No description available.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role and practices of journalism in moderating comment sections on social media. The study addresses the following questions: How do journalists determine which comments to delete and which to keep in the comment section? Why does journalism engage in moderation? What problems and solutions exist? And how do approaches differ between private news media and public service in regulating comment sections? The study is conducted using qualitative interviews as a method, based on six interviews with journalists from both private news media and public service. We have thematically analyzed the empirical material using analytical tools from discourse psychology, dividing it into three prominent interpretive repertoires. These are the journalist's democratic dilemma, the journalist's role as a content moderator, and the journalist as a protector. The analysis is supported by theory and previous research on the journalist's role in society, the changing role of journalism, the journalist's role as a content moderator, and journalism and participation. The results of the study show that all participating journalists had an editorial policy to rely on. Although the journalists reflected on the democratic factor and the public's right to freedom of speech, they felt they could moderate the comment sections as long as it was supported by their policy. All interviewees believe that moderating the comment sections is necessary to find a balance between allowing freedom of speech and democracy to flow while preventing the comment sections from being overwhelmed by hate and threats. Something they found necessary to maintain their legitimacy. Additionally, they wanted to protect their news subjects so that the public would dare to participate in the news without fear of facing hateful comments. Furthermore, it emerged that the journalists we interviewed who work for private news media were more relaxed about moderating the comment sections and removing comments. The interviewees who worked for public service were more cautious and wanted full support from the policy before removing comments.

Redovisningsstandarden IFRS 16 trädde i kraft för redovisningsperioder från den 1:a januari 2019 efter det att intressenter getts möjlighet att uttrycka sina åsikter på ett reviderat utkast. Att låta intressenter uttrycka sina åsikter inför implementering av standarder är en central del av IASB:s normbildningsprocess som gör att de bibehåller sin legitimitet och neutralitet. IASB:s oberoende har dock länge kritiserats för att inte tillgodose det allmänna intresset efter ett flertal incidenter som påvisat att IASB har låtit sig influeras av särskilda intressentgrupper. Uppsatsen behandlar därför IASB:s neutralitet genom normbildningsprocessen med hänsyn till intressentgruppers åsikter uttryckt genom comment letters på det reviderade utkastet ED/2013/6 - Leases. Genom en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med kvantitativa inslag undersöks 340 stycken comment letters. Studiens grundar sig vidare på teorier som capture theory och legitimitetsteorin vilka är teorier som förklarar relationen mellan allmänheten, organisationer och reglerande organ. Resultatet antyder att ingen intressentgrupp tagits i större beaktande än andra och därmed kan IASB:s legitimitet och oberoende inte ifrågasättas på någon starkare grund vad gäller normbildningsprocessen för IFRS 16. Studien bidrar därmed till de skiljaktiga meningar som finns i existerande forskning om huruvida IASB tagit någon intressentgrupp i större beaktande än andra vid framtagandet av en ny redovisningsstandard. / The accounting standard IFRS 16 came to be effective for accounting periods starting 1st of January 2019, after a due process where stakeholders were given the opportunity to express their opinions on an exposure draft. Giving stakeholders the opportunity to express their opinions before implementing a new accounting standard is a key part of IASB:s due process which enables them to maintain their legitimacy and neutrality. IASB:s independency has been widely criticized for not maintaining the interest of the public after numerous incidents which shows that IASB had been influenced by certain stakeholder groups. Therefore, this study examines IASB:s neutrality during the due process in regards to the opinions of stakeholder groups expressed in the comment letters submitted as a response to the exposure draft ED/2013/6 - Leases. Using a qualitative study method with quantitative elements, 340 comment letters were examined. This study is based on theories such as capture theory and legitimacy theory which are theories that explain the relationship between the public, organizations and the regulators. The results indicate that no stakeholder group has had a higher influence and therefore the legitimacy and neutrality of IASB can not be questioned in regards to the due process of IFRS 16. Therefore, this study contributes to the differing opinions in existing research whether IASB has taken any certain stakeholder group into higher consideration in the due process of a new accounting standard.

Master of Science / Department of Psychological Sciences / Laura A. Brannon / Previous research has repeatedly demonstrated that undergraduate students overrate others’ norm comfort with and consumption of alcohol (i.e., Prentice & Miller, 1993). This is a dangerous misperception, as students are increasing their personal alcohol intake and / or frequency in order to match their incorrect perception of how much everyone else is drinking. Already assuming that their peers are more comfortable with, and consume more, alcohol than they do, college students’ perception of norm alcohol use may be influenced by peer comments indicating approval / disapproval of alcohol use. Thus, the present study experimentally tested whether a positive or negative comment in reaction to a portrayal of excessive drinking would influence participants’ perceptions of drinking behavior among their campus peers, and whether the sex of the person making the comment differentially influences participants’ perceptions of each sex’s extent of participation in drinking. Participants’ perceptions of drinking behavior were not influenced by the confederate comment nor confederate sex; however, participants consistently estimated that the drinking norm is higher for males than females. Additionally, female participants perceived the drinking norm to be higher than did male participants. Participants’ ratings of the confederates did differ, however, depending on the comment; participants rated the confederates more favorably when the comment made was negative / criticizing of excessive drinking than when the comment made was positive / endorsing of excessive drinking.

Graphs (or networks) are now omnipresent, infusing into many aspects of society. This dissertation contributes unified graph-based algorithms and models to help solve large-scale societal problems affecting millions of individuals' daily lives, from cyber-attacks involving malware to tobacco and alcohol addiction. The main thrusts of our research are: (1) Propagation-based Graph Mining Algorithms: We develop graph mining algorithms to propagate information between the nodes to infer important details about the unknown nodes. We present three examples: AESOP (patented) unearths malware lurking in people's computers with 99.61% true positive rate at 0.01% false positive rate; our application of ADAGE on malware detection (patent-pending) enables to detect malware in a streaming setting; and EDOCS (patent-pending) flags comment spammers among 197 thousand users on a social media platform accurately and preemptively. (2) Graph-induced Behavior Characterization: We derive new insights and knowledge that characterize certain behavior from graphs using statistical and algorithmic techniques. We present two examples: a study on identifying attributes of smoking and drinking abstinence and relapse from an addiction cessation social media community; and an exploratory analysis of how company insiders trade. Our work has already made impact to society: deployed by Symantec, AESOP is protecting over 120 million people worldwide from malware; EDOCS has been deployed by Yahoo and it guards multiple online communities from comment spammers.

The main purpose of this study has been to explore and determine how the journalistic work was used by internet users to start and keep a discussion on the internet going. We started in the aftermath of a local arson in a town of Sweden, where a discussion on the internet forum Flashback and the local newspapers commentary fields was raised. We have used these discussions to study what part the journalistic work play in these events. To do that we used a critical discourse analysis and a rhetoric analysis to investigate how these discussions use news articles to make their point. We divided the comments into four different categories, which are comments about understandings of the event, comments that talked about the matters of fact, criticism pointed at the newspaper and comments that identify the offenders. The result of the analysis shows that both forums use journalistic work as facts in their discussions. Both also use earlier articles that were written before the arson, to make their point in the discussion.

This essay is how companies are using Facebook to appear. The two companies in this study, Fritz Olsson AB Kalix and Promentum AB shows how Like, share and comment-contest communicates via Facebook. The purpose of this essay is to examine how Facebook users attitude and perception is to Like, share and comment- contest. The thesis was conducted in two parts, first a qualitative interview with the two companies that stand as examples in the paper and a quantitative online survey. The online survey was sent out to the 256 Media and Communication students at Umeå University, who read or has read the program from 2010 to 2016, via Facebook. The number of respondents was 69 students. The study is based in the theories of marketing, strategic communications and web 2.0. The results of the survey show that there are differences of opinion on how the setting is to Like, share and comment contests on Facebook. The companies have a good view of the contests, they have received positive feedback after the competition and plan to continue as long as there is an interest. None of these companies knew that there was a policy and guidelines from Facebook about how a contest should be designed. The majority of Facebook users who responded to the online survey consider that these contests are hidden marketing and that it fills the news feed with cheap nonsense. However there are some positive users to those who say it is easy and fun way to compete. Because it was a low response rate to the survey, it is important not to draw conclusions for all users, only look to those who responded. Based on the answers into this study shows that there are more people who have a less good attitude to Like, share and comment contests on Facebook than those who have a positive attitude towards them. / Den här uppsatsen handlar om hur företag använder sig av Facebook för att synas, hur företag, i den här undersökningen, Fritz Olsson AB Kalix och Promentum AB kommunicerar via Gilla, dela och kommentera-tävlingar på Facebook och vad Facebookanvändarnas har för inställning och uppfattning är till dessa. Uppsatsen genomfördes i två delar, först en kvalitativ intervju med de två företag som står som exempel i uppsatsen och en kvantitativ webbenkätundersökning. Webbenkäten skickades ut till de 256 medie- och kommunikationsstudenter vid Umeå universitet, som läser eller har läst programmet mellan 2010-2016, via Facebook, och antal svaranden slutade på 69 studenter. Undersökningen grundar sig i teorierna om marknadsföring, strategisk kommunikation och web 2.0. Resultatet av undersökningen visar på att det finns delade meningar om hur inställningen är till Gilla, dela och kommentera-tävlingar på Facebook. Företagen har en god syn på tävlingarna, de har fått positiv respons efter avslutad tävling och tänker fortsätta så länge det finns intresse. Inget av dessa företag visste om att det fanns policy och riktlinjer från Facebook om hur en tävling ska utformas. Majoriteten av Facebookanvändarna som svarade på webbenkäten anser dock att dessa tävlingar är dold marknadsföring och att det fyller nyhetsflödet med billigt trams. Dock finns det några positiva användare till dessa som säger att det är enkelt och roligt sätt att tävla. Eftersom att det var en låg svarsfrekvens på undersökningen är det viktigt att inte dra slutsatser för alla användare, utan endast se till de som svarade. Utifrån de svar som ändå kom in till den här undersökningen visar det på att det är fler som har en mindre bra inställning till Gilla, dela och kommentera-tävlingar på Facebook än de som har en positiv inställning till dessa.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1982. / Bibliography: leaves 149-157. / Microfiche. / xii, 157 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

La communication efficace a tendance à suivre la loi du moindre effort. Selon ce principe, en utilisant une langue donnée les interlocuteurs ne veulent pas travailler plus que nécessaire pour être compris. Ce fait mène à la compression extrême de textes surtout dans la communication électronique, comme dans les microblogues, SMS, ou les requêtes dans les moteurs de recherche. Cependant souvent ces textes ne sont pas auto-suffisants car pour les comprendre, il est nécessaire d’avoir des connaissances sur la terminologie, les entités nommées ou les faits liés. Ainsi, la tâche principale de la recherche présentée dans ce mémoire de thèse de doctorat est de fournir le contexte d’un texte court à l’utilisateur ou au système comme à un moteur de recherche par exemple.Le premier objectif de notre travail est d'aider l’utilisateur à mieux comprendre un message court par l’extraction du contexte d’une source externe comme le Web ou la Wikipédia au moyen de résumés construits automatiquement. Pour cela nous proposons une approche pour le résumé automatique de documents multiples et nous l’appliquons à la contextualisation de messages, notamment à la contextualisation de tweets. La méthode que nous proposons est basée sur la reconnaissance des entités nommées, la pondération des parties du discours et la mesure de la qualité des phrases. Contrairement aux travaux précédents, nous introduisons un algorithme de lissage en fonction du contexte local. Notre approche s’appuie sur la structure thème-rhème des textes. De plus, nous avons développé un algorithme basé sur les graphes pour le ré-ordonnancement des phrases. La méthode a été évaluée à la tâche INEX/CLEF Tweet Contextualization sur une période de 4 ans. La méthode a été également adaptée pour la génération de snippets. Les résultats des évaluations attestent une bonne performance de notre approche. / The efficient communication tends to follow the principle of the least effort. According to this principle, using a given language interlocutors do not want to work any harder than necessary to reach understanding. This fact leads to the extreme compression of texts especially in electronic communication, e.g. microblogs, SMS, search queries. However, sometimes these texts are not self-contained and need to be explained since understanding them requires knowledge of terminology, named entities or related facts. The main goal of this research is to provide a context to a user or a system from a textual resource.The first aim of this work is to help a user to better understand a short message by extracting a context from an external source like a text collection, the Web or the Wikipedia by means of text summarization. To this end we developed an approach for automatic multi-document summarization and we applied it to short message contextualization, in particular to tweet contextualization. The proposed method is based on named entity recognition, part-of-speech weighting and sentence quality measuring. In contrast to previous research, we introduced an algorithm for smoothing from the local context. Our approach exploits topic-comment structure of a text. Moreover, we developed a graph-based algorithm for sentence reordering. The method has been evaluated at INEX/CLEF tweet contextualization track. We provide the evaluation results over the 4 years of the track. The method was also adapted to snippet retrieval. The evaluation results indicate good performance of the approach.

Este trabalho é uma análise da organização do texto à luz da articulação dos tempos do verbo. O corpus é constituído por dez crônicas de Rubem Braga. Procede-se inicialmente a uma breve explanação comparativa dos conceitos de verbo, tempo e modo segundo a forma de ver da gramática tradicional, aqui representada por obras da autoria de Rocha Lima, Celso Cunha e Evanildo Bechara. Para uma visão atual, usa-se a gramática de José Carlos de Azeredo (2010). Tendo em vista a flexibilidade formal do gênero crônica, especialmente quando tratada como obra literária, foram selecionados textos com características bem variadas para mostrar os diferentes usos do tempo verbal. Os conceitos de discurso e história, segundo Benveniste, e de mundo comentado e mundo narrado, conforme a terminologia de H. Weinrich, foram levados em consideração, já que a crônica de Rubem Braga combina com frequência episódios e reflexões do enunciador / This work is an analysis of the organization of text in light of the articulation of the times of verb. The corpus is composed of ten chronicles of Rubem Braga. It is initially to an explanation of he comparative concepts of the verb, time and mode according of the form of view of traditional grammar, here represented by works of authorship of Rocha Lima, Celso de Cunha, and Evanildo Bechara. For a current view, you use the grammar of José Carlos (2010). In view of the flexibility of formal gender chronic, especially when treated as a literary work, were selected texts with characteristics as well varied to show the different uses of the verb. The concepts of discourse and history, second Benveniste, and world commented and narrated, as terminology of H. Weinrich, were taken into consideration, since the chronicle of Rubem Braga combines with frequency episodes and reflections of enunciator