This is a study of some of the major aspects of the development of post-colonial labour policy in Zambia. It examines the Zambian Government's attempts to 'incorporate' trade unions into its strategy of national development. Except for such later references as it was possible to include, it covers the period from 1971 to 1986. The purpose of the study is to examine the role played by law in the Zambian Government's attempts to incorporate trade unions and the rank and file sufficiently in the plans for national development. Zambian trade unions at independence were quite autonomous. Given the power and autonomy of trade unions, their attitude and approach have been viewed by the Government as crucial elements of national development. The Government has, therefore, progressively adopted measures aimed at the closer control and regulation of the trade union movement and its membership. In spite of such attempts, however, the approach in Zambia has been less coercive than in some other African countries. The Government has tended to rely on "pressure rather than force". In this context government reforms are examined in four key areas: the regulation of trade union activity, the restructuring of collective bargaining (including incomes policy), industrial conflict and dispute settlement procedures, and workers' participation. It is concluded that the Government has not achieved its stated major objectives. Although trade unions and their members have generally accepted the Government's overall authority to set the agenda of national development, they have resisted attempts to curtail their autonomy. It is on account of this failure that the Government now intends to integrate trade unions into the State completely.

Aim MaxEnt, a very popular species distribution modelling technique, has been used extensively to relate species’ geographic distributions to environmental variables and to predict changes in species’ distributions in response to environmental change. Here, we test its predictive ability through time (rather than through space, as is commonly done) by modeling colonizations and extinctions. Location Continental U.S. and southern Canada. Time period 1979-2009 Major taxa studied Twenty-one species of passerine birds. Methods We used MaxEnt to relate species’ geographic distributions to the variation in environmental conditions across North America. We then modelled site-specific colonizations and extinctions between 1979 and 2009 as functions of MaxEnt-estimated previous habitat suitability and inter- annual change in habitat suitability and neighborhood occupancy. We evaluated whether the effects were in the expected direction, we partitioned model’s explained deviance, and we compared colonization and extinction model’s accuracy to MaxEnt’s AUC. Results IV Colonization and extinction probabilities both varied as functions of previous habitat suitability, change in habitat suitability, and neighborhood occupancy, in the expected direction. Change in habitat suitability explained very little deviance compared to other predictors. Neighborhood occupancy accounted for more explained deviance in colonization models than in extinction models. MaxEnt AUC correlates with extinction models’ predictive ability, but not with that of colonization models. Main conclusions MaxEnt appears to sometime capture a real effect of the environment on species’ distributions since a statistical effect of habitat suitability is detected through both time and space. However, change in habitat suitability (which is much smaller through time than through space) is a poor predictor of change in occupancy. Over short time scales, proximity of sites occupied by conspecifics predicts changes in occupancy just as well as MaxEnt. The ability of MaxEnt models to predict spatial variation in occupancy (as measured by AUC) gives little indication of transferability through time. Thus, the predictive value of species distribution models may be overestimated when evaluated through space only. Future prediction of species’ responses to climate change should make a distinction between colonization and extinction, recognizing that the two processes are not equally well predicted by SDMs.

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2012-07-19T21:35:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jailton de Azevedo Silva Junior Estudo da colonização....pdf: 1101716 bytes, checksum: 049972199c76bb97406fc006c2ba9c27 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-19T21:35:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jailton de Azevedo Silva Junior Estudo da colonização....pdf: 1101716 bytes, checksum: 049972199c76bb97406fc006c2ba9c27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brasil / Streptococcus pneumoniae constitui um dos mais importantes patógenos bacterianos do trato respiratório, podendo causar infecções invasivas e não invasivas, levando a altas taxas de morbi-mortalidade, particularmente em crianças menores de cinco anos de idade. A bactéria ganha acesso ao hospedeiro através da colonização da nasofaringe, que representa um importante reservatório para a transmissão deste patógeno na comunidade, contribuindo para a disseminação horizontal de S. pneumoniae entre os indivíduos de uma população. No presente estudo, procuramos caracterizar o perfil de colonização nasofaringeana por S. pneumoniae em pacientes menores de cinco anos de idade com suspeita clínica de pneumonia, atendidos na Unidade de Saúde de São Marcos, Bairro de Pau da Lima, Salvador, no ano de 2009. Um total de 205 swabs foram coletados entre as crianças consideradas elegíveis para o estudo. Os isolados de S. pneumoniae foram identificados através de métodos microbiológicos clássicos e a determinação do sorogrupo/sorotipo foi realizada empregando-se a técnica de Multiplex-PCR. A sensibilidade a sete antimicrobianos foi testada através da técnica de microdiluição em caldo, sendo que os isolados com CIM para penicilina ≥ 0,125 μg/mL foram considerados não-susceptíveis. A técnica de PFGE foi realizada para 26 isolados correspondentes aos sorotipos mais frequentes e associados a não-sensibilidade à penicilina (sorotipos 14, 19F e 23F). Um total de 72 (35,1%) crianças foram diagnosticadas com pneumonia, sendo 39 (54,2%) menores de dois anos de idade. A taxa de colonização geral foi de 50,2%, não havendo diferença entre essas taxas quando se considerou o grupo de crianças confirmadas e suspeitas para pneumonia. Crianças na faixa etária de 36 a 47 meses formaram o grupo com maior risco de ter pneumonia bacteriana (OR: 3.17 [1.29-7.88]). Entre os sorotipos encontrados, o sorogrupo 6 (6A/6B) (17,3%) foi predominante, seguido dos sorotipos 14 (15,4%), 19F (10,6%), sorogrupo 15 (15B/15C) (9,6%), 23F (6,7%) e o sorotipo 19A (6,7%). Os demais sorotipos e sorogrupos compreenderam 33,7%. O padrão de sorotipos foi semelhante aqueles encontrados nos casos de meningite pneumocócica na cidade de Salvador. Um total de 41 isolados (39,8%) apresentaram CIM ≥ 0,125 μg/mL para penicilina e a resistência a SMX-TMP foi identificada em 69,2% dois isolados. A tipagem por PFGE identificou 11 padrões eletroforéticos, sendo que a maioria dos isolados do sorotipo 14 estavam relacionados a clones amplamente disseminados entre os casos de doença pneumocócica (“A” e “GK”). Um total de 50,5% dos isolados foram de sorotipos inclusos na vacina decavalente (PCV10) e considerando os isolados não-susceptíveis à penicilina, esta representatividade foi de 90,2%. O estudo ressalta a importância de um contínuo monitoramento do perfil de sorotipos na colonização nasofaringeana por S. pneumoniae, no período pós-vacina e da necessidade de busca de novos métodos de diagnóstico que otimizem a definição da pneumonia. / Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most important bacterial pathogens of the respiratory tract, causing invasive and noninvasive infections, leading to high rates of morbidity and mortality, particularly among children under five years old. The bacterium gains access to the host by colonizing the nasopharynx, which represents an important reservoir for transmission of this pathogen in the community, contributing to the horizontal spread of S. pneumoniae among individuals in a population. In this study, we sought to characterize the profile of nasopharyngeal colonization by S. pneumoniae in patients under five years of age with clinical suspicion of pneumonia seeking medical care at the Unidade de Saúde de São Marcos, District of Pau da Lima, Salvador, in 2009. A total of 205 swabs were collected from children eligible for the study. The isolates of S. pneumoniae were identified by classical methods and the determination of the serogroup / serotype was performed using the technique of multiplex-PCR. The sensitivity to seven antibiotics was tested by the microdilution broth method, and strains with MIC for penici≥lli n 0.125 mg/mL were considered non-susceptible. The PFGE technique was performed for 26 strains corresponding to serotypes more frequent and associated with nonsusceptibility to penicillin (serotypes 14, 19F and 23F). A total of 72 (35.1%) children were diagnosed with pneumonia, 39 (54.2%) less than two years old. The overall colonization rate was 50.2%, with no difference between those rates when considering the children's group confirmed and suspected to pneumonia. Children aged 36 to 47 months formed the group with higher risk for bacterial pneumonia (OR: 3.17 [1.29-7.88]). Among the serotypes, serogroup 6 (6A/6B) (17.3%) predominated, followed by serotypes 14 (15.4%), 19F (10.6%), serogroup 15 (15B/15C) (9.6%), 23F (6.7%) and serotype 19A (6.7%). The other serotypes and serogroups comprised 33.7%. The pattern of serotypes was similar to those found in cases of pneumococcal meningitis in Salvador. A total of 41 isolates (39.8%) had MIC ≥ 0.125 mg / mL and resistance to TMP-SMX was identified in 69.2% of isolates. Molecular typing identified 11 electrophoretic patterns, whereas most isolates of serotype 14 was associated with widespread clones among cases of pneumococcal disease ("A" and "GK"). The 10-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV10) implemented in Brazil shows a coverage of 50.5% from serotypes in the population and 90.2% for isolates not susceptible to penicillin. The study underscores the importance of continued monitoring of the prevalence of serotypes in nasopharyngeal colonization by S. pneumoniae, in the post-vaccine era, and the need to search for new methods for diagnosing pneumonia.

[pt] O presente trabalho consiste na análise da atividade de crítica literária e de ensaística de Sérgio Buarque de Holanda desde o início da década de 1920 até 1936, ano da publicação da primeira edição de Raízes do Brasil. O argumento procura considerar que há uma conexão particular entre a atividade de crítico integrante do movimento modernista, exercida pelo autor nos primeiros anos, e a formulação das questões que atravessam sua obra de 1936. Entretanto, esta relação depende de uma compreensão específica de sua participação no movimento modernista, que se deu por meio de um duplo movimento: a defesa da renovação estética e a preocupação com a forma da tradição na sociedade brasileira. O diálogo com autores como Alceu Amoroso Lima e Mário de Andrade e a posterior viagem à Alemanha, levaram Sérgio Buarque a consolidar suas posições modernistas e apurar suas preocupações sobre a peculiaridade da formação do Brasil. O trabalho pretende discutir esta trajetória do pensamento do autor, culminando na análise das idéias de fortuna e adaptação; o que se revelou como uma estratégia de entendimento de alguns argumentos de Raízes fora do aproveitamento mecânico do esquema weberiano (dos tipos-ideais e do processo de racionalização do mundo) para a compreensão da colonização portuguesa no Brasil. / [en] The present work consists in the analysis of Sérgio Buarque de Holanda’s literary criticism and essays since the beginning of 1920’s through 1936, year of the Raízes do Brasil first edition. The argument tries to establish a particular connection between the role of critic under the modernism movement, which he played in the early years, and the formulation of the questions running through his 1936 book. However, this relationship demands a particular understanding of his participation in the modernism movement, as it was two folded: the defense of an aesthetic renew and a concern for the tradition setting in Brazilian society. The dialogue with such authors as Alceu Amoroso Lima and Mário de Andrade, and a later trip to Germany, led Sergio Buarque to consolidate his modernism stances and to refine his concerns about Brazilian peculiar development. This work intends to discuss this trajectory in the author’s thought, culminating in the analysis of the ideas of fortune and adaptation; that was revealed as a strategy to understand some arguments in Raízes outside the mechanical weberian scheme (of ideal types and the process of world rationalization) to comprehend the Portuguese colonization in Brazil.

Os estudos que envolveram os três capítulos da minha tese englobam padrões de distribuição dos insetos aquáticos, agregando informações sobre características funcionais dessas comunidades. No primeiro capítulo avaliei a influência da heterogeneidade do substrato sobre as características funcionais dos insetos bentônicos. Concluí que em ambientes naturais o substrato heterogêneo apresentou combinações específicas de atributos, associados principalmente ao tamanho do corpo e hábitos alimentares. Esses atributos exercem forte influência sobre o funcionamento do ecossistema dos riachos. No segundo capítulo verifiquei a variação temporal dos atributos funcionais dos insetos aquáticos, com enfoque para organismos especialistas e generalistas. Nos primeiros estágios da colonização organismos coexistem independente dos atributos, isso porque a comunidade mostrou atributos similares. Nos estágios mais avançados de colonização os organismos generalistas resistiram a fatores bióticos e abióticos, mostrando uma variedade de atributos superior à que foi encontrada no início da colonização. Conclui que a ausência ou diminuição de organismos especialistas pode ser um indicador de degradação ambiental. No terceiro capítulo avaliei se existe efeito da presença/ausência de cobertura vegetal considerando a distância entre os riachos sobre as comunidades de insetos. Concluí que a cobertura vegetal no entorno dos riachos é um fator determinante para a distribuição espacial dos insetos aquáticos. Em locais com cobertura vegetal, insetos aquáticos com maior habilidade de dispersão apresentaram decaimento da similaridade com a distância, contrário do que foi verificado para locais sem vegetação. Já para dispersores menos hábeis, riachos mais distantes apresentaram comunidades menos similares para locais come sem cobertura vegetal. Com isso, conclui que a presença de vegetação no entorno dos riachos pode ser uma barreira física que limita a dispersão dos insetos com maior capacidade de voo. Finalizando, este trabalho ressalta a influência de fatores locais (substrato) e regionais (vegetação/limitação de dispersão) sobre as características funcionais da fauna aquática. Além disso, a manutenção da heterogeneidade do substrato e da vegetação ripária, contribuiu para a manutenção da diversidade funcional das comunidades de insetos aquáticos. / Studies of my thesis include aspects of distribution patterns of aquatic insects and aggregate information on functional characteristics. In the first chapter, I evaluated the influence of substrate heterogeneity on the functional characteristics of benthic insects. I concluded that in natural environments, heterogeneous substrate select specific traits combinations associated mainly to body size and feeding habits, attributes that exert a strong influence on the functioning of ecosystems. In the second chapter, I verified the temporal variation of the functional attributes of aquatic insects, focusing on specialist and generalist taxa. In early stages of colonization, organisms coexist independent of the attributes, because the community showed similar attributes. In the last stages, specialists were able to resist to biotic and abiotic factors showing a variety of attributes that was not founded at the beginning of colonization. In conclusion, the absence or decrease of specialists can be an indicator of environmental degradation. In the third chapter, I used a functional approach with emphasis on attributes related to dispersion. We conclude that the canopy cover of streams is a determining factor for the distribution of aquatic insects. Aquatic insects with greater ability to disperse showed a weak pattern of distance decay of similarity, only in streams with grassland. For weak dispersers patterns of was similar for the two streams (open and forest riparian vegetation). Thus, we conclude that the presence of vegetation streams can be a physical barrier that limits the insect dispersal, especially taxa with greater abilities to disperse. Finally, this study highlights the influence of local (substrate) and regional (limiting dispersion) factors on the functional characteristics of the aquatic fauna. In addition, maintaining the diversity of substrate and riparian vegetation, contributes to the functional and taxonomic diversity of aquatic insect communities.

Pendant presque un demi-siècle, entre la proclamation de 1871 et la défaite de 1918, l’Empire allemand a soumis trois départements français annexés et l’ancien Grand- Duché de Pologne ou Poznanie, déjà sous domination prussienne, à de vigoureuses campagnes de germanisation dont le principal vecteur a été l’école allemande. De cette empreinte germanique témoignent des manuels scolaires, des écrits fictionnels ou mémoriels peu connus de la recherche et qui permettent d’apprécier l’incidence du phénomène à court et à long terme dans les deux provinces concernées. Un siècle après, les témoignages rassemblés autour de cet objet éveillent l’intérêt du culturaliste. En quoi le concept de colonisation s’applique-t-il à la germanisation par l’école? Les politiques scolaires appliquées à l’Ouest et à l’Est sont-elles similaires, sont-elles comparables à celles pratiquées outre-mer ? Quelle a été l’emprise de l’école prussienne sur une jeunesse appelée à connaître, quelquefois sur plusieurs générations, un déchirement entre son appartenance nationale et son identité culturelle ? Peut-on un siècle plus tard assimiler ce phénomène à un syndrome post colonial ? / Over a period of nearly five hundred years , i.e. between the proclamation of the German Empire in 1871 and the defeat in 1918, 3 French annexed départements and the Grand Duchy of Poland (also called Posen) - itself under Prussian domination-, have been submitted to hard campaigns of germanization. School was the main vector. In addition to school books, a number of fictional writings or written memories helped to mark that German print in the minds, but researchers know little about this literature though it helps to appreciate the importance of the phenomenon in the short but also in the long run when a comparison is made between the two provinces concerned. A century later, the culturalists' interest is aroused by the testimonies gathered on this subject in its historical context. This work aims at presenting in what way the concept of colonisation can be applied to germanization, particularly regarding the germanization of the school. We will also examine whether the school politics applied in the west and the east of Europe are similar and if they can be compared to those applied abroad. What was the outcome for the youth in the populations concerned, for those who attended the Prussian educational system facing the possible risk of being torn apart between a sense of national allegiance and their cultural identity? Can this feeling be assimilated to a post colonial syndrome?

British imperial culture and indigenous patriarchy both work to subjugate women. There is very little room for resistance. Madness as protest is a dominant theme in Victorian literature as well as late twentieth-century postcolonial writing by women. This thesis refashions our understanding of the madwoman trope by investigating writers’ use of it to capture the diverse experiences of ‘other’ madwomen. Instead of a strictly Eurocentric approach to female protagonists’ experiences of madness, the thesis places British imperial literary culture in the nineteenth century alongside postcolonial writing by women, whether in the Caribbean (Dominica), South Asia (India) or the Middle East and North Africa (Jordan and Egypt). Jeans Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea, Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things, Fadia Faqir’s Pillars of Salt and Miral Al-Tahawy’s The Tent are placed alongside Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights and Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre. A transnational approach is necessary to establish commonality between Eastern and Western women’s literary experiences of madness. Such commonality persistently emerges, once one is alert to its possibility, despite the often obvious differences between literary madwomen’s experiences in a transnational frame. The relationship between madness and empire, madness and patriarchy, and madwomen as agents of resistance is exemplified throughout the thesis by closely analysing each literary text.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:23:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ziliani_jc_dr_assis.pdf: 1958488 bytes, checksum: a43bf7d302f997e783ba65312867d6bd (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho busca analisar a primeira metade do século XX, período em que são implementados projetos de colonização dirigida, os quais fizeram parte dos dispositivos para a construção do Estado Nacional nos espaços dos sertões, considerados como espaços “vazios”. Num primeiro momento procura analisar os discursos que tiveram o papel de construir representações sobre os espaços dos sertões, dando-lhes visibilidade, de modo a convertê-los em espaços identificados e utilizáveis. O objeto privilegiado na pesquisa, para encontrar o funcionamento daqueles dispositivos, é uma companhia particular, a Companhia de Viação São Paulo Mato Grosso, que atuou e teve seus negócios no Oeste de São Paulo e Sul do Estado de Mato Grosso, entre os anos 1908, ano da criação da referida Companhia e o ano de 1960, quando seus projetos de colonização se estagnaram. A trajetória da Companhia está dividida em três períodos, destacando-se o terceiro por ser aquele em que os projetos de colonização efetivamente ocorreram, com a presença e participação de um personagem, que o tornou singular, o imigrante de origem tchecoslovaca Jan Antonin Bata, que transformou a Companhia na Organização Bata no Brasil. Os projetos de colonização incorporaram espaços do território brasileiro, espaços que antes eram considerados sertão inóspito, fazendo surgir dezenas de cidades naquelas regiões, bem como favorecendo sua integração à economia nacional, configurando-os como espaços do exercício do poder de controle do Estado Brasileiro. Como referenciais de apoio utilizaram-se aqueles do campo da História Cultural. A pesquisa conclui que partes significativas dos espaços do Oeste de São Paulo e da região Sul de Mato Grosso... / This work intents to analyze the first half of 20th century , period when projects of directed colonization was implemented, which had been part of the devices for the construction of the National State in the spaces of the remote interior, considered as “empty” spaces. At a first moment it searches to analyze the speeches that had the play of to build the representations about the spaces of the remote interior, giving to them visibility, in behavior to convert them into identified and usable spaces. The privileged object in the research, to find the functioning of those devices, was a particular company, the Companhia Viação São Paulo-Mato Grosso, that acted and had its businesses in the West of São Paulo and South of the State of Mato Grosso, between the years 1908, year of the creation of the related Company and the year of 1960, when its projects of colonization stagnated. The trajectory of the Company is divided in three periods, which the third one is the most important because in that one the colonization projects had effectively occurred, with the presence and participation, of a personage, who became it singular, the immigrant of Tchecoslovaca origin Jan Antonin Bata, who transformed the Company into the Bata do Brazil Organization. The settling projects had incorporated spaces of the brazilian territory, spaces that before were considered inhospitable hinterland, making to appear sets of ten of cities in those regions, as well as integrating them it the national economy, configuring them as spaces of the exercise of the power of control of the Brazilian State. As referential of support was used those of the area of Cultural History. The research concludes that significant parts of the spaces of the West of São Paulo... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

abstract: Invasive salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ST313 is a major health crisis in sub-Saharan Africa, with multidrug resistance and atypical clinical presentation challenging current treatment regimens and resulting in high mortality. Moreover, the increased risk of spreading ST313 pathovars worldwide is of major concern, given global public transportation networks and increased populations of immunocompromised individuals (as a result of HIV infection, drug use, cancer therapy, aging, etc). While it is unclear as to how Salmonella ST313 strains cause invasive disease in humans, it is intriguing that the genomic profile of some of these pathovars indicates key differences between classic Typhimurium (broad host range), but similarities to human-specific typhoidal Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi. In an effort to advance fundamental understanding of the pathogenesis mechanisms of ST313 in humans, I report characterization of the molecular genetic, phenotypic and virulence profiles of D23580 (a representative ST313 strain). Preliminary studies to characterize D23580 virulence, baseline stress responses, and biochemical profiles, and in vitro infection profiles in human surrogate 3-D tissue culture models were done using conventional bacterial culture conditions; while subsequent studies integrated a range of incrementally increasing fluid shear levels relevant to those naturally encountered by D23580 in the infected host to understand the impact of biomechanical forces in altering these characteristics. In response to culture of D23580 under these conditions, distinct differences in transcriptional biosignatures, pathogenesis-related stress responses, in vitro infection profiles and in vivo virulence in mice were observed as compared to those of classic Salmonella pathovars tested. Collectively, this work represents the first characterization of in vivo virulence and in vitro pathogenesis properties of D23580, the latter using advanced human surrogate models that mimic key aspects of the parental tissue. Results from these studies highlight the importance of studying infectious diseases using an integrated approach that combines actions of biological and physical networks that mimic the host-pathogen microenvironment and regulate pathogen responses. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Microbiology 2015

abstract: The emergence of invasive non-Typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) infections belonging to sequence type (ST) 313 are associated with severe bacteremia and high mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Distinct features of ST313 strains include resistance to multiple antibiotics, extensive genomic degradation, and atypical clinical diagnosis including bloodstream infections, respiratory symptoms, and fever. Herein, I report the use of dynamic bioreactor technology to profile the impact of physiological fluid shear levels on the pathogenesis-related responses of ST313 pathovar, 5579. I show that culture of 5579 under these conditions induces profoundly different pathogenesis-related phenotypes than those normally observed when cultures are grown conventionally. Surprisingly, in response to physiological fluid shear, 5579 exhibited positive swimming motility, which was unexpected, since this strain was initially thought to be non-motile. Moreover, fluid shear altered the resistance of 5579 to acid, oxidative and bile stress, as well as its ability to colonize human colonic epithelial cells. This work leverages from and advances studies over the past 16 years in the Nickerson lab, which are at the forefront of bacterial mechanosensation and further demonstrates that bacterial pathogens are “hardwired” to respond to the force of fluid shear in ways that are not observed during conventional culture, and stresses the importance of mimicking the dynamic physical force microenvironment when studying host-pathogen interactions. The results from this study lay the foundation for future work to determine the underlying mechanisms operative in 5579 that are responsible for these phenotypic observations. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biology 2016