributes tothe16 million hectares(above4% of total area of India) of forest destroyed annually. The World Health Organization(WHO) reports that in 23 countries 10% of deaths are due to just two environmental risk factors: unsafe water, including poor sanitation and hygiene; and indoor air pollution due to solid fuel usage for cooking. In under-developed countries, women have to walk 2kms on average and spend significant amount of time for collecting the firewood for cooking. The cooking energy demand in rural areas of developing countries is largely met with bio-fuels such as fuel wood, charcoal, agricultural residues and dung cakes, whereas LPG or electricity is predominantly used in urban areas. India has abandon amount of solar energy in most of the regions making it most ideal place for harvesting solar energy. With almost 300 sunny days each year, one can confidently relay on this source of energy. India’s geographical location is in such a way that theoretically it receives 5x1015 kWh/ year of solar energy. Solar cooking is the simplest, safest, environmental friendly and most convenient way to cook. It is a blessing for those who cook using firewood or cow dung, who walk for miles to collect wood, who suffer from indoor air pollution. Hence solar cooking is going to play major role in solving future energy problem. Solar based cooking has never been a strong contender in the commercial market or even close to being a preferred method of cooking. They have been relegated to demonstration appliances to show case the solar based concepts. In this mode, cooking is no longer a time independent activity that can be performed at any time of day. One is forced to cook only at certain times when there is sufficient insolation. The geography of the cooking activity also shifts away from the kitchen. The kitchen is no longer the hearth of the home as the actual cooking activity shifts to the roof tops or high insolation platforms. This further adds to the inconvenience apart from being unable to cook at night or during cloudy conditions or during most of the winter days. Another issue of significant inconvenience is the general social structure in most families of the developing countries wherein the cooking activity is carried out by the senior ladies of the home. They are generally not athletic enough to be moving to and from the kitchen and the roof top to carry out the cooking exercise. As the solar cookers are enclosed spaces, interactive cooking is not possible let alone having any control on the rate of cooking. These are some of the more significant issues in the social psyche that has abundantly impeded the acceptance of solar thermal based cooking appliances. These issues and problems are in fact the motivating factors for this thesis. Based on these motivating factors, this thesis aims to propose solutions keeping the following points as the major constraints. cooking should be performed in the kitchen. one should be able to perform the cooking activity independent of the time of day or insolation. the cooking activity should be interactive the time taken for cooking should be comparable with the conventional methods in vogue. there should be a reduction in the use of conventional energy. Using the constraints and the motivating factors discussed above as the central theme, this thesis proposes a method to transfer solar thermal energy to the kitchen and act as a supplement to the conventional source of energy like the LPG or other sources that are traditionally being used in the households. The method proposed is in fact a hybrid scenario wherein the solar thermal is used to supplement the traditional source. Solar photovoltaic cells are also used to power the electronics and apparatus proposed in this thesis. This thesis addresses in detail the issues in analysis, modeling, designing and fabrication of the proposed hybrid solar cooking topology. The main goal of the proposed system is to transfer heat from sun to the cooking load that is located in the kitchen. The topology includes an additional feature for storing the energy in a buffer. The heat is first transferred from the solar thermal collector to a heat storage tank(that acts as the buffer) by circulating the heat transfer fluid at a specific flow rate that is controlled by a pump. The stored heat energy that is collected in the buffer is directed into the kitchen by circulating the heat transfer fluid into the heat exchanger, located in the kitchen. This is accomplished by controlling the flow rate using another pump. The solar thermal collector raises the temperature of the thermic fluid. The collector can be of a concentrating type in order to attain high temperatures for cooking. Concentrating collector like linear parabolic collector or parabolic dish collector is used to convert solar energy into heat energy. Absorption of energy from the incident solar insolation is optimized by varying the flow rate of circulating thermic fluid using a pump. This pump is energized from a set of photovoltaic panels(PV cell) which convert solar energy into electrical energy. The energy absorbed from the solar thermal collector is stored in a buffer tank which is thermally insulated. Whenever cooking has to be carried out, the high temperature fluid from the buffer tank is circulated through a heat exchanger that is located in the kitchen. The rate of cooking can be varied by controlling both the flow rate of fluid from the buffer tank to heat exchanger and also by controlling the amount of energy drawn from the auxiliary source. If the available stored energy is not sufficient, the auxiliary source of energy is used for cooking in order to ensure that cooking is in-dependent of time and solar insolation. In the proposed hybrid solar cooking system, the thesis addresses the issues involved in optimization of energy extracted from sun to storage tank and its subsequent transfer from the storage tank to the load. The flow rate at which maximum energy is extracted from sun depends on many parameters. Solar insolation is one of the predominant parameters that affect the optimum flow rate. Insolation at any location varies with time on a daily basis (diurnal variations) and also with day on a yearly basis(seasonal variation). This implies that the flow rate of the fluid has to be varied appropriately to maximize the energy absorbed from sun. In the proposed system, flow rate control plays a very significant role in maximizing the energy transfer from the collector to the load. The flow rate of the thermic fluid in the proposed system is very small on the order of 0.02kg/s. It is very difficult to sense such low flows without disrupting the operating point of the system. Though there are many techniques to measure very low flow rates, they invariably disrupt the system in which flow rate has to be measured. Further, the low flow sensors are far too expensive to be included in the system. A reliable, accurate and inexpensive flow measuring technique has been proposed in this thesis which is non-disruptive and uses a null-deflection technique. The proposed measuring method compensates the pressure drop across the flow meter using a compensating pump. The analysis, modeling, design and fabrication of this novel flow meter are addressed. The design and implementation of different subsystems that involves the selection and design of solar concentrating collector and tracking are explained. Finally, it is essential to know the economic viability of the proposed system that is designed and implemented. To understand the economics, the life cycle cost analysis of the proposed system is presented in this thesis. The major contributions of this thesis are: Energy transport: Major challenge in energy transport is to bring heat energy obtained from the sun to the kitchen for cooking. Energy transferred from solar insolation to the cooking load has to be optimized to maximize the overall efficiency. This can be split in to two parts,(a) optimizing efficiency of energy transferred from the collect or to the energy buffer tank,(b) optimizing efficiency of energy transferred from the buffer tank to the load. The optimization is performed by means of a maximum power point tracking(MPPT) algorithm for a specific performance index. Modeling of the cooking system: There are several domains that exist in the solar cooking system such as electrical domain, thermal domain, and hydraulic domain. The analysis of power/energy flow across all these domains presents a challenging task in developing a model of the hybrid cooking system. A bond graph modeling approach is used for developing the mathematical model of the proposed hybrid cooking system. The power/energy flow across different domains can be seamlessly integrated using the bond graph modeling approach. In this approach, the various physical variables in the multi-domain environment are uniformly de-fined as generalized power variables such as effort and flow. The fundamental principle of conservation of power/energy issued in describing the flow of power/energy across different domains and thus constructing the dynamic model of the cooking system. This model is validated through experimentation and simulation. Flow measurement: A novel method of low fluid mass flow measurement by compensating the pressure drop across the ends of measuring unit using a compensating pump has been proposed. The pressure drop due to flow is balanced by feedback control loop. This is a null-deflection type of measurement. As insertion of such a measuring unit does not affect the functioning of the systems, this is also a non-disruptive flow measurement method. This allows the measurement of very low flow rate at very low resolution. Implementation and design of such a unit are discussed. The system is modeled using bond graph technique and then simulated. The flow meter is fabricated and the model is experimentally validated. Design Toolbox: Design of hybrid cooking system involves design of multi domain systems. The design becomes much more complex if the energy source to operate the system is hybrid solar based. The energy budget has to be evaluated considering the worst case conditions for the availability of the solar energy. The design toolbox helps in assessing the user requirement and help designing the cooking system to fulfill the user requirement. A detailed toolbox is proposed to be developed that can be used in designing/selecting sub-systems like collector, concentrator, tracking system, buffer tank, heat exchanger, PV panel, batteries etc. The toolbox can also be used for performing life cycle costing.

Situé au cœur du Hainaut, le musée de Mariemont doit son existence à la volonté de Raoul Warocqué, riche industriel, homme politique et philanthrope qui lègue en 1917 son château et les collections qu’il renferme à l’État belge. Formé ainsi d’un contenant et d’un contenu, le musée de Mariemont incarne bien, du moins jusqu’à l’incendie du château en 1960, ce qu’Anne-Doris Meyer a appelé les « musées de collectionneurs », dont bon nombre d’exemples voient le jour à la charnière des 19e et 20e siècles, en Belgique comme à l’étranger.<p>De l’histoire du musée de Mariemont, on ne retient généralement que le geste qui lui a donné naissance. Aucune étude ne s’était penchée jusqu’ici sur ce qui se passe après le décès de Raoul Warocqué. En comblant cette lacune, cette thèse offre l’opportunité d’examiner comment une collection privée se mue en musée public, comment les pouvoirs publics veillent à concilier le souhait du bienfaiteur et les missions du musée, quelles difficultés ils ont rencontrées dans la gestion de ce patrimoine d’origine privée et quelles solutions ils y ont apportées. <p> / Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The aim of this project is heating and warm water preparation for apartment block in Choceň (Pardubice region). Apartment block has three aboveground heated floors and one underground unheated floor. The heat source is gasifying firewood boiler or pellet boiler which is at the same time used for water heating but only in the winter time. The other parts of the year the solar collectors are installed and used for water heating. The heat source is located in detached room with its own access, in boiler room.

The subject of thesis is environmental-friendly heating. Theoretical part includes overview of possible ways using alternative energy sources, especially solar energy and energy environment - heat pumps. Partical part is devoted to solution of environmental-friendly heating and heating warm water for family house using solar system. The proposal is documented with economic evaluation and calculation of economic return.

MPH / Department of Public Health / Health and safety issues pertaining to workers are global concerns and a major priority to the employers and government respectively. Employees in general across industries are faced with various health and safety risks. Epidemiological research has shown consistently that waste handlers are mostly exposed to various risks and hazards during their work as compared to other professions globally. This study focused on waste handlers employed by the Thulamela Municipality in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study employed qualitative explorative design and targeted all municipal waste handlers. Municipal waste handlers were sampled using non probability purposive sampling. In-depth interviews, using an interview guide, were conducted by the researcher and a voice recorder was used to record data from the participants after obtaining permission from them. The sample size comprised of 18 participants and was determined by data saturation. A thematically analysis technique was used to analyse data. Data from the participants were clustered into main theme, categories and sub-categories. The following themes emerged from data analysis: physical hazards, psychological hazard, biological hazards and chemical hazard. The study revealed that the municipal waste handlers are exposed to various occupational risks and are experiencing shortage of personal protective equipment, ranging from hand gloves, safety helmets, rain coats, overall uniforms, safety jackets and boots, to keep themselves safe from health problems and occupational injury when collecting waste. It is recommended that the Thulamela municipality should prioritise the working conditions for municipal waste handlers, by distributing suitable personal protective equipment such as hands gloves, safety helmet, rain coats, safety jackets and boots) and overalls / NRF

No description available.

Mixed-use building in Prostějov The aim of this master´s thesis is to elaborate the project documentation of a mixed-use building in Prostějov. The thesis consists of three parts: architectural-construction part, building services and elective part. The building has two above-ground floors. On the first floor there are storerooms, utility room, sanitary facilities and restaurant with kitchen and storerooms. The second floor is an office floor for one company which includes offices, dayroom, copyroom, meeting room and sanitary facilities. The building is founded on reinforced concrete foundation. The horizontal load-bearing and non-load-bearing structures are designed from ceramics blocks. The building is insulated by ETICS. The vertical load-bearing structures are designed from Spiroll slabs. The building has a green flat roof. There are parking spaces on the grounds. The building will be heated and cooled with a heat pump. It will also have an air condition. Part of electricity demand is covered by photovoltaics. In the third part of thesis, I replace frequently used materials with environmental ones in my project and compare them in terms of thermal engineering, acoustics and price. I used DEKSOFT, Hluk+, Autocad and Revit software. All structures comply with the valid standards and regulations.