O presente trabalho investiga os métodos utilizados pelo etno-historiador Serge Gruzinski – as Connected Histories e a História das Sensibilidades – com a finalidade de compreender como foram construídas as instituições jurídico-políticas pela monarquia católica na América Espanhola até o final da dinastia dos Habsburgos, a partir de uma realidade hegemônica preexistente nos povos pré-colombianos. Não foi possível a simples implantação do sistema institucional hispânico e também não se perpetuaram as instituições pré-colombianas, criandose instituições mescladas. Trata-se de uma realidade complexa, na qual não podem ser considerados apenas indígenas e espanhóis, pois através deste contato surgiram os mestiços e na América nasceram os criollos. Aportaram no Novo Mundo negros, povos de outras raças que se misturaram. Esta mistura não ocorreu apenas no aspecto biológico, mas antes na religião, na escrita e nas instituições. O método das connected histories foi criado por Sanjay Subrahmanyam e adotado por Gruzinski. Os principais desencadeadores deste método, quando aplicado à América Espanhola, são: a função mediadora dos passeurs culturels a descentralização da história e as mestiçagens. Os passeurs são quem realiza os processos de ocidentalização e de globalização. A descentralização da história substitui o polo único europeu ou ibérico por uma pluralidade de centros localizados na periferia, buscando a elaboração da história de forma global e não reducionista. A Monarquia Católica é o campo de observação e aplicação deste método porque está para além dos limites do Estado-nacional. Os elementos mestiços tem sido ignorados ou desvalorizados ao longo da história, mas são importantes porque aprofundam a história e apresentam as realidades complexas, para além de espanhóis e indígenas. Destaca-se também a importância das imagens e do imaginário, que podem expressar uma ideia diretamente, cujas reações são difíceis de traduzir em palavras. É importante captar a história para além das expressões intelectuais ou técnicas, sob pena de haver um reducionismo na apreensão do passado. Trata-se do método da história das sensibilidades. Por fim, é importante destacar a visão de Matthew Restall em relação aos mitos da conquista espanhola, com sua crítica ao mito da superioridade dos espanhóis, pois não podemos partir da premissa de que os espanhóis eram em algum sentido melhores do que os nativos americanos, sob pena de não compreendermos a complexidade da história gerada a partir do contato entre estes dois mundos. / The present work searches the methods used by the etno historian Serge Gruziski – The Connected Histories and the Sensibilities’ History – to understand how the Catholic Monarchy built the political and juridical institutions of the Spanish America until the end of the Habsburg Dynasty, upon a hegemonic reality pre-existent in the pre-Columbian peoples. The simple implantation of the Spanish institutional system was impossible, as was the perpetuation of the pre-Columbian institutions, originating mixed institutions. It was a complex reality, in which we cannot just consider Indians and Spaniards, because from this very contact emerged mestizos and in America, creoles were born. Negroes and other races docked in America and mixed. This mix don´t happen only in the biologic sense, but also and above all in the religion, in the writings and in the institutions. The connected histories method was created by Sanjay Subrahmanyam and adopted by Gruzinski. The main elements of this method, when applied to the Spanish America, are the mediator paper of the passeurs culturels, the history´s decentralization and the miscegenation. The passeurs are the actors who made the processes of the westernization and globalization. The history´s decentralization replaces the only European pole by a plurality of centers situated in the periphery, seeking to elaborate a global history and not a reductionist version of it. The Catholic Monarchy is the field of observation and application of this method, because it is beyond the limits of the State Nation. The mestizos has been ignored or devaluated through the history, but they are important because they deepen the history and show complex realities, beyond Spaniards and Indians. Noteworthy is also the importance of the images and the imaginary, that can express an idea directly, whose reactions are difficult to translate in words. It´s important to understand the history beyond the intellectual and technical expressions, otherwise we generate a reductionist view and comprehension of the past. This is the method of the Sensibilities’ History. Finally, it’s important to highlight Matthew Restall’s view towards the myths of the Spanish Conquer, with his critic to the myth of the Spanish superiority, because we cannot start by the premise that the Spaniards were in either way better than the native Americans, otherwise we will be unable to understand the complexity of the history generated by the contact between this two worlds.

This thesis provides the first formal and phenomenological analysis of the architecture in Paquimé, otherwise known as Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, Mexico. The eastern and western halves of the city are divided by a stone wall and reservoirs. The monuments on the east are rectilinear, puddled adobe structures used primarily for domestic and manufacturing purposes. The buildings on the west, on the other hand, are open earth mounds lined in stone for public displays. This thesis analyzes each building individually, the relationship of the structures to one another, and the entire layout of Paquimé in order to better understand Paquimian visual culture.

For as long as I can remember, I have struggled with understanding who I am. What makes me is something I try to make sense of through art. When I started working on this my graduation show, the idea behind it was to make a portrait of the Mexico I know, but when the pandemic hit, I found myself locked down at home, completely alone in a new country for the first time. This led me to question my existence and the belief systems I espoused and prompted me to try to understand myself better in the context of a foreign culture. As a result, the concept behind the show evolved from being about the Mexico I know to exploring who I am and how my upbringing has shaped my art and trying to make sense of my existence.

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Psychoactive plants have played a significant role in Andean cultures for millennia. Whilst there is evidence of the importance of psychoactive plants in the Andean archaeological record, none of these are direct proof that these culturally significant plants were used by ancient Andean populations. This project utilised liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to investigate the use of psychoactive plants in individuals from cemetery sites in Chile and Peru by analysing hair specimens for a variety of psychoactive compounds. Hair specimens from 46 individuals buried at cemetery sites in the Azapa Valley (northern Chile) belonging to the Cabuza culture (c AD 300 ¿ 1000) indicated around half of these people ingested coca, as evidenced by the detection of BZE in hair specimens. Two individuals from this population tested positive for bufotenine, the main alkaloid in Anadenanthera snuff. There is a specific material culture associated with snuffing. These findings confirm Anadenanthera was consumed in the Azapa Valley. The 11 individuals from Peru came from the necropolis at Puruchuco-Huaquerones in the Rímac valley near Lima. These individuals belonged to the Ichma culture, but would have been under Inca imperial control during the Late Horizon. Although only a small sample, two-thirds tested positive for BZE, suggestive that access to coca was widespread. This project presents a synthesis of the archaeological evidence for the use of various psychoactive plants in Andes. Also presented is the first report of the detection of bufotenine in ancient hair samples and additional data contributing to the understanding of the use of coca in the Andes. / Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC). Andy Jagger and Francis Raymond Hudson funds at the University of Bradford

Diploma thesis Motifs of pre-Columbian America in modern Mexican art deals with the pre- Columbian motifs in the work of three leading representatives of the Mexican muralism - Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco and David Alfaro Siqueiros. Muralism, monumental painting with a clearly defined socio-educational function, started to develop on the initiative of the post- revolutionary Mexican government, since the 1920s of the 20th century. During its development, it gained international fame and today it is widely regarded as a uniquely Mexican style of art. An integral part of muralism form scenes from the life of pre-Columbian cultures. The main objective of this work is to analyse these scenes, the origin of particular motifs, their original meanings and meanings, which they assumed in the context of the murals. The work also reflects where muralists acquired knowledge about the Indian civilizations and what image of pre-Columbian past they created. The work also seeks to clarify the question in what specifically was the muralist access to pre-Columbian cultures innovative. The paper uses qualitative methods of analysis of the available written sources and analysis of visual materials.

From the Proceedings of the 1971 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 22-23, 1971, Tempe, Arizona / In response to the 20th century crisis of environmental destruction by unrestricted technological exploitation, some archaeologists are studying alternative modes of resource development as practiced by earlier men. The pueblo Indians of the arid southwestern deserts were basically upland corn farmers, who, after A.D. 1000, found it necessary to exploit their environment because of varying combinations of climatic change and increased population pressures. In the northeastern part of the state of Chihuahua, urban engineers, ca 1050, harnessed the entire Casas Grandes dendritic pattern by installing a set of linked hydraulic appointments which included various upslope protective devices such as linear border, check dams and riverside and hillside terraces. Not only were they able to visualize an entire dendritic pattern as the target area, but also they were able to conceive of rainfall and topsoil as a single factor in their control designs. Although large amounts of human labor were needed to construct and maintain these systems, few raw materials were needed. When the mountain-born waters reached the lower valleys, they were clear and sluggish, did not flood the bottomlands, and because of the reduced speed, could easily be diverted into canals and reservoirs, supplying the cities with domestic water and the farmers with irrigation water. Many further studies are needed of these pre-Columbian systems.

Psychoactive plants have played a significant role in Andean cultures for millennia. Whilst there is evidence of the importance of psychoactive plants in the Andean archaeological record, none of these are direct proof that these culturally significant plants were used by ancient Andean populations. This project utilised liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to investigate the use of psychoactive plants in individuals from cemetery sites in Chile and Peru by analysing hair specimens for a variety of psychoactive compounds. Hair specimens from 46 individuals buried at cemetery sites in the Azapa Valley (northern Chile) belonging to the Cabuza culture (c AD 300 ¿ 1000) indicated around half of these people ingested coca, as evidenced by the detection of BZE in hair specimens. Two individuals from this population tested positive for bufotenine, the main alkaloid in Anadenanthera snuff. There is a specific material culture associated with snuffing. These findings confirm Anadenanthera was consumed in the Azapa Valley. The 11 individuals from Peru came from the necropolis at Puruchuco-Huaquerones in the Rímac valley near Lima. These individuals belonged to the Ichma culture, but would have been under Inca imperial control during the Late Horizon. Although only a small sample, two-thirds tested positive for BZE, suggestive that access to coca was widespread. This project presents a synthesis of the archaeological evidence for the use of various psychoactive plants in Andes. Also presented is the first report of the detection of bufotenine in ancient hair samples and additional data contributing to the understanding of the use of coca in the Andes.

Les recherches entreprises dans cette thèse visent à définir les processus de formation des anthroposols archéologiques précolombiens sur le territoire guyanais ainsi qu'à participer à la restitution des activités humaines passées. Elles sont fondées sur l'étude et l'analyse des propriétés intrinsèques des sédiments archéologiques, telles que, d'une part, leur nature et leur organisation pédo-sédimentaires, et d'autre part, leurs propriétés physico-chimiques. La possibilité de disposer d'un corpus de sites archéologiques de plein air dans différents contextes géomorphologiques (plaine alluviale, colline latéritique pour les montagnes couronnées), et la mise en place d'une approche géoarchéologique combinant observations micromorphologiques et analyses physico-chimiques, a permis d'investiguer différents types d'anthroposols précolombiens guyanais, et de les caractériser suivant plusieurs marqueurs anthropiques, directs et indirects. L'analyse géoarchéologique révèle que la pédogénèse naturelle a été impactée par l'anthropisation ancienne et indique une certaine résilience des sols. La micromorphologie des sols a permis de mettre en évidence des microtraces anthropiques telles que des charbons (micro et macro) et des céramiques, communs aux deux contextes, ainsi que différents types d'agrégats brûlés provenant de la surface des sols ayant subi la chauffe pour les montagnes couronnées. L'activité anthropique a aussi probablement favorisé les processus de lessivage des argiles par des apports anciens de cendres. La pédofaune a été transformée comme le laisse supposer, en lames minces, la présence de traits rapportés à Pontoscolex corethrurus. Les analyses archéo-environnementales complémentaires mises en place dans ce travail (anthracologie, phytolithes, susceptibilité magnétique) ont permis de compléter les données acquises sur la mise en place des anthroposols étudiés. Ces travaux, précurseurs pour le territoire guyanais, et en s'inspirant des études menées non loin, en Amazonie brésilienne sur les terra preta/mulata ou Amazonian Dark Earth, viennent compléter le référentiel des anthroposols archéologiques développés en Amazonie. Ils ont, en outre, permis d'émettre plusieurs hypothèses quant à l'origine des marqueurs d'activités, directs ou indirects, observés dans les anthroposols archéologiques, et de mettre ainsi en évidence les manifestations humaines anciennes qui auraient pu avoir lieu sur les sites étudiés. Des activités fondamentales telles que les foyers domestiques ou la mise en culture des sols semblent avoir pris place sur ces derniers. Des hypothèses sur les modèles d'occupation de l'espace ont été proposées en s'intéressant aux zones de rejet principalement, situées en retrait des maisons supposées et à proximité du fossé dans le cas des montagnes couronnées. Cette étude s'inscrit typiquement dans une approche archée-environnementale qui vient préciser les liens étroits qu'entretenaient les populations précolombiennes avec leur environnement. / The research undertaken in this thesis, aims to identify the formation processes of the pre­Columbian archaeological anthropogenic soils in the French Guiana territory as well as to contribute to revisiting ancient human activities. lt is based on the study and analysis of the intrinsic properties of archaeological sediments, such as, on the one hand, their nature and their pedo-sedimentary composition, and on the other hand, their physicochemical properties. The availability of a corpus of open air archaeological sites in different geomorphological settings (e.g., floodplain; lateritic hill with circular ditch glossed in French montagne couronnée), and the implementation of a geoarchaeological approach combining micromorphological observations and physicochemical analyses, enabled to investigate different kinds of pre-Columbian anthropogenic soils in French Guiana, and to characterize them according to several anthropogenic markers, both direct and indirect. Geoarchaeological analysis revealed that the natural pedogenesis has been impacted by the ancient anthropization and indicates a certain resilience of soils. The soil micromorphology demonstrated anthropogenic microtraces such as charcoal (micro and macro) and fragments of pottery, common to both contexts, as well as different kinds of heated aggregates originating from the surface of the soils having been burned, only for the montagnes couronnées sites. Anthropogenic activity probably also contributed to the process of leaching of clay via the formed ashes. The pedofaune has been transformed as one may assume, in thin sections, the presence of pedofeatures related to Pontoscolex corethrurus. Additional archaeo-environmental analyses implemented in this study (anthracology, phytoliths, magnetic susceptibility) allowed completing the data acquired on the implementation of the studied anthropogenic soils. These studies, pioneering for French Guiana, though inspired by studies in the near Brazilian Amazon on terra preta/mulata or Amazonian Dark Earth, complement the repository of archaeological anthropogenic soils developed in the Amazon. Furthermore, they allowed several hypotheses about the origins of the activity markers, either direct or indirect, observed in the archaeological anthropogenic soils, and evidenced ancient human events that could have taken place on the sites studied. Fundamental activities such as house tires or the cultivation of the land appear to have taken place on the latter. Assumptions about the models of occupation of space have been proposed mainly by refuse areas behind the supposed houses and near the ditch in the case of the montagnes couronnées. This study is situated in an archaeo-environmental approach demonstrating the close relations between pre-Columbian populations with their environment.

(in English) This thesis focuses on the theme of the destruction of a world in the Hispanic American literature. Its principal part is a detailed analysis of the novels The Villagers, written by the Ecuadorian author Jorge Icaza, and The Kingdom of this World, written by the Cuban novelist Alejo Carpentier. Additional parts of the thesis are a concise outline of significant literary works which include the theme of the destruction of a world and a brief corpus analysis. The analysis compares the frequency of the usage of several words which are connected with the theme in the Hispanic American and Spanish literature. The thesis aims to answer the following questions: Is the theme of the destruction of a world characteristic for the Hispanic American literature? In which forms does it occur? How is the theme demonstrated in the literary works, and what are its features? The thesis also examines the relation between the Hispanic American reality and the presence of the theme in the writings of the authors born in that part of the World. The relation between the analysed literary works and the historical background of the period in which it was written is important for the theses as well as selected facts of the life stories of the authors. To a certain extent, it determined their literary output.