The paper investigates focus marking devices in the scarcely documented North-Ghanaian Gur language Konkomba. The two particles lé and lá occur under specific focus conditions and are therefore regarded as focus markers in the sparse literature. Comparing the distribution and obligatoriness of both alleged focus markers however, I show that one of the particles, lé, is better analyzed as a connective particle, i.e. as a syntactic rather than as a genuine pragmatic marker, and that comparable syntactic focus marking strategies for sentence-initial constituents are also known from related languages.

Denna studie jämför hur kommentarer till nätartiklar på Aftonbladet.se har förändrats från 2010 till 2011 vad gäller innehåll, språk och ton. Mellan dessa år har systemet för kommentering ändrats på Aftonbladet.se, från att det 2010 krävdes registrering och att kommentatorn fick välja ett valfritt alias, till att kommentering sker via ett redan registrerat Facebook-konto med kommentatorns riktiga namn. Studiens syfte är att ta reda på hur diskussionerna och språket i kommentarsfälten påverkas när kommentatorn inte längre får vara anonym. Med kvantitativ innehållsanalys undersöks två artiklars kommentarer per dag under en vecka, 14 till 20 oktober 2010 och 2011, 14 artiklar från varje år. Urvalet av artiklar utgår från vilka artiklar som topplacerats i Aftonbladets pappersupplaga samma dag. Totalt har 1452 kommentarer undersökts med 28 variabler. Variablerna berör bland annat huruvida kommentaren är kritisk, om den svarar på en annan kommentar och om den innehåller stavfel eller andra språkliga misstag. Efter att kodningen genomförts gjordes ett reliabilitetstest där 30 redan undersökta kommentarer analyserades en gång till för att stärka resultatets validitet. Huvudresultatet visar att det 2011 pågår en mer aktiv diskussion mellan de som kommenterar och att kvinnorna har tagit mer plats i kommentarsfälten än tidigare. Detta kan ha sin förklaring i att det är mer lättillgängligt att kommentera via ett Facebook-konto förutsatt att man redan har ett registrerat konto. Språkbruket är i princip det samma båda åren, men kommentarerna har blivit längre och mer sakliga. / This study compares reader comments on articles displayed on Aftonbladet.se, in terms of content and language. Between these years the system for commenting on Aftonbladet.se has changed from a registration, when the user could choose their own alias, to commenting using their already existing Facebook-account with the user’s real name. This study answers the question how and if the reader comments change when the option of being anonymous disappears. This study analyses readers’ comments of two articles every day during two weeks, October 14th to October 20th 2010 and 2011, with a total of 14 articles each year. The selection of articles was based on the articles placement in the printed newspaper Aftonbladet the same day. 1452 comments have been studied through 28 variables. Some of the most important variables were; whether the comment is critical, whether the comment answers another comment and if it contains spelling mistakes. In order to strengthen the validity of the study a test of the reliability was made and 30 comments were re-analysed one more time. The main results of the study indicates that the debate was more active between the users in 2011 than in 2010 and that women to a higher extent started to take place in the commenting area. These results are probably an effect of using the Facebook account for commenting, which is accessible and easy to use.

The thesis mainly discusses the hermeneutic system on Du Fu¡¦s poetics, which was established after close analysis of Du Fu¡¦s poetry by a literary critic Chin Sheng-Tang (the end of the Ming and beginning of the Qing dynasties).Among all Tang poets Chin Sheng-Tang admired Du Fu the most for his poetics of seven line stanzas, which was viewed by Chin Sheng-Tang as an epitome of high aesthetical value and poetical canon. The critic proposed a method of decompositional analysis for studying Du Fu¡¦s poetry: he saw the interconnection between the title of the poem and it¡¦s content, and then decomposed the poem into small pieces, conducting close reading, so that the poem was seen as having three level structure from bigger to smaller ¡¥the level of passages, sentences and characters¡¦. First, we start with looking at ¡¥other interpretation¡¦ from the describing trend of hermeneutics on Du Fu¡¦s poetics prevailing during that period of time, pointing out what was the main opinion of the literary critics, and comparing it with the one of Chin Sheng-Tang¡¦s, and looking at his status among the circles of literary critics. Then we discuss the Chin Sheng-Tang ¡¥s ¡¥self interpretation¡¦ , explaining what kind of reader and critic he was. After that we provide the review of poetry reading methods and horizon in literary criticism, explaining how to use the method in literary analysis. After Chin Sheng-Tang¡¦s method of literary criticism becomes clear to us, we look how his caesura method is used to analyze structure of Du Fu¡¦s poetry. Through the caesura analysis we use reader¡¦s, author¡¦s and literary works point of view to find out whether this method is appropriate and whether it can reveal the spirit of that age or is it simply an over-reading. In the end we provide the conclusion about the effectiveness of the hermeneutic system, proposed by Chin Sheng-Tang.

The research began with the study of teachers' written comments on pupils' written work in an English teaching context. There were several reasons for the selection of the written comment as the subject of an investigation: first, the comment communicates the teacher's response to the pupil's work, and as such it offers a potential source of information to the pupil of relevance to his learning. In addition, written comments, as a form of individualised teaching on an informal day-to-day basis, seem likely to represent a significant portion of the total feedback received by any one pupil in relation to his individual performance. Third, to date, teachers' comments have not figured to any real extent as an area of research. Where they have, they have tended to be part of a wider study which did not involve the conceptualisation of comments as providing instructive information of value to the learner. For all of these reasons, an investigation of the character and possible contribution of the written comment to pupil learning seemed a potentially worthwhile area for research. Hence, the written comment is the focus of the first part of this study. Though the work began with the written comment, in time the questions emerging from the initial investigation suggested the value of extending the field to include a detailed study of the relationship between the classroom context and the written comment; and, more significantly as it turned out, of the oral comment as instructive feedback to the learner. Oral comments, therefore, are the subject of the second part. In the third section, the main questions arising from the oral comment data are examined. This meant in fact consideration of some teachers' images of the aspect of their teaching which most features the oral comment. In summary, the three parts of the study are: 1) an investigation of written comments; 2) an investigation of oral comments; 3) a report of teachers' accounts of one major aspect of their teaching.

Inom redovisning pågår det ständigt utvecklingsarbeten för att förbättra och förnya finansiellarapporter. Den ökade globaliseringen av kapitalmarknaden väcker många frågor hosinternationella normgivningsorgan och hos allmänheten. IASB publicerade under 2013 ettdiskussionsunderlag (DP/2013/1) mot bakgrund av föreställningsramen för finansiellrapportering, i vilket IASB föreslagit möjliga förändringar av standarderna. I uppsatsen varfokus på den föreslagna definitionen av tillgång och skuld som presenteras idiskussionsunderlaget. Fram till och med januari 2014 har IASB mottagit remissvar angåendeDP/2013/1. Det har inkommit sammanlagt 243 remissvar av olika omfattning och i dennauppsats har 29 av dessa behandlats.Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att undersöka och redogöra för vilka argument som tas upp iremissvaren om förslaget huruvida en tillgång och en skuld ska definieras. Studien har ävensyftat till att analysera IASBs tänkbara mål med att revidera föreställningsramen. Uppsatsenär en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med en induktiv forskningsansats där empirin har bestått av debehandlade remissvaren.Remissinstanserna har framfört åsikter och kritik mot förslagen som tas upp i DP. Deteoretiska områden som studerats närmare är även IASBs normgivningsprocess, väsentligaegenskaper i finansiella rapporter, internationella standarder och den befintliga definitionen avtillgång och skuld. Resultatet visar att huvudparten av utvalda remissinstanserna i studien ärpositivt inställda till att en förändring av definitionen av tillgång och skuld ska ske. En stormajoritet är även positiv till revidering av föreställningsramen. Flera remissinstanser anser attden befintliga definitionen av tillgång och skuld behöver förbättras. Det vore lämpligt attpublicera ett ED för att visa konflikten mellan nuvarande och föreslagna standarder i enreviderad föreställningsram. Vår slutsats med hänsyn till remissinstansernas synpunkter är attIASB med största sannolikhet kommer att publicera ett ED. / Around the world, the increase in globalization of capital markets raises many issues forinternational standard-setters. Constant work is being done to develop and renew financialstatements internationally. In 2013, IASB published a DP: A review of the ConceptualFramework (DP/2013/1) for public comment, exploring possible changes to the IASBsConceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. The DP is the first step towards issuing arevised Conceptual Framework. In this paper the focus was on the proposed definitions ofassets and liabilities. The DP has received a total of 243 responses, 29 of these have beenanalysed.The purpose of this paper was to examine and report on the responses of how assets andliabilities should be recognised. Additionally, emphasis was placed on analysing the IASB'spossible objectives of revising The Conceptual Framework. This reflects a quantitativecontent analysis using an inductive research approach composed of empirical data consistingof the received responses.The responses have raised opinions and criticisms of proposals regarding DP. In addition toDP, further emphasis was placed on IASB standard-setting process, essential qualities infinancial statements, international standards and the existing definition of an asset and aliability. Results showed a positive trend towards a change in the definition of assets andliabilities as well as the development of The Conceptual Framework. The above resultsindicate that improvements are needed and that it would be useful to publish an ED toillustrate the conflict between current and proposed standards. In conclusion, with thecomment letters, the IASB most likely will publish an ED.(This essay is written in Swedish).

Bücher, die bewegen, liest man mit dem Bleistift in der Hand, man knickt die Ecken wichtiger Seiten ab, legt Zettel ein und klebt Zeitungsausschnitte in die vorderen oder hinteren Buchspiegel, kurz: Man eignet sie sich an wie selbst geschriebene Texte. Die Geschichte sitzt hier am Rand des Satzspiegels in Anmerkungen, sie sitzt in Unterstreichungen und Kommentaren ebenso wie in Frage- und Ausrufungszeichen. Die Leser mögen so tot sein wie die Autoren: Immer aber sagen diese Zeichen der aufmerksamen Lektüre früherer Epochen, dass Bücher beweglich sind, dass sie den Text vom Autor zum Leser bringen und dort auf autorähnliche Heftigkeit stoßen, die in manchen Fällen zu einem eigenen Text führt, meist aber zu Anmerkungen und Kommentaren, für die es keinen besseren Ort gibt als eben jene Stellen, zu denen sie Anmerkungen und Kommentare sind. Die folgenden Beobachtungen sind die eines Lesers, der den schreibenden Eingriff in gedruckte Texte oft genug geübt hat und nun um Verständnis bittet, dass er nur persönlich sprechen kann und eigene Erlebnisse beim Umgang mit Büchern ausstellt. Im Aufbrechen solcher Intimität zeigen sich Spuren einer oft vernachlässigten Geschichte, die in Büchern sitzt und daraus von Fall zu Fall befreit werden muss.

Norintis savo kalba patraukti dėmesį, sukelti teigiamas ar neigiamas emocijas, pabrėžti sakomą dalyką žmogus gali pasirinkti ir vartoti tam skirtas kalbos figūras. Vienas iš pastaruoju metu populiarėjančių ir kalbiniuose aktuose vis dažniau aptinkamų būdų yra korekcija. Toks kalbėjimas atkreipia adresato dėmesį, korekcijos figūros atliekama tikslinimo funkcija aktuali tiek kalbėtojui ar rašančiajam, tiek klausytojui ar skaitytojui. Esama atvejų, kai kalbėtojas savo kalbinę raišką tikslina dalykiniais sumetimais – taip kuriama dalykinė korekcija. Jeigu adresantas siekia ekspresyviai, vaizdžiai pakoreguoti jau pasakytą ar ketinamą pasakyti mintį, pasitelkiama figūrinė korekcija. Bakalauro darbo tikslas – išnagrinėti metakalbinių komentarų su prieveiksmiais tiksliau, teisingiau, tikriau, geriau vartojimą kalbiniuose aktuose kaip savos kalbos korekcijos priemonę. Nagrinėjami 281 dalykinės ir figūrinės korekcijos atvejai – jų vartosenos polinkiai, taip pat metakalbinių komentarų su tam tikrais prieveiksmiais dažnumas. Medžiaga tyrimui rinkta iš Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstyno, o tyrimas atliktas aprašomuoju analitiniu ir skaičiavimo metodais. Išanalizavus pavyzdžius nustatyta, kad turinčios tiesioginę reikšmę frazės su prieveiksmiais tiksliau, teisingiau, tikriau, geriau vartojamos patikslinti pasakymą, t. y. sukuriama dalykinė korekcija. Toks tikslinimas skamba paprastai, nereikalauja iš adresanto rimtesnių pastangų ir nepatraukia adresato dėmesio. Figūrinė korekcija... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / When trying to catch reader’s attention, evoke positive or negative emotions, emphasize a certain thing, a person may choose some special language forms. Nowadays, correction is one of the most popular and quite often used language forms in the linguistic acts. This kind of speaking catches receiver’s attention, correction forms perform the function of specification which is relevant to the speaker, writer, listener or reader. There are cases, when the speaker specifies his/her linguistic expression due to the constructive considerations and in this way a constructive correction is created. If the addressee seeks expressively, visually correct his/her already said idea or the idea he/she is going to say, he/she invokes form correction. The objective of the bachelor’s work is to investigate the usage of metalanguage comments along with adverbs accurately, fairer, rather, better in the linguistic acts as language correction mean. There are 281 constructive and form correction cases being analyzed i.e. their usage tendency, also, the frequency of metalanguage comments along with certain adverbs. The material for the survey was collected from the Corpus of the Current Lithuanian Language and the survey itself was carried out using descriptive analytical and computation methods. After analyzing the examples there was defined that phrases which are literal and are used along with adverbs accurately, fairer, rather, better are practiced in order to specify the expression i.e. in... [to full text]

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1982. / Bibliography: leaves 156-160. / Microfiche. / ix, 160 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 273-280). / Microfiche. / xiii, 280 leaves, bound 29 cm

This thesis analyzes the focus of the sentences in contemporary Spanish. The theoretical part presents definitions of key terms such as Czech and Spanish word order, Prague School Theory, Topic and comment etc. The second part of the thesis is practical and focuses on a detailed analysis of a few selected Spanish articles.