INTRODUÇÃO: A avaliação da morfologia das artérias coronárias é objeto de interesse dentro do desenvolvimento de uma melhor qualidade de imagem que possibilite um diagnóstico fidedigno das lesões coronárias. Para isso, estudos com ressonância magnética (RM) e ultra-som intravascular coronário (UIV) tem se desenvolvido na tentativa de mensurar e caracterizar melhor a doença coronária in vivo. OBJETIVO: Determinar a capacidade da ressonância magnética em detectar alterações na luz e na parede das artérias coronárias com aterosclerose, tendo como padrões o ultra-som intracoronário e a anatomia patológica.MÉTODOS: Estudamos 13 corações de pacientes, falecidos por infarto do miocárdio. Os corações foram fixados com solução de formol a 10% sob perfusão com pressão constante de 80 mmHg. Em seguida as artérias coronárias interventricular anterior, direita e circunflexa esquerda foram dissecadas, preservando-se a adventícia e parte da aorta. As seguintes medidas foram feitas: área total do vaso (ATV), área da luz (AL), maior (MaDV) e menor (MeDV) diâmetro do vaso, diâmetro mínimo (DminL) e máximo (DmaxL) da luz do vaso e espessura mínima (EminP) e máxima (EMaxP) da parede pelos seguintes métodos: UIV, RM e anatomia patológica (AP). Foram analisadas 38 artérias, correspondendo a 355 segmentos arteriais. Utilizamos em média os 3 primeiros centímetros de cada artéria, e em cada centímetro foram avaliados 3 segmentos: proximal, médio e distal. As medidas obtidas nos 3 métodos foram comparadas através do teste de correlação de Pearson e método de Bland Altman Plot. As comparações entre os 3 métodos, pelas suas respectivas médias e desvios padrão, foram realizadas pela análise de variância para medidas repetidas.RESULTADOS: As médias das variáveis na RM,UIV e AP foram respectivamente: ATV 15,46 ± 4,83, 13,86 ± 5,20 e 11,87 ± 4,57; MaDV 4,75 ± 0,84, 4,40 ± 0,87 e 4,18 ± 0,87; MeDV 4,23 ± 0,73, 3,75 ± 0,72 e 3,48 ± 0,70; AL 5,59 ± 2,93, 6,86 ± 3,18 e 5,57 ± 2,46; DmiL 2,54 ± 0,64, 2,55 ± 0,57 e 2,32 ± 0,52; DmaxL 3,07 ± 0,65, 3,34 ± 0,76 e 3,04 ± 0,83; EminP 0,76 ± 0,25, 0,38 ± 0,18 e 0,34 ± 0,17; EmaxP 1,11 ± 0,39, 0,88 ± 0,37 e 0,90 ± 0,48. As correlações com maior significância foram: 1. APxRM: ATV e AL (r=0,767 e r=0,805); 2. RMxUIV ATV e AL (r=0,836 e r=0,770); 3. APxUIV ATV e MeDV (r=0,89 e r=0,692). As variáveis que tiveram melhor correlação foram a ATV, MaDV, MeDV e AL nos 3 métodos. A EminP e EmaxP tiveram fraca correlação. As médias das variáveis DminL e DmáxL nos 3 métodos foram muito próximas. Na variável ATV notamos que a média superestimou a medida do vaso. CONCLUSÃO: A RM correlacionou-se com o UIV para a maioria das medidas, em especial: ATV, MaDV, MeDV, AL e DmaxL. As medidas nesses 2 métodos se correlacionaram em menor intensidade com a AP, sendo nesta sempre com valores menores. Assim, a RM pode vir a ser método fidedigno para o diagnóstico e prognóstico na doença aterosclerótica coronariana, na dependência do desenvolvimento tecnológico permitindo maior rapidez na aquisição de imagens / INTRODUCTION: Numerous studies in the area of image have been conducted to evaluate the morphology of the coronary arteries. Major technical advances have provided better image quality that allows a reliable diagnosis of coronary lesions. For this, studies with cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and coronary intravascular ultrasound has been developed in an attempt to better measure and characterize coronary heart disease \"in vivo\". PURPOSE: To determine the capacity of CMR to detect changes in the lumen and the wall of the coronary arteries caused by atherosclerosis, using as references intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and pathology measurements. METHODS: We examined 13 hearts of patients that died of myocardial infarction. The hearts were fixed with formalin solution to the 10% with constant pressure of 80 mmHg. Then the left anterior descending (LAD), left circumflex (LCx) and right coronary (RCA) arteries were dissected from the the aorta and epicardial fat and isolated as pathological specimens. The arteries were analyzed by CMR, IVUS and pathology and the images were subjected to analysis of the following parameters: total vessel area (TVA), lumen area (LA), major (MaVD) and minor vessel diameter (MiVD), minor (MiLD) and major lumen diameter (MaLD), minor (MiWT) and major wall thickness (MaWT). We analyzed the entire 355 arterial segments, using at least the first proximal 2 cm, in most cases 3 cm or more of each artery. In every centimeter we measured the parameters of the proximal, mid and distal segments. The measures obtained in the three methods were compared using Pearson correlation and the method of Bland and Altman plot. Comparisons among the three methods, by their respective averages and standard deviations, were carried out by analysis of variance with repeated measures. RESULTS: Measures in CMR,IVUS e PA were as follow respectively: TVA 15.46 ± 4.83, 13.86 ± 5.20 and 11.87 ± 4.57; MaVD 4.75 ± 0.84, 4.40 ± 0.87 and 4.18 ± 0.87; MeVD 4.23 ± 0.73, 3.75 ± 0.72 and 3.48 ± 0.70; LA 5.59 ± 2.93, 6.86 ± 3.18 and 5.57 ± 2.46; MiLD 2.54 ± 0.64, 2.55 ± 0.57 and 2.32 ± 0.52; MaLD 3.07 ± 0.65, 3.34 ± 0.76 and 3.04 ± 0.83; MiWT 0.76 ± 0.25, 0.38 ± 0.18 and 0.34 ± 0.17; MaWT 1.11 ± 0.39, 0.88 ± 0.37 and 0.90 ± 0.48.The best correlations were: 1. PAxCMR: TVA and LA (r=0.767 and r=0.805); 2. CMRxIVUS: TVA and LA (r=0.836 and r=0.770); 3. PAxIVUS: TVA and MiVD (r=0.89 and r=0.692). The variables that have shown the best correlations were TVA, MaVD, MiVD and LA in the 3 methods. The MiWT and MaWT had a weak correlation. The averages of variables MiLD and MaLD in the 3 three methods were very similar. CONCLUSION: CMR correlated well with IVUS for the majority of measures done and in especial for TVA, LA, MaVD, MiVD and MaLD. Measures in both methods had lower correlation with pathology that showed the lower values of all. As a perspective CMR may be a reliable method for measuring coronary artery dimensions, depending on new technical development for faster image acquirer

Dans le secteur médical tout particulièrement, la qualité du geste est primordiale et les professionnels doivent être formés par la pratique pour acquérir un niveau de compétences compatible avec l'exercice de leur métier. Depuis une dizaine d'année, les simulateurs informatiques aident les apprenants dans de nombreux apprentissages mais ils doivent encore être associés à des travaux pratiques sur mannequins, animaux ou cadavres, qui pourtant n'offrent pas toujours suffisamment de réalisme par rapport aux vrais patients, et sont coûteux à l'usage. Aussi, leur formation s'achève généralement sur de vrais patients, ce qui présente des risques. Les simulateurs haptiques (fournissant une sensation d'effort) deviennent aujourd'hui une solution plus appropriée car ils peuvent reproduire des efforts résistant réalistes et proposer une infinité de cas d'étude pré-enregistrés. Cependant, apprendre seul sur un simulateur n'est pas toujours aussi efficace qu'un apprentissage "à quatre mains" (celles de l'instructeur et de l'apprenant manipulant les mêmes outils en coopération). Cette étude propose donc un système haptique de formation pratique à deux utilisateurs : l'instructeur et l'apprenant, interagissant chacun à travers leur propre interface haptique. Ils collaborent ainsi, avec des outils et un environnement de travail soit réels (l'outil est manipulé par un robot) soit virtuels. Une approche énergétique, faisant appel notamment à la modélisation par port-Hamiltonien, a été utilisée pour garantir la stabilité et la robustesse du système. Une étude comparative (en simulation) avec deux autres systèmes haptiques multi utilisateurs a montré l'intérêt de ce nouveau système pour la formation pratique. Il a été développé et validé expérimentalement sur des interfaces à un seul degré de liberté. Son extension à six degrés de liberté est facilitée par les choix de modélisation. Afin de pouvoir utiliser le système quand les deux protagonistes sont éloignés, cette étude propose des pistes d'amélioration qui ne sont pas encore optimisées. / More particularly in the medical field, gesture quality is primordial. Professionals have to follow hands-on trainings to acquire a sufficient level of skills in the call of duty. For a decade, computer based simulators have helped the learners in numerous learnings, but these simulations still have to be associated with hands-on trainings on manikins, animals or cadavers, even if they do not always provide a sufficient level of realism and they are costly in the long term. Therefore, their training period has to finish on real patients, which is risky. Haptic simulators (furnishing an effort feeling) are becoming a more appropriated solution as they can reproduce realist efforts applied by organs onto the tools and they can provide countless prerecorded use cases. However, learning alone on a simulator is not always efficient compared to a fellowship training (or supervised training) where the instructor and the trainee manipulate together the same tools. Thus, this study introduces an haptic system for supervised hands-on training: the instructor and the trainee interoperate through their own haptic interface. They collaborate either with a real tool dived into a real environment (the tool is handled by a robotic arm), or with a virtual tool/environment. An energetic approach, using in particular the port-Hamiltonian modeling, has been used to ensure the stability and the robustness of the system. This system has been designed and validated experimentally on a one degree of freedom haptic interface. A comparative study with two other dual-user haptic systems (in simulation) showed the interest of this new architecture for hands-on training. In order to use this system when both users are away from each other, this study proposes some enhancements to cope with constant communication time delays, but they are not optimized yet.

This masters's thesis focuses on coping strategies elderly people use to cope with their loneliness. The thesis uses twenty semi-structured interviews with the elderly living in nursery home and community-dwelling elderly, which are then compared. Theoretically the thesis is based on Robert Weiss's typology of social and emotional loneliness and the current knowledge of the relationship between health and loneliness and coping strategies. The major results are that experiencing loneliness does not differ between the two selected groups, which contradicts the conclusions of previous research and that health was an important aspect in both groups. Further the thesis concludes that no relationship was found between the number of coping strategies the elderly use and their loneliness. Loneliness of the elderly in relation to the concept of coping strategies, in addition with comparassion of the elderly living in nursery home and community-dwelling elderly, is not greatly discussed topic in the Czech Republic. Thus, the master's thesis constibutes to the discussion within the Czech context on the coping strategies the elderly people use to cope with their loneliness and the differences or similarities between the two selected groups.

I detta arbete undersöktes processuell generering med tre algoritmer i syfte att skapa grottliknande banor och utvärdera kriterier baserat på eftertraktande egenskaper gällande tid, storlek, variation och pålitlighet. Algoritmerna är cellulär automat, random walk och Perlin noise. Flera olika hjälpfunktioner och algoritmer användes för utvärderingen av kriterierna. Syftet med arbetet var att ta reda på vilken av dessa algoritmer skulle passa bäst att användas i ett roguelikespel. Slutsatsen som drogs från undersökningen är att algoritmen random walk gav det bästa resultat gällande pålitlighet, variation och minst antal områden. Cellulär automat gav bäst resultat för genereringstid och minst antal golvytor. Perlin noise gav minst märkvärdigt resultat, men tillät relativt bättre kontroll över mängden golvytor än både cellulär automat och random walk. Överlag gav random walk det bästa resultat för att användas i syftet att skapa grottliknande banor för roguelikespel.

Objectifs. – Le haut potentiel intellectuel (HPI) concerne tant le champ du normal que celui du pathologique, et s’associe notamment au syndrome d’Asperger chez certains sujets. Aussi, des spécificités communes s'observent chez les enfants HPI comme chez ceux qui ont un syndrome d'Asperger. La reconnaissance et l'accompagnement de leurs particularités est un enjeu d'actualité, et pourtant aucune étude actuelle ne porte sur les relations entre ces deux entités. Dans une démarche exploratoire, cette recherche a ainsi pour objectif de mieux identifier ce qui rend similaire et ce qui distingue des enfants HPI, d'enfants qui ont un syndrome d'Asperger associé à un HPI. Méthode. – Cette étude porte sur l'analyse clinique comparative des bilans psychologiques de 11 garçons HPI et 6 garçons qui ont un syndrome d'Asperger et HPI. Ils ont entre 6 et 12 ans. Le bilan psychologique est composé d'un entretien semi-directif enfant-parents, de deux échelles (l'inventaire d'identification des enfants précoces et l'échelle Australienne du syndrome d'Asperger), de l'UDN-II et de tests projectifs (dessin de la famille, Rorschach et TAT). Résultats. – En terme de vécus et de représentations des protagonistes à l'égard du HPI et du syndrome d'Asperger, on observe communément une grande ambivalence (entre forces et vulnérabilités). En terme de tableaux cliniques, les similitudes se situent dans le fonctionnement cognitif, l'hyper-sensibilité sensorielle, émotionnelle et perceptive ainsi que dans la fragilité identitaire. L'anxiété, les troubles des conduites motrices, les rituels et TOCs et les difficultés sociales sont aussi communs aux deux groupes. Des TSA s'observent également chez les enfants HPI typiques. Les contrastes entre les deux groupes concernent la nature et la diversité des troubles qu'ils rencontrent, ainsi que la nature et l'intensité des particularités relationnelles et sociales. En terme de processus, la fragilité identitaire est commune à tous bien que la vulnérabilité des enveloppes soit plus importante chez les garçons qui ont un syndrome d'Asperger. Chez tous, l'espace relationnel est un terrain fragile, le contrôle rationnel l'emporte sur la liberté fantasmatique et l'angoisse est une angoisse de perte. Discussion. – Les résultats de cette recherche nous permettent d'affirmer que HPI et syndrome d'Asperger s'inscrivent dans un continuum. Ils semblent se faire écho, de même que sur-investissement de la pensée et défenses autistiques. Pour tous, le sur-investissement intellectuel serait force de pare-excitation. Conclusion. – Ce travail invite à poursuivre nos recherches cliniques dans le but de mieux saisir l’enjeu des difficultés de ces enfants et d'améliorer leurs prises en soin. / Aims. - High intellectual potential (HIP) concerns both normal and pathological area, and is particulary associated with Asperger's syndrome in some individuals. Also, common features are observed in children with HIP as in those with Asperger's syndrome. Recognition and supporting of their particularities is a topical issue, but no current or past study have dealt with the relations between these two entities. With an exploratory approach, this research aims to better identify what makes similar and distinguishes children with HIP, from children with Asperger' syndrome associated with HIP.Method. - This study relates on the comparative clinical analysis of the psychological assessments of 11 boys with HIP and 6 boys with Asperger's syndrome and HIP. All of them are from 6 to 12 years old. The psychological assessment includes a semi-structured child-parent interview, two scales (an inventory for gifted children and the Australian scale for Asperger's syndrome), the UDN-II and projective tests (drawing of the family, Rorschach and TAT).Results. - In terms of experiences and representations of the protagonists towards HIP and Asperger's Syndrome, there is commonly a great ambivalence (between strengths and vulnerabilities). In terms of clinical pictures, the similarities are located in cognitive functioning, sensory, emotional and perceptive hyper-sensitivity as well as in vulnerability felt. Anxiety, motor conduct disorders, rituals and OCDs, and social difficulties are also common to both groups. ASD are also seen in typical HIP children. The contrasts between the two groups concerns the nature and the diversity of their disorders, as well as the nature and the intensity of their relational and social particularities. In terms of process, vulnerability felt is common to both groups, although the shell is most vulnerable in boys with Asperger's syndrome. For all, the relational area is a fragile, rational control prevails over opportunity of fantasize, and anxiety is an anxiety of loss.Discussion. - The results of this research allow us to affirm that HIP and Asperger's syndrome are part of a continuum. They seem to echo each other, such as hyperinvestment of thought and autistic defenses. For all, the intellectual hyperinvestment would have a protective function.Conclusion. - This work invites us to continue our clinical studies in order to better understand the challenges of these children and improve their care.

English abstract The master's thesis compares aspects of British, French, and Austro-Hungarian pictorial propaganda at the beginning of the Great War and its argumentation and influence. By comparing 100 propaganda pictures (ex. various posters, newspaper illustrations, postcards, etc.) made by each of the countries, the thesis describes various image distinctions in three areas of research: concerning the dominant motives of the posters, concerning the human values and emotions, which the posters influenced, and concerning the usage of national signs in these media. Keywords: First world war, propaganda, posters, Great Britain, France, Austro-Hungary, comparative study

ENGLISH ABSTRACT This dissertation is focused on Prague in views in literary works of post-february exile authors, which emigrated after year 1948: Egon Hostovský, Zdeněk Němeček and Jiří Kovtun. The picture of Prague, which we can (re)construct from their works, is different in each case. In the novel Nezvěstný of Egon Hostovský dominate followings motives: gray, weak contours, theatricality, panoptic and a metaphorical description of February Prague. The main features of the works of Zdeněk Nemeček are: close relationship between teller and main character, short dialogs, view from above, sad feelings and feeling of separation. Konvtun's work named Pražská ekloga is specific with irony (it is evidently a product of considerable time span from the other described events), naturalistic features and war atmosphere. The authors associate a considerable relationship to Prague and their contributions to the programme "Slovo a svět" of the Radio Free Europe, in spite of their different life stories and poetics. The main theoretic result of the diploma is city poetology of Daniela Hodrová ("Citlivé město"). Interpretive interest isn't limited only to the mentioned literary works, in the diploma are also considered data from the periodic newspapers and other professional literature. The objective of the...

The frequency of social dysfunctions in a general population sample and in different diagnostic groups was investigated by using the Social Interview Schedule (SIS). Based on the results of the general population sample, several of the a priori derived cut-off scores of the SIS were modified. The analysis of the general population sample revealed sex-specific relationships between age and different aspects of social functioning. Especially for younger women significantly more objective social restrictions, were found due to the burden of multiple role responsibilities. With regard to different diagnostic subgroups including patients and mostly untreated cases from the community sample with Affective Disorders and Anxiety Disorders, results indicate that the degree of social impairment and dysfunctions and the degree of satisfaction with different role areas are strongly dependent on type of disorder and on former treatment status. Specific findings are: (1) The highest number of social impairments and dysfunctions were found in cases and patients with affective syndromes and in schizophrenic patients, but not in schizoaffective patients. (2) Management difficulties and dissatisfaction in intimate relationships were primarily found in depressed women. (3) Unlike anxiety patients, anxiety cases, although mostly chronically ill, had significantly less objective impairments and a lower rate of dissatisfaction than depressed cases. The results are discussed with special reference to the possible key role of depression for the development of social dysfunctions, as measured by the SIS. (4) Problems were, however, acknowledged concerning the use of the SIS with severely disturbed chronic schizophrenic patients.

The study examines to what degree well-documented present and life-time psychotic symptoms in a group of former psychiatric inpatients are ascertained when using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). The Inpatient Multidimensional Psychiatric Scale (IMPS) and the Manual for the Assessment and Documentation of Psychopathology/Diagnostische Sichtlochkartei (AMDP/DiaSika) Interview-Checklist approach were used for the “clinical” evaluations of symptoms. The results indicate fair concordance between the two clinical approaches and the DIS with regard to the presence of any delusional or hallucination symptoms. Low to poor agreement was found in the assessment of many of the rather specific hallucinations and delusions. Generally, the concordance found was higher when compared to the more clinical AMDP/DiaSiKa approach than to the IMPS. More detailed comparisons with diagnostic subgroups of schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients substantiated the findings in the overall sample. Overall it was reconfirmed that the DIS approach is limited to those patients who are cooperative and at least partly remitted.

Bakgrund och problemformulering: Investmentbolag är ett bolag vars affärsidé är att äga andra bolag. De har en betydande roll i samhället genom att bidra med kapital och att hjälpa driva etablerade företag framåt. I tidigare forskningssammanhang har andra liknande typer av bolag varit i fokus vilket orsakar ett gap i forskningen kring investmentbolag och riskhantering. Det här blir särskilt intressant att studera då investmentbolag har blivit en allt mer vanlig investering samtidigt som de beskrivs ha liknande riskspridning som en aktiefond. För att få en bredare förståelse om hur det skiljer sig mellan olika bolag och länder jämförs svenska investmentbolag med brittiska samt amerikanska investmentbolag.   Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera om investmentbolagens portföljer är effektiva.   Metod: Utgångspunkten i studien är den moderna portföljvalsteorin som utgår ifrån Markowitz tankar och menar att en effektiv portfölj inte enbart består av en lång rad med aktier. Det är i stället korrelationen mellan tillgångarna som är viktiga att ha i åtanke och den optimala portföljen är den mest effektiva samt har den högsta sharpekvoten. För att besvara studiens syfte jämförs den optimala portföljen men den faktiska portföljen och de bolag som har det minsta avståndet anses vara effektivast i sin riskhantering och vice versa.    Resultat: Resultaten visar att det finns förbättringar att göra för de allra flesta investmentbolag och det är ytterst få som håller en portfölj som är lika effektiv som den optimala portföljen. Det finns även skillnader mellan hur de olika investmentbolagen hanterar risker i portföljen och vilka typer av bolag som de investerar i, vilket främst är de brittiska investmentbolagen som främst skiljer sig från mängden. / Background and problematization: An investment company is a firm which business idea is to own other companies. It has a significant role in the society by contributing with capital and help already established companies forward. Within a research context other kind of companies with similar business ideas has been in focus which causes a gap in the research area regarding investment companies and risk management. This is especially interesting to study because investment companies have become a more common investment, meanwhile investment companies are described to have a similar risk diversification as an equity fund. To get a broader understanding on how it differs between different companies and countries a comparison is made between Swedish, British and American investment companies.   Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze if investment companies manage an efficient portfolio.    Method: The main theory of this study is the modern portfolio theory which is based on Markowitz´s ideas of an efficient portfolio that does not only contain a long list of assets but instead consider the correlation between assets. According to this theory the optimal portfolio is the most efficient and has the highest sharperatio. To be able to achieve the purpose of this study the optimal portfolio will be compared to the investment companies’ actual portfolio. The companies with the smallest difference between these portfolios will be considered the most efficient regarding risk management and vice-versa.   Conclusion: The results show that there are room for improvements for most investment companies and there are extremely few that holds a portfolio that is as effective as the optimal portfolio. There are also differences between the companies regarding how they manage their portfolio risk and which types of companies they invest in. The British investment companies are those who stands out in this study.