網路世界眾聲喧嘩，臉書(Facebook)平台以其社群形式，全面改寫了傳統大傳媒體的閱聽人的角色，並賦予其更多傳播、新聞再製、重製的權力。事實上網絡的每個節點與另一個節點之間，都透過分享、評論與按讚等行為，而呈現有機變化。 本研究以臉書社群上之使用者為研究個案，透過模擬帳號於臉書平台上複製出使用者平時會看到的內容與情境，透過受訪者對於網路即時事件的回應行為進行觀察，歸納出個文章主題之偏好程度與性別、年齡、職業別是否有差異性；而後，再透過一對一的訪談方式，以進一步理解每一位受訪者對臉書貼文之回應行為動機，以及於臉書中自我展演行為之看法。 根據本研究之發現，得出四項成果: 1. 臉書文章主題之閱讀偏好與使用者性別、年齡、職業別有關。 2. 閱聽人之自主性展演表現於「略過」行為。 3. 閱聽人之自主性展現，對於研究設計內容及其回應之關聯性，難以脈絡化。 4. 閱聽人之觀展行為，使得虛擬與實境間的界線消失。 / The Net world is full of sounds and noises. Taken its format of social networking, Facebook radically rewrites the role of spectator used to be designated by traditional mass media. Nowadays the spectator is given the power of transmitting, rewriting, and remolding any social event when surfing and browsing Facebook. As we look at each spectator as a node in the Net world, the relation between one node and many other nodes has become organic as they perform the actions of “share”, “comment”, and “like” on Facebook. This study aims to analyze how and why Facebook users react to certain articles as they browse through a specifically designed Facebook account, in which articles of various themes and topics are posted. It also tries to differentiate those Facebook users according to gender, age, and occupation, in order to understand their personal preferences toward different articles. The methodologies of this study include participation and observation, and one-on-one in-depth interview, so that motivations of each study subject’s responses to those articles can be found. The study findings are as following: 1. The preferences of certain article correspond to gender, age, and occupation of study subjects. 2. The self presentation of study subjects is reflected through the “skip” function. 3. It is difficult to contextualize the relationship between the self presentation of study subjects and those chosen articles. 4. The surfing and browsing action performed by study subjects on Facebook elimate the line between virtual world and real world.

Thesis (DLitt (Ancient Studies)) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / The purpose of this study is to investigate the information structure of Biblical Hebrew narrative, and develop accounts of topic and focus in Biblical Hebrew, respectively. Both topic and focus categories have been determined for Biblical Hebrew (cf. chapters 3 and 5), as well as the information structure strategies that these categories can fulfill in discourse. For topic categories, four different categories of information structure topics in Biblical Hebrew have been distinguished. These are 1. Primary topics 2. Secondary topics 3. Tail topics 4. Topic frames In addition, associated with topics are topic contrastiveness as well as deictic orientations or text-world frames. All these categories, when present, are part of the topical framework of a discourse. For focus structure categories, three different types of focus structure in Biblical Hebrew have been distinguished. These are: 1. Predicate focus 2. Sentence focus 3. Argument focus Again, like in the case of topics, contrastiveness is associated with focus structures. The strategies of information structure topics and focus structures in theme developments were distinguished. For topics, the following information structure strategies or functions stand out: 1. Topic continuity 2. Topic promotion 3. Topic shift 4. Topic deictic text-world framing 5. Topic contrasting For focus structures, the following information structure strategies or functions stand out: 1. Commenting on topics 2. Presenting unidentifiable or inactive participants 3. Reporting, that is, event-reporting and state-reporting of out-of-the-blue, unexpected, discourse new events or states. Some reporting re-directs the theme, other reporting, especially that of states, supports the theme. 4. Identifying referents, either as identifying contrastive, unexpected referents or deictic text-world frames, or by announcing theme macrowords. Contrastiveness is a pragmatic overlay in the case of many focus constituents, especially presupposed information that is focused on. In other words, the three focus structures are used in certain strategies: 1. Predicate focus structures are used for commenting in topic-comment articulations. 2. Sentence focus structures are used for presentational sentences, and for themeredirecting and theme-supporting, event-reporting and state-reporting sentences. The word-order is generally marked. 3. Argument focus is used for unexpected, contrastive identification, and for the announcement of theme macrowords. The word-order is marked, similar to sentence focus structures. All the topic and focus categories and their respective information structure strategies have a link with the theme of a discourse. Theme has been defined in this study as the developing and coherent core or thread of a discourse in the mind of the speaker-author and hearerreader, functioning as the prominent macrostructure of the discourse (chapter 7 (7.4.4)). The information structure with its topics and focus structures and its strategies, can be used as a tool to identify and analyse themes. These categories and strategies together are called theme traces when they occur in marked syntactic constructions or in other prominence configurations like relexicalisation, end-weight, and repetition of macrowords. Theme traces are defined with the following wording: A theme trace is a clue in the surface form of a discourse, viewed from the perspective of information structure, that points to the cognitive macrostructure or theme of a text. This clue is in the form of (1) a marked syntactical configuration, be it marked word-order or marked in the sense of explicit and seemingly “redundant”, all signaling some thematic sequencing strategy, or (2) some recurring concept(s) signaling some prominence and coherence (chapter 7 (7.5.4)). By investigating these theme traces, the analyst will have a tool to study themes in discourse. This theme traces tool will assist in the demarcation of the sections in the developing theme of a text by means of a variety of boundary features, and once these thematic units have been established, the study of the topic framework together with the focus content will yield a verifiable understanding of the macrostructure of a text in Biblical Hebrew. Global themes are contrasted with local themes. Global themes occur in the higher-level thematic groupings, like whole narratives and smaller episodes within the narratives. Within the episodes are sub-units like scenes and thematic paragraphs, the smallest thematic unit. In scenes and thematic paragraphs, local themes occur. Between the different thematic units, a variety of theme sequential strategies occur. Theme shifting is a wider information structure strategy that is in operation in discourse. For instance, topic promotion, topic shift, and topic text-world framing are all cases of theme shifting. To study the theme of a narrative discourse from the perspective of the information structure, four steps of a theme-tracing model have been suggested, and applied to Genesis 17.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur olika ordföljdsprinciper i ett förstaspråk påverkar inlärningen av ordföljden i andraspråket svenska. Två grupper jämfördes där den ena hade ett förstaspråk med en bunden ordföljd baserad på den grammatiska principen och den andra ett förstaspråk med en fri ordföljd baserad på tema-rema-principen. Respondenterna bestod av elever inom den kommunala vuxenutbildningen i en västsvensk kommun som gick och läste på Sfi och SAS Grund. Varje respondent fick i uppgift att fritt skriva en kort uppsats. Texterna analyserades därefter ingående för att kunna identifiera vilka sats- och textgrammatiska ordföljdsfel som hade gjorts. Resultatet visade att de båda grupperna gjorde ungefär samma typ av satsgrammatiska fel men att gruppen med ett förstaspråk med fri ordföljd gjorde något fler textgrammatiska fel. Medan flera andra studier lyfter fram övergeneralisering av tema-rema-principen som det största problemet ur textgrammatisk synvinkel för denna senare grupp, fann jag att det snarare var underanvändning av tema-rema-principen som var problematiskt. / The purpose of this study was to examine how different word order principles in a first language influence the learning of word order in Swedish as second language. Two groups were compared in which one had a first language with a bound word order based on the grammatical principle and the other a first language with a free word order based on the topic-comment-principle. Respondents consisted of students in municipal adult education in a western Swedish municipality who studied at SFI and SAS Basic. Each respondent were asked to freely write a short essay. The texts were then analyzed in detail to identify which batch- and text grammatical word order inaccuracy that had been made. The results showed that both groups did about the same type of grammatical errors, but that the group with a first language with free word order did some more text grammatical errors. While several other studies highlight the generalization of the topic-comment-principle as the biggest problem for this latter group, I found that it was rather the lack of use of the topic-comment-principle that was problematic.

The subject of the present paper is an analysis of two formally similar comment clauses (CCs henceforth) you know and you see with the help of a parallel corpus InterCorp. First, the focus is put on their pragmatic functions; it is attempted to find out whether they perform all the functions that can be realized by you-oriented CCs as identified and characterized by Povolná (2010), i.e. whether they can be found both as appealers and empathizers, inform markers and monitors, and whether they prefer a certain sentence-position. Second, the present paper studies the Czech translation counterparts of the selected CCs; it attempts to offer a summary of the strategies concerning the translation of the CCs into Czech and to identify their most typical Czech equivalents. It also examines to what extend the type of the pragmatic function influences the translation. The theoretical part summarizes the history of the phenomenon of CCs and characterizes and describes two approaches generally applied to CCs: CCs as ordinary clause constituents (Quirk et al. (1985)) vs. CCs as discourse markers (Povolná (2010)). Also offered is the treatment of the equivalents of CCs in the Czech grammars (Cvrček et al. (2010), Daneš, Hlavsa et al. (1987) and Karlík and Grepl (1998, 1999)). The methodological part summarizes...

Efter cirka 20 års arbete kommer en ny redovisningsstandard för försäkringskontrakt, den 1januari 2022, att träda i kraft. Standarden namnges International Financial Reporting Standards17 (IFRS) och kommer ersätta den nuvarande interimstandarden IFRS 4. Under denna tid har International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) tagit fram flera olika förslag förutformningen av IFRS 17. År 2013 publicerade IASB en så kallad reviderad Exposure Draft(ED) där företag och organisationer bjöds in att kommentera på de förslag som tagits fram. Dessa kommentarer, så kallade Comment Letters (CL), är av väsentlig karaktär för hur den slutgiltiga standarden kommer att se ut. Därav utgjorde dessa CL det empiriska underlaget i denna studie. Problemdiskussionen i studien visar att IFRS 4 har fått mycket kritik för att inte vara en tillräckligt transparent och jämförbar redovisningsstandard. Detta leder sedermera framtill studiens syfte. Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på om intressenterna, som genom sina CL kommenterat på IASB:s reviderade ED från 2013, anser att förslagen i densamma kommer att leda till en merjämförbar och transparent redovisningsstandard. Dessutom syftar studien till att ta reda på om det föreligger mönster i intressenternas attityder till förslagen i 2013 års reviderade ED och i så fall vilka dessa mönster är. Totalt genererade den reviderade ED:n 198 CL från olika typer av intressenter. Studiens urvalsprocess medförde att 67 av dessa CL utgjorde det empiriska materialet. Då studiens syfte är att analyserna och tolka intressenternas attityder till förslagen i den reviderade ED:ngenomförs en kvalitativ innehållsanalys som innehåller inslag av både en induktiv och deduktivforskningsansats. Studiens resultat visar att majoriteten av intressenterna håller med om att förslagen som framförs av IASB i den reviderade ED:n från 2013 kommer leda till en mer transparent och jämförbar redovisningsstandard. Däremot är det många intressenter som påpekar att flera avförslagen är komplexa och svårförstådda. Vissa av kommentarerna från företagen och organisationerna som analyserats uttrycker även att denna komplexitet är något som riskerar att skada jämförbarheten och transparensen. De tydligaste mönstren från de CL som analyserats är att förslagen är en förbättring från nuvarande redovisningsstandard samt tidigare förslag från IASB. Dessutom uppvisas mönstret att förslagen i den reviderade ED:n kommer att leda tillökad jämförbarhet och transparens. Dock menar många intressenter att implementeringsprocessen kommer vara mycket tids- och resurskrävande. Studiens slutsatser visar att en majoritet av intressenterna ställer sig bakom förslagen som framförs i den reviderade ED:n. Däremot ställer sig många kritiska till komplexiteten i förslagensamt bristen på vägledning. Dessa slutsatser påvisar att IASB är på rätt väg att uppnå sitt mål med en redovisningsstandard som har en högre grad av transparens och jämförbarhet än den nuvarande. / After approximately 20 years of work, a new accounting standard will take effect January 1st, 2022. The standard is called International Financial Reporting Standards 17 (IFRS) and will replace the current interim standard IFRS 4. During this time The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has worked out several proposals for modeling IFRS 17. In year 2013IASB published a so called revised Exposure Draft (ED) where companies and organizations were invited to comment on the proposals. These comments, so called Comment Letters (CL) are of significant nature for how the final standard will be designed. Thus, the CL made up the empirical basis of this study. IFRS 4 has received a lot of criticism for not being comparable and transparent enough. This problem subsequently led to the purpose of this study. The purpose of this study is to ascertain if stakeholders who commented on IASB:s revised ED from 2013 consider that the proposals in the ED will lead to a more comparable and transparent accounting standard. Furthermore, the study aims to find out if there are patterns in stakeholders’ attitudes towards the revised ED and if so, what those patterns are. The revised ED generated 198 CL in total from several different stakeholders. The study’s selection process ended with a total of 67 CL which made up the empirical material. Because the purpose of this paper is to analyze and interpret the stakeholders’ attitudes towards the proposals in the revised ED, a qualitative content analysis will be performed. It will include elements of both an inductive and deductive research approach. The results of the study show that a majority of stakeholders agree with the proposals in the revised ED from 2013 and that it will lead to a more transparent and comparable accounting standard. However, many stakeholders point out that several of the proposals are complex and hard to understand. Some of the comments from the companies and organizations that have been analyzed expresses that the complexity is a factor that may damage comparability and transparency. The most distinct patterns from the CL that have been analyzed are that the proposals constitute an improvement compared to the previous accounting standard as well as earlier proposals from the IASB and that the proposals in the revised ED will lead to increased comparability and transparency. Nevertheless, many stakeholders’ express concerns that the implementation process will be very time- and resource consuming. The study’s conclusion shows that the majority of stakeholders are in favor of the proposals in the revised ED. However, many also raise concerns regarding the complexity in the proposals and the lack of guidance. In light of these conclusions, IASB is on the right path to achieve their objective of an accounting standard with a higher degree of transparency and comparability than the current one.

Esta pesquisa pretende analisar novas práticas dos comentaristas esportivos no rádio de Porto Alegre dentro da chamada fase de convergência do rádio brasileiro (FERRARETTO, 2012). Considera-se como parâmetro teórico a economia política da comunicação, dando conta do predomínio, no Rio Grande do Sul, do rádio como empresa em busca de lucro, cuja programa-ção interfere na sociedade gaúcha (FERRARETTO, 2007). Parte-se da hipótese de que há uma transformação nos modos de produção de conteúdo dos comentaristas esportivos. Com isso, analisa-se estas práticas a partir do campo do radiojornalismo esportivo (ALCOBA LÓPEZ, 2005) e do futebol (DAMATTA, 1982), dentro de um cenário de convergência (JENKINS, 2008) e da vigência de uma fase da multiplicidade da oferta (BRITTOS, jul.-dez.2002). Com o pressuposto de que o rádio se transfigura também pela influência de outras mídias (FIDLER, 1998), entende-se que os comentaristas esportivos atuam, em sua contemporaneidade, sob o prisma de novas práticas profissionais, provocadas pela convergência. Com isso, propõe-se o problema fundamental: como este novo modelo opera no rádio esportivo de Porto Alegre? O objetivo do trabalho é analisar esta nova configuração no modelo das práticas profissionais dos comentaristas esportivos no rádio de Porto Alegre, visto que este tipo de conteúdo ocupa boa parte da programação das emissoras analisadas: Bandeirantes, Gaúcha, Grenal e Guaíba, as quatro rádios que realizam a cobertura sistemática de futebol. Utilizando a análise de conteúdo (BARDIN, 2016) como metodologia principal, o foco se dá em quatro eixos, propostos em artigo que serve como embrião deste estudo, produzido por Guimarães e Ferraretto (2016). Tratam-se das características propostas como fundamentais para o comentário contemporâneo: audiência criativa, utilização de dados para a análise, aproximação com o campo do desporto e pluralidade de gêneros jornalísticos no conteúdo do comentário. Faz-se, a partir desta análise de conteúdo, um cruzamento com entrevistas realizadas com os profissionais, através da meto-dologia da história oral. O resultado aponta para a existência destas novas práticas e a presença das características em boa parte dos profissionais que servem como corpus da pesquisa. Entre-tanto, ainda não é um modelo que se possa considerar amplamente hegemônico. / This research intends to analyze new practices of the sports commentators in the radio of Porto Alegre within the so called phase of convergence of the brazilian radio (FERRARETTO, 2012). It is considered as a theoretical parameter the political economy of communication, accounting for the predominance, in Rio Grande do Sul, of the radio as a company in search of profit, whose programation interferes in the society of Rio Grande do Sul (FERRARETTO, 2007). It starts from the hypothesis that there is a transformation in the modes of content production of sports commentators. Thereby, these practices are analyzed from the field of sports radiojour-nalism (ALCOBA LÓPEZ, 2005) and football (DAMATTA, 1982), within a convergence sce-nario (JENKINS, 2008) and the validity of a Multiplicity of Supply phase (BRITTOS, jul-dec.2002). With the assumption that radio is also transfigured by the influence of other media (FIDLER, 1998), it is understood that sports commentators act, in their contempority, under the prism of new professional practices, caused by convergence. With this, the fundamental pro-blem is proposed: how does this new model operate in Porto Alegre sports radio? The objective of this work is to analyze this new configuration in the model of the professional practices of sports commentators in Porto Alegre radio, since this type of content occupies a good part of the programming of the analyzed stations: Bandeirantes, Gaúcha, Grenal and Guaíba, the four radios that systematic coverage of football. Using the content analysis (BARDIN, 2016) as the main methodology, the focus is on four axes, proposed in an article that serves as the embryo of this study, produced by Guimarães and Ferraretto (2016). These are the characteristics pro-posed as fundamental for the contemporary commentary: creative audience, use of data for analysis, approximation with the field of sports and plurality of journalistic genres in the content of the commentary. From this analysis of content, a cross-examination with interviews with the professionals, through the methodology of oral history, is made. The result points to the exis-tence of these new practices and the presence of the characteristics in most of the professionals that serve as corpus of research. However, it is not yet a model that can be considered widely hegemonic.

La thèse porte sur les usages sociopolitiques de l’actualité en ligne par les profanes sur Facebook. Initialement conçu pour l’échange privé, ce réseau social est également devenu un espace pour s’informer, partager et commenter les nouvelles. Ces pratiques sont analysées à partir de trois entrées : les spécificités du dispositif technique, le rapport au politique des participants et, enfin, le rôle du genre dans les prises de parole sur Facebook. Ce travail se fonde sur l’analyse comparée de la participation sur une sélection de pages Facebook de médias et de profils personnels sur ce réseau. La méthodologie repose sur une observation ethnographique en ligne et sur une enquête qualitative par entretiens.Les principaux résultats démontrent que les actualités politiques débouchent sur des réactions davantage fondées sur l’émotion que sur la rationalité et sur des affrontements de camps d’opinion. Ces débats se déroulent essentiellement sur les pages publiques des médias alors que les Timelines sont plutôt des espaces de diffusion et de partage d’actualités. Les femmes manifestent autant que les hommes un intérêt pour les questions publiques et Facebook est un espace commun d’indignation. En dépit d’opinions affirmées, les modes d’interaction des participantes sont plutôt modérés à l’inverse de ceux des hommes, plus investis dans des confrontations. Si Facebook contribue, en un sens, à un élargissement de l’espace public, la participation étudiée demeure limitée et ne s’apparente pas à des débats susceptibles de revivifier la démocratie. / The thesis focuses on the socio-political uses of online news for laymen, specifically on Facebook. Originally designed for the private exchange, this social network has also become a place to access, share and comment the news. These practices are analysed through three inputs: the specifics of the technical device, the relation to politics by participants, and, finally, the role of gender in speaking out on Facebook.This work is based on a comparative analysis of participation around political events on selected Facebook media pages and on personal profiles of the social network. The methodology is based on an online ethnographic observation and on qualitative interviews.The main results show that political events lead to reactions based more on emotion than on rationality and on opinion camps clashes. These debates mainly take place on the media public pages while the timelines are rather dissemination areas, by sharing news. Women manifest as much as men their interest for public issues and Facebook is a common area to express indignation. Despite asserted opinions, women get involved in more moderate forms of interaction unlike men who are more invested in conflictual exchanges. In a sense, if Facebook contributes to an extension of the public space, participation remains limited and does not akin to discussions that are likely to revive democracy.

Quand un écrivain est-il né ? Nous tentons de répondre à cette question en ce qui concerne Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893). Nous examinons d’abord les œuvres de jeunesse, écrites dans les années 1870, poésie, théâtre et prose, où Maupassant rejette le romantisme sentimental et exprime sa vision matérialiste du monde, en s’attachant au corps et à la nature. Dans ces exercices poétiques, il acquiert un art descriptif impressionniste aussi bien que ses principes littéraires comme l’originalité et l’indépendance. Nous abordons ensuite la transformation du poète en prosateur, en nous focalisant sur la nouvelle « Boule de suif » (1880). Lorsque le poète projette ses regards autour de lui, il peut enfin objectiver sa propre vision. La prose lui permet de socialiser son regard critique. La découverte de cette potentialité de la prose est suivie de celle du journalisme, qui aide notre écrivain à élargir son monde littéraire. En suivant par étapes l’activité journalistique de Maupassant, nous constatons la consolidation de son esthétique réaliste, où faire vrai et faire beau ne font qu’un, l’esthétique et l’éthique s’unissant solidement. De plus, en unissant le fait divers et la fiction, il trouve dans le récit bref sa propre forme littéraire susceptible de toucher le lecteur. Enfin Une vie (1883), premier roman, en rassemblant toutes les caractéristiques de la prose de Maupassant, représente pleinement sa vision personnelle du monde, désabusée et pessimiste. Notre étude permettra de comprendre que la naissance d’un écrivain ne s’est pas faite en un jour. En suivant le parcours de l’écrivain, il sera ainsi possible d’éclairer les sens des expériences et de la maturité d’un homme. / When was a writer born? We try to answer this question in the case of Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893). We examine at first his young works, left in the 1870s, such as the poetry, the theater plays and the prose, in which Maupassant rejects the sentimental romanticism, and expresses his materialistic vision of the world, by growing attached to the body and to the nature. In these poetic exercises, he acquires the impressionistic descriptive art as well as his own literary principles such as originality and independence. Then, we consider the conversion of the poet to the prose-writer, by focusing on the “Boule de suif” (1880). When the poet throws his eyes around him, he can finally objectivize his own vision. The prose allows him to socialize his critical eye. The discovery of this potentiality of the prose is followed by that of the journalism, which helps our writer to enlarge his literary world. By following stage by stage the journalistic activity of Maupassant, we notice the consolidation of his realistic aesthetics, where to make really and to make beautiful are only one, the aesthetics and the ethics uniting firmly. Furthermore, by uniting the news item and the fiction, he finds in the brief narrative his own literary shape susceptible to touch the reader. Finally Une vie (1883), the first novel, collecting all the characteristics of the prose of Maupassant, represents completely his personal vision of the world, disenchanted and pessimistic. Our study allows us to understand that the birth of a writer is not made in one day. By following the career of the writer, we can enlighten the meanings of the experiments and of the maturity of a man.

Esta pesquisa pretende analisar novas práticas dos comentaristas esportivos no rádio de Porto Alegre dentro da chamada fase de convergência do rádio brasileiro (FERRARETTO, 2012). Considera-se como parâmetro teórico a economia política da comunicação, dando conta do predomínio, no Rio Grande do Sul, do rádio como empresa em busca de lucro, cuja programa-ção interfere na sociedade gaúcha (FERRARETTO, 2007). Parte-se da hipótese de que há uma transformação nos modos de produção de conteúdo dos comentaristas esportivos. Com isso, analisa-se estas práticas a partir do campo do radiojornalismo esportivo (ALCOBA LÓPEZ, 2005) e do futebol (DAMATTA, 1982), dentro de um cenário de convergência (JENKINS, 2008) e da vigência de uma fase da multiplicidade da oferta (BRITTOS, jul.-dez.2002). Com o pressuposto de que o rádio se transfigura também pela influência de outras mídias (FIDLER, 1998), entende-se que os comentaristas esportivos atuam, em sua contemporaneidade, sob o prisma de novas práticas profissionais, provocadas pela convergência. Com isso, propõe-se o problema fundamental: como este novo modelo opera no rádio esportivo de Porto Alegre? O objetivo do trabalho é analisar esta nova configuração no modelo das práticas profissionais dos comentaristas esportivos no rádio de Porto Alegre, visto que este tipo de conteúdo ocupa boa parte da programação das emissoras analisadas: Bandeirantes, Gaúcha, Grenal e Guaíba, as quatro rádios que realizam a cobertura sistemática de futebol. Utilizando a análise de conteúdo (BARDIN, 2016) como metodologia principal, o foco se dá em quatro eixos, propostos em artigo que serve como embrião deste estudo, produzido por Guimarães e Ferraretto (2016). Tratam-se das características propostas como fundamentais para o comentário contemporâneo: audiência criativa, utilização de dados para a análise, aproximação com o campo do desporto e pluralidade de gêneros jornalísticos no conteúdo do comentário. Faz-se, a partir desta análise de conteúdo, um cruzamento com entrevistas realizadas com os profissionais, através da meto-dologia da história oral. O resultado aponta para a existência destas novas práticas e a presença das características em boa parte dos profissionais que servem como corpus da pesquisa. Entre-tanto, ainda não é um modelo que se possa considerar amplamente hegemônico. / This research intends to analyze new practices of the sports commentators in the radio of Porto Alegre within the so called phase of convergence of the brazilian radio (FERRARETTO, 2012). It is considered as a theoretical parameter the political economy of communication, accounting for the predominance, in Rio Grande do Sul, of the radio as a company in search of profit, whose programation interferes in the society of Rio Grande do Sul (FERRARETTO, 2007). It starts from the hypothesis that there is a transformation in the modes of content production of sports commentators. Thereby, these practices are analyzed from the field of sports radiojour-nalism (ALCOBA LÓPEZ, 2005) and football (DAMATTA, 1982), within a convergence sce-nario (JENKINS, 2008) and the validity of a Multiplicity of Supply phase (BRITTOS, jul-dec.2002). With the assumption that radio is also transfigured by the influence of other media (FIDLER, 1998), it is understood that sports commentators act, in their contempority, under the prism of new professional practices, caused by convergence. With this, the fundamental pro-blem is proposed: how does this new model operate in Porto Alegre sports radio? The objective of this work is to analyze this new configuration in the model of the professional practices of sports commentators in Porto Alegre radio, since this type of content occupies a good part of the programming of the analyzed stations: Bandeirantes, Gaúcha, Grenal and Guaíba, the four radios that systematic coverage of football. Using the content analysis (BARDIN, 2016) as the main methodology, the focus is on four axes, proposed in an article that serves as the embryo of this study, produced by Guimarães and Ferraretto (2016). These are the characteristics pro-posed as fundamental for the contemporary commentary: creative audience, use of data for analysis, approximation with the field of sports and plurality of journalistic genres in the content of the commentary. From this analysis of content, a cross-examination with interviews with the professionals, through the methodology of oral history, is made. The result points to the exis-tence of these new practices and the presence of the characteristics in most of the professionals that serve as corpus of research. However, it is not yet a model that can be considered widely hegemonic.

Submitted by Fernando Souza (fernandoafsou@gmail.com) on 2017-07-31T14:53:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivototal.pdf: 2161546 bytes, checksum: 197149b0d713e695b64a3d45eab62a35 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-31T14:53:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivototal.pdf: 2161546 bytes, checksum: 197149b0d713e695b64a3d45eab62a35 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-17 / From the day Benedict XVI was elected Pope by the Conclave (April 19, 2005) his speech became a spotlight and his words took on universal proportions, not least because he was positioned not only religious themes, but above all, of social interest, such as: economics, consumerism, marriage and divorce. These last two themes, in particular, caused a lot of upheaval in the Brazilian media because of the publication of the Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Sacrament Caritatis (AESC) published on February 22, 2007, which deals about the Eucharist, and in one of its sub-theme of the indissolubility of the marriage. The media, with the intention of spectacular the information, printed in the covers of printed and virtual newspapers that Pope Benedict XVI called the second marriage of social plague. With its emphasis in the word “plague”, the Pontiff’s statement provoked numerous replicas. In this context, it is objet of study in this thesis the dialogical analysis of replicas in the genre online commentary about the Christian-Catholic marriage. In this way, we try to answer the follow question: how does the active responsive understanding to concrete statements about the second Christian-Catholic marriage take place in the online commentary genre? In order to answer this question, it is our general objective to observe how dialogical relations and their ideological effects are given in the online comment genre. The methodology of data analysis was based on the social method of dialogical analysis of language proposed by Bakhtin/Volochinov (2010) whose methodological order for the study of language, starts from the types of verbal interaction then the statements and their genres and the forms of the language. The research corpus consists of two sets of data. One is the Pos-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Sacrament Caritatis and the second is composed by online, commentaries that have emerged as answer to this exhortation. The comments were taken from pages of larges portals, newspapers, forums and blogs, all posted in 2007, year in which the statement was built. The results of research indicate that: a) the concrete statement materializes from its sphere of production/circulation/reception. Thus, for the Christian-Catholic doctrine, marriage is a religious affair, because it is a bond established by God himself. Therefore, the divorce or any other practice that violates this sacrament is not possible; b) its social context cannot be removed from the word, because it is embedded in pragmatic situation that surrounds it. Thus, each word occupies the sense that they give to the sphere of circulation, the speakers, the situation of production, the ideologies, etc. In this way, the meaning is as plural as the contexts, which in turn are not ready, inert, but always in situation of verbal interaction; the subject does not have an alibi that exempt him from a subject of response, that is, when we are in front of a statement we are impelled to respond to him, albeit tardily, silently, verbally, gesture, etc. since we have with him a relation active responsive; d) the replica is constitutive of the dialogical relations that the subjects establish among themselves. Without a subject, without a dialogical relation, there is no replica. / Desde o dia em que Bento XVI foi eleito Papa pelo Conclave (19 de abril de 2005), seu discurso tornou-se alvo de holofotes e suas palavras tomaram proporções universais, até porque ele se posicionou não apenas sobre temas religiosos, mas, sobretudo, de interesse social, como economia, consumismo, casamento e divórcio. Estes dois últimos temas, em particular, causaram muito alvoroço na mídia brasileira por causa da divulgação da Exortação Apostólica Pós-Sinodal Sacramentum Caritatis (EASC), publicada em 22/02/2007, que trata da Eucaristia e, em um de seus subtemas, da indissolubidade do matrimônio. A mídia, com a intenção de espetacularizar a informação, estampou nas capas de jornais impressos e virtuais que o Papa Bento XVI chamou o segundo casamento de praga social. Com o tom valorativo na palavra “praga”, o enunciado do Pontífice suscitou inúmeras réplicas. Nesse contexto, constitui nosso objeto de estudo nessa tese a análise dialógica de réplicas no gênero comentário on-line sobre o segundo casamento cristão-católico. Desse modo, buscamos responder a seguinte questão: como a compreensão responsiva ativa a enunciados concretos sobre o segundo casamento cristão-católico se realiza no gênero comentário on-line? Para responder a tal questão, constitui nosso objetivo geral observar como se dão as relações dialógicas e seus efeitos ideológicos no gênero comentário on-line. A metodologia de análise dos dados baseou-se no método sociológico de análise dialógica da linguagem, proposto por Bakhtin/Volochinov (2010), cuja ordem metodológica para o estudo da língua parte dos tipos de interação verbal, em seguida dos enunciados e seus gêneros e das formas da língua. O corpus da pesquisa está composto por dois conjuntos de dados. Um é a Exortação Apostólica Pós-Sinodal Sacramentum Caritatis e o segundo está composto por comentários on-line, que surgiram como respostas a essa exortação. Os comentários foram retirados de páginas virtuais de grandes portais, jornais, fóruns e blogs, todos postados no ano de 2007, ano em que o enunciado foi construído. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que: a) o enunciado concreto se materializa a partir de sua esfera de produção/circulação/recepção. Assim, para a doutrina cristã-católica, o matrimônio é assunto religioso, porque é um vínculo estabelecido pelo próprio Deus. Logo, é incabível o divórcio ou qualquer outra prática que atente contra esse sacramento; b) não se pode retirar da palavra seu contexto social, pois ela está embebida da situação pragmática que a envolve. Assim, cada palavra ocupa o sentido que lhe conferem a esfera de circulação, os falantes, a situação de produção, as ideologias etc. Desse modo, o sentido é tão plural quanto os contextos, que por sua vez não estão prontos, inertes, mas sempre em situação de interação verbal; c) o sujeito não tem álibi que lhe isente de ser um sujeito de resposta, ou seja, quando estamos diante de um enunciado, somos impelidos a responder a ele, ainda que tardiamente, silenciosamente, verbalmente, gestualmente etc., pois temos com ele uma relação responsiva ativa; d) a réplica é constitutiva das relações dialógicas que os sujeitos estabelecem entre si. Sem sujeito, sem relação dialógica, não existe réplica.