Aim: This study explores what type of information patients and nurses share with, or provide to, each other, and whether or not the information received was relevant and sufficient for their needs. Background: Information exchange, as part of shared decision-making, is advocated in policy and practice throughout the healthcare sector. Much of the literature on information exchange relates to one-to-one consultations with consultants or GPs. To date, no studies have explored information exchange between patients and nurses in ward settings. Nursing literature on patients’ information needs focuses on one-way information provision from nurses to patients, rather than on two-way information exchange between patients and nurses. Methods: Interactions between patients and nurses were observed and audio-recorded using a remotely controlled audio-recording system. Semi-structured individual face-to-face interviews were then conducted to clarify and add to the observation data. A multiple case study design was used for this study: each case comprised one patient, the nurses caring for that patient, and the interactions between them. A pilot study was undertaken to inform the methods for recruitment and data collection for the main study. Results: The pilot study comprised five cases (patients n=5, nurses n=3). Changes to the recruitment strategy for the main study included surgical patients being invited to participate in the same way as medical patients. There were no difficulties with the data collection methods. The main study comprised nineteen cases (patients n=19, nurses n=22). Information exchange seemed unfamiliar to ward-based nurses. The findings show that information exchange may not be a one-off event but a complex series of interactions. Patients did not distinguish between clinical and non-clinical information in the same way as nurses. Primary reasons for patients’ hospital admission were not discussed and nurses did not share information about nursing interventions. The relevance for patients and nurses differed; patients generally wanted information for reducing anxiety and socialization; nurses wanted information for assessment and care planning. In terms of sufficiency, observation sessions highlighted that insufficient information was provided, often due to lost opportunities and paternalistic practice. However, the majority of patients and nurses perceived that they had exchanged sufficient information. Conclusion: This multiple case study provides insights into the type, relevance and sufficiency of information for patients and nurses in ward settings. In ward settings, information exchange as conceptualised by Charles et al. (1997 and 1999) may be difficult to achieve due to the complexity of patient/nurse interactions. Therefore, there are implications for policy makers as policies are not context specific. However, information exchange may be helpful for reducing patients’ anxieties. The concepts of shared decision-making and information exchange are not part of ward-based cultures and philosophies, which suggests implications for patient and nurse education. Research on information exchange between patients and nurses in other ward contexts may contribute to further understanding of information exchange in ward settings.

Cette recherche propose une réflexion sur la pertinence d’un « art –action » actuel, à partir d’une analyse d’actes pour l’art, caractérisés comme « hors limites », à travers une utilisation de la présence physique comme essence et support de l’art plastique, entreprise dès les années 1920 par Marcel Duchamp, et déclinée durant tout le vingtième siècle avec des mouvements artistiques tels Dada, le Happening, l’Actionnisme Viennois, ou l’Art Corporel.Nous étudions ici, aidés d’artistes performers choisis autour de quelques pratiques singulières de Albrecht Becker, Ron Athey et Lukas Zpira, les possibles limites d’actes artistiques, mettant en scène de façon extrême, à travers des performances jugées choquantes, agressives, incluant piercings, tatouages, osant parfois un art du malaise, se jouant des conventions, des tabous et des codes sociaux et culturels en place. Ainsi nous voyons s’il y a lieu, aujourd’hui, de parler encore d’actes artistiques politiques, militants, après l’âge d’or des années soixante-dix, parmi des nouvelles esthétiques du corps humain, celui-ci successivement « héros, sujet, matériau, objet, victime, écran » de cet art-action transgressif. Notre volonté est de saisir l’ambiguïté contenue dans la représentation, et toute la symbolique donnée à voir, par rapport à une première intention qui est une certaine déstructuration à la fois thématique et formelle dans les arts plastiques. La discussion est donc engagée sur l’authenticité et la pérennité de ces pratiques artistiques extrémistes, transgressives, manipulant le concept d’identité ou même la génétique, discussion aussi sur leur statut avant-gardiste dans l’histoire de « l’art pour l’art », concept porté par la modernité.Ce « hacking » du corps nous amène-t-il-alors vers un devenir post-humain virtuel, une seule existence dans les univers numériques ? Le corps est-il en perdition ou, paradoxalement l’ultime recours, sauvé par ces modifications douloureuses et radicales ? / This research proposes a reflection on the relevance of a "art -action" current, based on an analysis of the acts for the art, characterized as "off limits", through a use of the physical presence, such as origin and support of the visual art, begun in the 1920s by Marcel Duchamp, and declined throughout the twentieth century with artistic groups as Dada, the Happening, the Viennese Actionnism, or the Body Art.We study here, through artists performers selected around the singular practices of Albrecht Becker, Ron Athey and Lukas Zpira, the possible limits of artistic acts, staging in extreme way, through performances considered shocking, aggressive, including piercings, tattoos, daring an art of faintness sometimes, being played of conventions, the taboos and the social-cultural codes in place. Thus we see whether it is necessary, today, to still speak about artistic acts political, militant, after the golden age of the Seventies, through a choice among many new esthetics of the human body, successively “hero, subject, material, object, victim, screen” of this transgressive acting-art. Our will is to understand the ambiguity contained in the representation, and all the shown symbolic system, compared to a first intention which is disintegration both thematic and formal in the plastic arts. The discussion is thus about the authenticity and the survival of these artistic extremists and transgressive practices, treating the concept of identity or even the genetics, the discussion being also about their avant-gardist position in the history of “the art for art” brought by the modernity, position to be reconsidered in a society called post-modern.Do this “body- hacking” bring us then towards a future virtual human being, a single existence in the digital universes? Is the body lost or, paradoxically the ultimate recourse, saved by these painful and radical modifications?

The aim of the present study is to describe and analyze the English comment clause you know in a corpus of written sources called Intercorp and a corpus created of eight episodes of the television series Friends, which represents the natural language. The study works with the presumption that the language of the TV show Friends is in its conversational nature similar to the natural language of conversations and therefore can be contrasted to the artificial language of written form. As the Czech translations of both corpora are available to us, the study greatly focuses on two main aspects: the Czech translation counterparts of the you know comment clause and their pragmatic functions. The theoretical part introduces the comment clauses, describing their features and functions, not only as described by Quirk et al. (1985), but also from the point of view of the discourse linguists that see the comment clauses like you know as markers and specialize in their research, mostly Povolná (2010), Stenström (1995), Schiffrin (1987) and others. The outline of potential Czech counterparts is given as well, suggested by Dušková (2009), Běličová (1993) and duo Grepl & Karlík (1998, 1999). Moreover, we mention the language of television and the difference between conventional and audiovisual translation, and the...

Operative feedback between authors of publications and readers as well as between readers themselves determines considerable growth of portals with commenting functions. Unfortunately, the advantages of commenting are not used in the portals of public institutions. Therefore, this paper surveys internet commenting influence in the e-democracy development, involving the communities into decision making processes. The paper investigates, if the electronic discussions can support realization of principles of publicity, society interests importance and community involvement into the public management, mainly highlighted in theory of public administration and new public management. The main problem, why commenting functions are not being deployed in the portals of institutions, is inefficiency of commenting process regulation. So far used methods of comments regulation – simple moderation and automoderation – are inefficient (slow, subjective) when there are huge amount of users, consequently, these methods do not fit to the portals of public institutions. This paper surveys new method of commenting regulation – comoderation – which is based on user self-regulation and comment rating, consequently, more efficient. So, adopting of comoderation in the portals could provide a powerful tool for fast and purposeful changing of ideas between officials and citizens. The investigation of commenting and comment rating needs in the portals of institutions is performed due to purpose to... [to full text]

LIMA, Cristina Dantas Rocha. Análise de relatórios de observação de aula: uma abordagem interacionista sociodiscursiva. 2009. 101f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguistica) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernaculas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2009. / Submitted by nazareno mesquita (nazagon36@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-07-02T14:50:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_diss_CDdaRLIMA.pdf: 730198 bytes, checksum: f45d7236a21bf42d2a039f863381addc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-08-01T16:49:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_diss_CDdaRLIMA.pdf: 730198 bytes, checksum: f45d7236a21bf42d2a039f863381addc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-08-01T16:49:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_diss_CDdaRLIMA.pdf: 730198 bytes, checksum: f45d7236a21bf42d2a039f863381addc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / The present dissertação has as objective generality to describe and to analyze the conditions of production, the general infrastructure and the enunciative mechanisms of reports of comment of lessons, but specifically we will go to describe and to analyze: the context of production (the physical world, the social world and the subjective world) of the reports of comment of lessons; the types of speech, the estrato general infrastructure, in the reports of comment of lessons; the modalities of planning of the thematic content, the estrato general infrastructure, in the reports of comment of lessons; the enunciative voices, of the estrato enunciative mechanisms, in the reports of comment of lessons. We analyze reports of comment of lesson produced by pupils of the course of Letters, of the Federal University of the Ceará you deliver to the end of disciplines of Practical Theory and of Education of Portuguese Language. For this, we anchor in perspective of Interacionismo sociodiscursivo proposal for Bronckart (2007) because we understand that all linguistic production is a situated social action, taken the effect for singular individuals in specific social formations. Results of the done analyses reveal us that for the agent-producers, the objective of the report is it of just to tell what happens at the classroom of Portuguese Language, forgetting that the most important is the reflections and the critics of the educational practice. We discovered that all of the reports of observation of classes are part of the world of the order of narrating, once a creation of a world discursive situável was observed, and as for the speech type we found the report interactive ea narration. / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo geral descrever e analisar as condições de produção, a infra-estrutura geral e os mecanismos enunciativos de relatórios de observação de aulas, mas especificamente iremos descrever e analisar: o contexto de produção (o mundo físico, o mundo social e o mundo subjetivo) dos relatórios de observação de aulas; os tipos de discurso, do estrato infra-estrutura geral, nos relatórios de observação de aulas; as modalidades de planificação do conteúdo temático, do estrato infra-estrutura geral, nos relatórios de observação de aulas; as vozes enunciativas, do estrato mecanismos enunciativos, nos relatórios de observação de aulas. Analisamos relatórios de observação de aula produzidos por alunos do curso de Letras, da Universidade Federal do Ceará entregues ao final da disciplina de Teoria e Prática de Ensino de Língua Portuguesa. Para isso, ancoramo-nos na perspectiva do Interacionismo sociodiscursivo proposta por Bronckart (2007) porque entendemos que toda produção lingüística é uma ação social situada, levada a efeito por indivíduos singulares em formações sociais específicas. Resultados das análises feitas revelam-nos que para os agentes-produtores, o objetivo do relatório é o de apenas relatar o que acontece na sala de aula de Língua Portuguesa, esquecendo o mais importante que são as reflexões e as críticas da prática docente. Descobrimos que os relatórios de observação de aulas fazem parte fazem parte tanto do mundo da ordem do NARRAR quanto do mundo do EXPOR, o que vai determinar é a seção do relatório. As seções Introdução e Desenvolvimento estão situadas no mundo da ordem do NARRAR, já a seção Conclusão está situada na ordem do EXPOR. Com isso encontramos todos os tipos de discurso nos relatórios de observação de aula. Percebemos que os agentes-produtores utilizam a sequência descritiva, mas apenas na seção do relatório de observação de aula que é referente a análise do aspecto físico da escola. Na maior parte do relatório eles utilizam o script, como modo de planificação da linguagem. E por fim, encontramos a predominância de vozes sociais em relatórios de observação de aulas que utilizam a narração como tipo de discurso e a predominância da voz do autor em relatórios que utilizam o relato interativo como tipo de discurso.

The present work focuses on metalanguage comments in Slovak and Czech texts. The comments occur together with contact-induced phenomena employed by both languages and can be identified in text fragments, such as Áno, taký som aj ostanem, lebo vraj starého psa novým kouskúm nenaučíš - ako hovoria bratia Česi / Nebyl jsem schopen jídla, ale lemtal jsem vodu "ani ťava", jak říkají bratia Slováci. The given issue is presented in the context of research focusing on the non-theoretic (folk, naive) metalinguistic reflection. The usage of metalanguage comments, accompanying deliberately contact-induced phenomena, is a testament to the existence of the Czech-Slovak and Slovak-Czech language contact and it clearly shows how Slovak and Czech language users intentionally employ words, multi-word units, idioms and other linguistic devices from the other language to fulfill their communicative intention. By using the contact-induced phenomena from the closely related language the speaker can achieve various communicativ e goals and effects including actualization and refreshing of his or her utterance, being more expressive and filling in subjectively perceived intro-linguistic lacuna. The starting point of the analysis of the metalanguage comments were the data from the Slovak and Czech corpus. A range of...

The essay To negotiate truth is a cultural analytical study of the boundary work that takes place in the comment sections, more specifically in relations to the climate change debate and Greta Thunberg’s climate activism. This paper deals with empirical material in the form of comments obtained from the Swedish newspapers Aftonbladet’s and Expressen’s comment field on Facebook. The data-gathering method used for this paper is digital ethnography. This study aims to create an understanding of how argumentation is presented in open social arenas such as Expressen and Aftonbladet's comments field. The purpose of the study has been to show how the contested claims and facts are legitimized and negotiated in the comment fields. The theoretical framework has consisted of discourse theory and Boundary objects theory. The questions to be answered in the study is: In what way is truth constructed in the debate? How are the various claims of truth legitimized? In what way are facts and science used in the legitimization of the different claims of truths? The analysis shows that truth is constructed in many different ways, partly through what i choose to call denial and distrust discourse. The analysis also showed how climate research and the climate can be seen as a boundary object and be used to stabilize the denial discourse further. The result also showed that scientific evidence can be used in a variety of ways in the legitimization of the different claims of truth. On the one hand, there is a demand for more nuanced research to be presented in the media, this creates an image that there are two sides of climate science that are of equal importance. The analysis also showed how mistrust and doubt against established media, political processes and science in general can be used in the legitimization of various statements of truth. I also claim that Greta can be seen as a boundary object in the ongoing negotiation. The use of religious metaphors also proves to be of great importance in trying to undermine the climate issue and climate research in general.

The master thesis treats about the multi awarded roman Le dernier des nôtres. This roman is the second written by the French novelist and journalist Adélaïde de Clermont-Tonnerre. The purpose of this thesis is the translation of some chapters of this roman into Czech language. On the following pages, we will focus on analyzing and professionally comment our way of translating. We will study the different elements composing the translation and the cultural specificities we had to consider while translating. Not less important was the general approach of theoretical translation processes and methodology, but also the problematics that could be faced by a translator. Theoretical chapters give a better understanding of translation discipline.

[pt] A avaliação sistemática de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior (IES) fornece à sua administração um feedback valioso sobre vários aspectos da vida acadêmica, como a reputação da instituição e o desempenho individual do corpo docente. Em particular, as pesquisas com alunos são uma fonte de informação de primeira mão que ajuda a avaliar o desempenho do professor e a adequação do curso. Os objetivos principais desta tese são criar e avaliar modelos de análise de sentimento dos comentários dos alunos e estratégias para resumir os comentários dos alunos. A tese primeiro descreve duas abordagens para classificar a polaridade dos comentários dos alunos, ou seja, se eles são positivos, negativos ou neutros. A primeira abordagem depende de um dicionário criado manualmente que lista os termos que representam o sentimento a ser detectado nos comentários dos alunos. A segunda abordagem adota um modelo de representação de linguagem, que não depende de um dicionário criado manualmente, mas requer algum conjunto de teste anotado manualmente. Os resultados indicaram que a primeira abordagem superou uma ferramenta de linha de base e que a segunda abordagem obteve um desempenho muito bom, mesmo quando o conjunto de comentários anotados manualmente é pequeno. A tese então explora várias estratégias para resumir um conjunto de comentários com interpretações semelhantes. O desafio está em resumir um conjunto de pequenas frases, escritas por pessoas diferentes, que podem transmitir ideias repetidas. Como estratégias, a tese testou Market Basket Analysis, Topic Models, Text Similarity, TextRank e Entailment, adotando um método de inspeção humana para avaliar os resultados obtidos, uma vez que as métricas tradicionais de sumarização de textos se mostraram inadequadas. Os resultados sugerem que o agrupamento combinado com a estratégia baseada em centróide atinge os melhores resultados. / [en] The systematic evaluation of a Higher Education Institution (HEI) provides its administration with valuable feedback about several aspects of academic life, such as the reputation of the institution and the individual performance of teachers. In particular, student surveys are a first-hand source of information that help assess teacher performance and course adequacy. The primary goals of this thesis are to create and evaluate sentiment analysis models of students comments, and strategies to summarize students comments. The thesis first describes two approaches to classify the polarity of students comments, that is, whether they are positive, negative, or neutral. The first approach depends on a manually created dictionary that lists terms that represent the sentiment to be detected in the students comments. The second approach adopts a language representation model, which does not depend on a manually created dictionary, but requires some manually annotated test set. The results indicated that the first approach outperformed a baseline tool, and that the second approach achieved very good performance, even when the set of manually annotated comments is small. The thesis then explores several strategies to summarize a set of comments with similar interpretations. The challenge lies in summarizing a set of small sentences, written by different people, which may convey repeated ideas. As strategies, the thesis tested Market Basket Analysis, Topic Models, Text Similarity, TextRank, and Entailment, adopting a human inspection method to evaluate the results obtained, since traditional text summarization metrics proved inadequate. The results suggest that clustering combined with the centroid-based strategy achieves the best results.

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht allusives Sprechen in psychotherapeutischen Gesprächen, wobei es um verdeckt angedeutete Kritik am Therapeuten geht. Über Allusionsmarker, die ein Wort oder Wortgruppen bilden, wird innerhalb eines Kontextes auf einen anderen verwiesen. Die vorliegende Arbeit legt den Fokus insbesondere auf beziehungskommentierende Allusionen. Dies sind verdeckt geäußerte Kommentare, die den Rezipienten der Allusion adressieren. In Politik, im Flirten, in Klatschgesprächen oder Bestechungen wird von jener sprachlichen Praktik, deren Ressource Ambiguität ist, Gebrauch gemacht. Dies sind sozial heikle Situationen, in denen das Ansehen des einen vom Urteil des anderen abhängt. Anhand detaillierter Transkripte aus Verhaltenstherapie, tiefenpsychologisch fundierter Psychotherapie und Psychoanalyse wird gezeigt, wie eine verdeckt kritische Kommentierung des Patienten einer frustrierenden Interaktionserfahrung folgt. Die Kommentierung wird anhand eines Narrativs realisiert, welches Allusionsmarker beinhaltet, die auf den aktuellen Kontext verweisen. Die sich daran anschließenden Äußerungen der Therapeuten zeigen, dass jene die beziehungskommentierende Funktion des Narrativs verstehen. Dennoch wird die Bedeutung dessen weiter ambig verhandelt. Mit der aus der Ethnomethodologie, Soziologie und Linguistik stammenden Methode der Konversationsanalyse (KA) wird der Interaktionsverlauf zwischen Patienten und Therapeuten detailliert untersucht, Erkenntnisse abgeleitet und anhand von Transkriptfragmenten dargestellt. Dabei wird deutlich, dass die Interaktionshistorie der Interaktanten in einen Redezug und dessen Interpretation mit einfließt. Wenn psychotherapeutische Theorie und Praxis für solche Phänomene offen sind, können sowohl beziehungsrelevante Äußerungen erkannt werden als auch Äußerungen, die nicht intrasubjektiv, sondern durch die aktuelle Szene der Konversation bestimmt sind, die von den Interaktanten kokonstruiert wird. / This paper examines allusive speaking in psychotherapeutic conversations, with a focus on covertly insinuated criticism of the therapist. Allusion markers, which form a word or groups of words, are used to refer to another context. The present work focuses in particular on allusions that comment on relationships. These are hidden comments that address the recipient of the allusion. In politics, in flirting, in gossip or bribery, the linguistic practice whose resource is ambiguity is used. These are socially delicate situations in which the reputation of one depends on the judgement of the other. Using detailed transcripts from behavioural therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy (tiefenpsychologisch fundiert is a special modification of psychoanalysis in Germany) and psychoanalysis, the book shows how a covertly critical commentary by the patient follows a frustrating interaction experience. The commentary is realized by means of a narrative that contains allusion markers that refer to the current context. The subsequent statements of the therapists show that they understand the relationship-commenting function of the narrative. Nevertheless, the meaning of the narrative continues to be ambiguously negotiated. With the method of conversation analysis (CA), which originates from ethnomethodology, sociology and linguistics, the course of interaction between patients and therapists is examined in detail, findings are derived and presented using transcript fragments. It becomes clear that the interaction history of the interactants is incorporated into utterances and its interpretation. If psychotherapeutic theory and practice are open to such phenomena can be recognized: Relationship-relevant utterances and utterances that are not intrasubjective but determined by the current scene of the conversation that is co-constructed by the interactants.