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Reformen om att inrätta mark- och miljödomstolar började gälla den 2 maj 2011. Den innebar bland annat en sammanslagning av fastighetsdomstolar, miljödomstolar och ärenden enligt plan- och bygglagen som tidigare prövades i förvaltningsrätten. Regeringens syfte med reformen om att inrätta mark- och miljödomstolar var att förenkla, samordna och effektivisera handläggning och domstolsprövning. Genom att fastighetsdomstolarna ersattes av mark- och miljödomstolarna ansvarar de numera för överklagade beslut i lantmäteriförrättning enligt bland annat fastighetsbildningslagen, anläggningslagen och ledningsrättslagen. Beslut i lantmäteriförrättningar fattas av en lantmäterimyndighet. Uppsatsens syfte är att genom hypoteser utvärdera hur framgångsrik reformen om att inrätta mark- och miljödomstolar har varit genom att jämföra fastighetsmål som prövats i sak i andra instans före och efter reformen. För jämförelsen används uppgifter om antalet prövningstillstånd, antalet överklaganden som avslagits, antalet återförvisade fastighetsmål och handläggningstiden för fastighetsmålen. Jämförelsen sker av beslut/utslag/domar mellan perioden 2009-01-01 till 2010-12-31 och perioden 2012-01-01 till 2014-12-31 i hovrätterna/Mark- och miljööverdomstolen. En av slutsatsen är att handläggningstiden i domstolen har minskat genom inrättande av mark- och miljödomstolen. Uppsatsen har kunnat konstatera att överklagandeförbud med ventil har inneburit minskat antal prövningstillstånd i Högsta domstol samt att trenden verkar vara att det är oförändrat antal beviljade prövningstillstånd till Högsta domstolen. / The reform to establish land and environment courts went into effect on the 2 May, 2011. Amongst other things, it meant a consolidation of the property-, environmental courts and cases according to the planning and building law that was previously litigated under the administrative law. The Government’s aim with the reform to establish the land and environment courts was to simplify, coordinate and to make the handling and judicial proceedings more effective. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate how successful the reform on the establishment of land and environment courts has been, through hypotheses comparing property cases that have been litigated in other instances, before and after the reform. For comparison, information on the number of review permits, the number of appeals rejected, the number of deferred property cases and the processing time for property cases will be used. Verdicts made during period 2009-01-01 to 2010-12-31 and the period 2012-01-01 to 2014-12-31 in the court of appeals/Land and Environmental Court of Appeal will be compared. One conclusions made is that the processing time in court was reduced through the establishment of the land and environment appeals court. The thesis argues that the prohibition of appeal has meant a reduction in the number of review permits at the Supreme Court. Furthermore, the trend seems to be that there is an unchanged number of approved review permits to the Supreme Court.

Remote access is a way of providing access to networks from outside the premises of the network. Virtual Private Network (VPN) is one solution used to provide remote access. Software-Defined Perimeter (SDP) is another solution that is capable of providing access to resources from a remote location. These two technologies use different security models yet provide comparable remote access functionalities. This thesis project investigates the basic components, architecture, and security services of SDP and IPSec VPN. Additionally, a performance evaluation is conducted on SDPand VPN on their connection setup time and network throughput. Our result shows that both SDP and VPN provide secure access, however, SDP has additional features that make it a more secure solution. This thesis project is written in the hopes that it can help enterprises with or without a VPN solution already in place to consider SDP as an alternative solution and learn SDP in comparison with VPN.

[pt] O assédio moral nas relações trabalhistas é uma questão social presente no novo mundo do trabalho globalizado, manifestando-se, entre outras, nas sociedades brasileira e norte-americana contemporâneas. O chamado mundo do trabalho é um locus privilegiado para se perquirir os valores que cada sociedade elege, almeja, propaga, prioriza. Nesta linha de raciocínio, a presente pesquisa investiga por que o comportamento relacional no mundo do trabalho, no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos da América, tem proporcionado crescente aumento dos casos de assédio moral, com consequente ampliação de demandas judiciais cujo objeto é a reparação por danos advindos dessa forma de violência ocorrida nos ambientes de trabalho. A tese investiga as razões que levam um trabalhador a agredir moralmente um subordinado ou colega de trabalho, desrespeitando as regras mínimas de valoração moral da pessoa humana, em um mundo, ao menos em tese, já consciente dos direitos humanos, do repúdio a qualquer forma de discriminação, seja esta religiosa, sexual, étnica, política ou ideológica. A questão, portanto, sobre a qual é feita a reflexão, vem a ser o que estaria levando à crescente deterioração das relações interpessoais no mundo do trabalho brasileiro e norte-americano. / [en] Moral harassment at workplace is an ever present social issue in the new world of globalized labor, and manifests itself in brazilian and north american contemporary societies, among others. The so called labor world is a privileged locus to ponder the values each society elects, aspires, propagates and prioritizes. In this line of thought, the present research investigates why the relational behavior in the labor worlds of Brazil and the United States has led to an escalating in moral harassment cases, with subsequent rise in judicial demands of compensation for damages caused by this form of violence. The thesis investigates the reasons that lead a worker to morally bully a subordinate or colleague, violating minimal rules of moral human values, in a world (at least theoretically) conscious of human rights and the rejection of any form of discrimination, whether religious, sexual, ethnic, political or ideological. The question on which the reflection is made, therefore, is what is leading to the growing deterioration of interpersonal relations in the brazilian and north-american labor worlds.

[pt] Esta é uma tese no campo da Comunicação Política Comparada, que também se articula com a linha de estudos da relação entre mídia e democracia. De forma mais específica, propõe um modelo de análise comparada de comunicação política, voltado à investigação da relação entre mídia e democracia na América Latina. Em termos mais amplos, a metodologia desenvolvida contribui para ampliar o entendimento dos fenômenos de comunicação política dos países do continente, no contexto de sua particular realidade democrática. Por se tratar de um estudo teórico, está voltado para a aplicação em estudos de casos futuros. A perspectiva assumida na elaboração do trabalho é alternativa à tradição racionalista, em suas inclinações funcionalistas (e baseadas em relações de causa e efeito), que nutrem parte considerável das reflexões do campo. Desenvolve, a partir de uma revisão a tais fundamentos, um framework informado por outra epistemologia, mais próxima à Teoria Crítica, ao construtivismo e à hermenêutica, que dá ênfase à interdependência e à recursividade como diretrizes de análise importantes. Discute, assim, a lógica dos efeitos da comunicação e da política na vida em sociedade e privilegia, em seu lugar, a compreensão de como tais fenômenos afetam e são afetados pelas dinâmicas sociais. Em essência, o modelo é pensando em termos de um contexto da comunicação política (formado pelos ambientes sociocultural, político e midiático) em que se dão os fenômenos práticos de comunicação política. Ultrapassa, portanto, a dimensão das estruturas e das instituições, para incorporar, também as práticas (a comunicação política per se) - trazendo relevo (ainda) para o público, frequentemente negligenciado pelos estudos do gênero (de comunicação política comparada). / [en] This is a thesis in the field of Comparative Political Communication, which is also articulated with the studies of media and democracy. More specifically, it proposes a comparative model of analysis to political communication, focusing on the relationship between media and democracy in Latin America. In broader terms, the methodology developed helps to broaden the understanding of political communication phenomena, in the countries of the continent, in the context of their particular democratic reality. As it is a theoretical study, it is intended for application in future case studies. The perspective assumed in this work is an alternative to the rationalist tradition, in its functionalist inclinations (based on cause and effect relations), which nourish a considerable part of the field s reflections. It develops, based on a review of these foundations, a framework informed by another epistemology, closer to Critical Theory, constructivism and hermeneutics, which emphasizes interdependence and recursion as important analysis guidelines. Thus, it discusses the logic of the effects of communication and politics on life in society and privileges, instead, the understanding of how such phenomena affect and are affected by social dynamics. In essence, the model is thinking in terms of a context of political communication (formed by the socio-cultural, political and media environments) in which the practical phenomena of political communication occur. Therefore, it goes beyond the dimension of structures and institutions, to also incorporate practices (political communication per se) - bringing relief (still) to the public, often neglected by gender studies (communication) compared policy).

There are significant differences between developed countries and developing countries in education, life style and health behaviour to identify the effects of the standard of living in both countries on social and health aspects. Information on the negative and positive aspects of every culture is essential in the overall health context to enable policy makers to improve the populations’ general health. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the health and fitness status of sport science students in Germany and Egypt and to identify any relevant differences in these two populations in order to derive possible strategies to promote health in a higher education setting in both countries. The sample of this study was selected from university students as they represent the future elite of companies, communities and countries. 193 students were selected from Germany as a developed country - females (n = 104) and males (n = 89) and 406 were selected from Egypt as a developing country - females (n = 167) and males (n = 238). Sport science students firstly filled in a health questionnaire, and then they participated in anthropometric and fitness tests. The data collection was first contucted on German sport science students at Chemnitz University of Technology in October 2009 (one week). In November 2010 the second year (third and fourth term) sport science students of Menofia University (two weeks). In the comparison between Germany and Egypt in the General health section the results showed that there are significant differences between the German group and the Egyptian group in describing their health status (p = .044) and in looking after their health (p = .000) in females. However, in the male group of both countries no significant difference was found regarding the item looking after their health (p = .370). The overall comparison between the German sample (both genders) and the Egyptian sample (both genders) show that there are significant differences in the items describing their health status (p ≤ 0.05) as well as in looking after their health care (p = .000). In the physical and mental health comparison there is no significance difference in the “chronic pain” section in German females and Egyptian females and German and Egyptian males (p ≥ 0.05), while there are significant differences in all other items (p ≤ 0.05). In the German sample comparison of both genders there are no significant differences in: “Stomach problems”, “Abdominal discomfort”, “Weight loss/weight gain/loss of appetite” whereas there are significant differences in all another items (p≤ 0.05). In the Egyptian group there are significant differences in all another items (p≤ 0.05) except for “Weight loss/weight gain/loss of appetite”. In study and university related problems between Germay and Egypt in both genders, there is no significant difference in the item “problems during study” while there are significant differences in all other items (p≤ 0.05). In the Egyptian group, both gender comparisons show no significant differences in the items: “social isolation”, and the same prospects about “working conditions”. However, there are significant differences in all another items (p≤ 0.05). In the German group in the same context no significant differences were found (p ≥ 0.05). The comparison between Germany and Egypt in the nutrition section showed significant differences in all food types (p≤ 0.05), whereas in the German group there is a significant difference between females and males (p≤ 0.05), and in the Egyptian group there is no significant difference in Healthy food consumption (p ≥ 0.05). The results in the media usage section show a significant difference regarding the media usage behaviour between the German group and the Egyptian group and in the comparison between German group of both genders, and the Egyptian group comparison of both genders where (p ≤ 0.05). Regarding the fitness tests section the results prove that there are significant differences in all tests among the German and the Egyptian group (p≤ 0.05), except in the static pull ups test between German males and Egyptian males (p ≥ 0.05). Significant correlations were found between one of the food types (unhealthy food), some between physical and mental health problems and BMI. There are significant correlations between some items of study and university related problems, and food types and blood pressure, and between fat %, VO2max, and physical activity. A significant link between bad dietary habits in regards to healthy food consumption and students’ own health assessment in Germany was found (95% CI below = 0.10, 95% top = 0.99) with OR = 0.10 and in Egypt (95% CI below = 0.35, 95% CI top = 0.92) with OR = 0.56. Another significant link between a reduced health consciousness and insufficient physical activity in Germany (95% CI below = 0.06, 95% CI top = 0.99) was proven with OR = 0.24. The key results from this study can be summarised in the following points: 1) There is a significant difference between German and Egyptian students in health parameters. 2) Egyptian students have significantly more physical and mental health problems than their German counterparts. 3) The Egyptian students present significantly more study and university related problems compared to German students. 4) The Egyptian students show a significantly higher media usage. 5) Egyptian students participate significantly less in physical activity and therefore perform significantly less well in most fitness test parameters. 6) A high correlation was found between the anthropometric data and some physical and mental health problems as well as study and university related problems and food types. Furthermore, a high correlation between VO2max and physical activity could be identified. 7) Significant link between bad dietary habits in regards to healthy food consumption and their own health assessment. 8) Significant link between a reduced health consciousness and insufficient physical activity. It is evident from this study that there are significant differences between the developed country Germany and the developing country Egypt in regards to general well-being, health problems, which in some parameters is also gender specific in Egypt, physical activity and fitness. The aim of this study was to identify these differences in order to direct future interventional studies in this area as a next step in improving the health of students in different countries. This information could potentially aid policy makers in improving the infrastructure in health care and physical activity and thereby change and/or develop society. / Es gibt signifikante Unterschiede zwischen Industrieländern und Schwellenländern bzgl. Bildung, Lebensstil und gesundheitsbezogenes Verhalten. Daher sind Informationen über die negativen und positiven Aspekte jeder Kultur im Gesundheitskontext essentiell, um Entscheidungsträger in die Lage zu versetzen die allgemeine Gesundheit der Bevölkerung zu verbessern. Die Zielsetzung dieser Studie war in diesem Zusammenhang den Gesundheits- und Fitnessstatuts von Studenten der Sportwissenschaft in Deutschland und Ägypten zu bestimmen und relevante Unterschiede in den beiden Populationen aufzudecken, um daraus mögliche Strategien abzuleiten, Gesundheit im univesitären Bereich in beiden Ländern zu fördern. Die Stichprobe für diese Studie rekrutierte sich aus Universitätsstudenten, da diese die zukünftige Elite von Firmen, Gemeinden und ganzen Ländern darstellen. 193 Studenten aus Deutschland, als Industrieland, wurden eingeschlossen – 104 weibliche und 89 männliche. Weitere 406 Studenten wurden in Ägypten, als Schwellenland, rekrutiert – wovon 167 Frauen und 238 Männer waren. Die Probanden füllten zuerst einen Gesundheitsfragebogen aus und nahmen dann an anthroprometrischen Messungen und Fitnesstests teil. Die Datenerhebing wurde zuerst an den Sportstudenten der TU-Chemnitz in Deutschland im Oktober 2009 duchgeführt. Im November 2010 wurden dann die Sportstudenten an der Menofia Univesität in Äypten getestet. Die Ergebnisse im Vergleich des Allgemeinen Gesundheitsteils zwischen Deutschland und Ägypten zeigte signifikante Unterschiede zwischen der deutschen und der ägyptischen Gruppe bzgl. des Items Beurteilung des eigenen Gesundheitszustandes (p = 0.44) und in Auf seine Gesundheit achten (p = 0.000) bei den Frauen. Allerdings konnte kein signifikanter Unterschied bei den Männern beider Länder nachgewiesen werden (p = 0.370). Der Gesamtvergleich der deustchen und der ägyptischen Stichprobe (beide Geschlechter) wiesen signifikante Unterschiede auf bzgl. der Items Beurteilung des eigenen Gesundheitszustandes (p ≤ 0.05) und auch Auf seine Gesundheit achten (p = 0.000). In der Sektion körperliche und geistige Gesundheit konnte kein signifikanter Unterschied festegestellt werden in den Items „Rücken-, Nacken- und Schulterschmerzen zwischen der ägyptischen und deutschen Population (beide Geschlechter) (p ≥ 0.05), aber dafür in allen anderen Items (p ≤ 0.05). In der deutschen Gruppe wurden keine Unterschiede gefunden bei „Magenbeschwerden/Gewichtszunahme/ Appetitlosigkeit“ – allerdings wurden signifikante Unterschiede in allen anderen Items gefunden (p ≤ 0.05) – in der ägyptischen Gruppe verhielt es sich ebenso. In der Sektion Studium und universitätsbezogene Probleme wurde zwischen Ägypten und Deutschland, auβer bei „Mangelnde praktische Relevanz des Studiums, Tests und Seminararbeiten“, in all anderen Items signifikante Unterschiede nachgewiesen (p ≤ 0.05). Der Geschlechtervergleich der ägyptischen Stichprobe zeigte keine signifikanten Unterschiede in den Items „Anonymität und Isolation an der Uni, und generelle Isolation“ wie auch „Schlechte Karriere, Arbeitslast zusätzlich zur Uni, schlechte Arbeitsbedingungen“. Jedoch sind signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern in allen anderen Items zu verzeichnen (p ≤ 0.05). Dies traf jedoch nicht auf die deutsche Stichprobe zu (p ≥ 0.05). Der Vergleich zwischen den deutschen und ägyptischen Studenten in der Sektion Ernährung zeigte signifikante Unterschiede in allen Nahrungstypen (p ≤ 0.05) und zusätzlich in der deutschen Gruppe noch signifikante Unterschiede in der Ernährungsweise zwischen Män und Frauen (p ≤ 0.05). Die Ergebnisse in der Sektion Mediennutzung zeigten signifikante Unterschiede zwischen der gesamten deutschen und ägyptischen Stichprobe – wie auch innerhalb deutschen und ebenso ägyptischen Geschlechtervergleich (p ≤ 0.05). Bzgl. der Fitnessektion zeigten die Ergebnisse signifikant bessere Ergebnisse in der deutschen Kohorte im Vergleich zur Ägyptischen (p ≤ 0.05), mit der Ausnahme der „Statischen Klimmzüge“ bei den männlichen Studenten in Deutschland und Ägypten (p ≥ 0.05). Des Weiteren wurden signifikante Korrelationen gefunden zwischen dem Nahrungstypus „ungesundes Essen“ und einigen Parametern der körperlichen und geistigen Gesundheitsprobleme wie auch BMI. Es gibt ebenfalls signifikante Korrelationen zwischen weiteren Items der Sektion Studiums und universitätsbezogenen Problemen, und Nahrungstypen und Blutdruck – wie auch Körperfett %, VO2max und körperlicher Aktivität. Eine signifkante Verbindung der Wahrscheinleichtkeiten wurde zwischen schlechten Ernährungsgewohnheiten bzgl. Konsum von gesundem Essen und der Selbsteinschätzung der Gesundheit der Studenten wurde festgestellt (95% CI below = 0.10, 95% top = 0.99) mit einer OR = 0.10 und in Ägypten (95% CI below = 0.35, 95% CI top = 0.92) mit einer OR = 0.56. Ein weiterer signifikante Wechselbeziehung konnte zwischen einem reduzierten Gesundheitsbewuβtsein und unzureichender körperlicher Aktivität in Deutschland nachgewiesen werden (95% CI below = 0.06, 95% CI top = 0.99), mit einer OR = 0.24. Die Kernergebnisse dieser Studie lassen sich in folgenden Punkten zusammenfassen: 1) Es gibt eine signifikante Differenz zwischen deutschen und ägyptischen Studenten bzgl. Gesundheitsparameter. 2) Ägyptische Studenten haben signifikant mehr körperliche und mentale Gesundheitsprobleme als die deutsche Stichprobe. 3) Die ägyptischen Studenten zeigten signifikant mehr Studiums- und universitätsbezogene Probleme als die deutschen Studenten. 4) Die ägyptischen Studenten hatten einen signifikant höheren Medienkonsum als die deutsche Stichprobe. 5) Ägyptische Studenten wiesen signifikant weniger körperliche Bewegung auf als die deutschen Studenten und schnitten daher auch mit einer signifkant geringeren Leistung in den Fitnesstests ab. 6) Eine hohe Korrelation konnte nachgewiesen werden zwischen den anthropometrischen Daten und einigen körperlichen und psychischen Gesundheitsproblemen. Des Weiteren wurde erwartungsgemäβ auch eine hohe Korrelation zwischen VO2max und körperlicher Aktivität gezeigt. 7) Es gibt einen signifikantnten Zusammenhang zwischen schlechten Ernährungsgewoheiten bei dem Konsum von gesunden Nahrungsgewohnheiten bei dem Konsum von gesunden Nahrungsmitteln und der eigenen Gesundheitseinschätzung. 8) Des Weiteren gibt es einen signifikanten Zusammenhang zwischen einem reduzierten Gesundheitsbewusstsein und unzureichender körperlicnher Aktivität. Es ist durch die Ergebnisse dieser Studie evident, dass es signifikante Unterschiede zwischen Industrieländern und Schwellenländern gibt bzgl. des allgemeinen Wohlbefindens, Gesundheitsproblemen, von denen einige Parameter in der ägyptischen Population auch geschlechtsspezifisch sind, körperlicher Aktivität und Fitness. Das Ziel dieser Studie war es diese Unterschiede zu identifizieren und damit zukünftigen Interventionsstudien Anhaltspunkte zu liefern, um im nächsten Schritt die Gesundheit von Studenten in verschiedenen Ländern zu verbessern. Diese Informationen kann potentiell Entscheidungsträgern helfen, die Infrastruktur bzgl. Gesundheitsversorgung und die Rahmenbedingungen für körperlicher Aktivität zu verbessern und dadurch die Gesellschaft zum positiven zu verändern bzw. weiterzuentwickeln.

This master's thesis aims to investigate the narrative components inherent in open-world games. In this thesis, we will extract the narrative part of a game,analyze it, and compare the narrative part with other game design elements. The focus will be on the game "The Witcher III: The Wild Hunt," with specific portions of the game studied using AutoCAD and in-game playthroughs to extract data relating to narrative components such as items, characters, and locales. Data such as buildings, cities and objects referring to main-quest, sidequest, random interaction, cutscenes-storytelling, object interaction, and recurring characters are generated from the open-world game The Witcher III:The Wild Hunt using AutoCAD. Objects are used to mark narrative components during gameplay, and these elements will be exported into Excel for analysis using Tableau. The results of the research will be coupled with other parts of the level design. The collected data will be evaluated with Tableau, and a comparative study between the narrative part and the game-level design part has been conducted to uncover patterns and trends in the open-world game. This study investigates the narrative components found in the game world, examining their importance on various scales and their relationships with other game mechanics. According to the research, item interactions become more significant on the third floor and in larger cities, whereas cut scenes and narration are more common in big cities and on the first floor of buildings. The study also emphasizes the connection between main quests and side quests, indicating their strong relationship to the game's overarching story. The use of side missions, which frequently entail interacting with city objects, becomes increasingly important for encouraging player exploration. The study emphasizes the need for game designers to tailor their use of narrative components to the scale and context of each gaming setting, ultimately helping them to possibly create more immersive and engaging game worlds.

Since the second world war multiple organizations have fought for world peace and stability.  Regardless of organizations and world leaders attempts to avoid a large-scale armed conflict, in February 2022 the tense situation in Ukraine evolved to an armed conflict, when Russia launched a military offensive. This paper aims to examine two organizations, the European Union (EU) and the Organization for Security and Co-operation (OSCE), conflict preventive actions regarding the conflict in Ukraine. The theory regarding conflict preventive actions takes stand from the organization Carnegie and their report on the subject. Results of the analysis reveal that both organizations use measures from Carnegie’s theory about conflict prevention. The organizations show two different centers of gravity regarding the measures, where none of them uses all the seven measures from the theory. EU´s shows a center of gravity on the preventive diplomacy and economic action. Whereas OSCE’s center of gravity are political-institutional actions, early warning and early actions. Conclusions can be drawn from the different type of organizations and their possibilities to use different measures. This also shows the need for involvement of multiple organizations in conflict prevention, to be able to manage all measures. / <p>2022-05-25</p>

In this comparative study, the design elements and visual merchandising approaches employed in window displays by high-end and fast-fashion retailers are investigated. The study utilizes a visual content analysis method with standardized evaluation criteria to analyze the window displays of six high-end and six fast-fashion stores located in Paris. By adopting an analytical framework adapted mainly from Morgan (2015) and Diamond and Diamond (2007), the research aims to uncover shared patterns and distinguishing factors in the approaches of these two sectors. The findings reveal clear differences in purpose, layout, visual weight, focal points, color schemes, and prop usage between highend and fast-fashion retailers. These insights offer valuable practical implications for enhancing the visual appeal of window displays in the highly competitive retail landscape

Calculations have been a core part of business processes in several industries throughout the years. To streamline the process of calculations, companies seek to digitize their calculation tools to web-based calculation tools. There is currently a lack of studies regarding the performance of web-based calculation tools, and since technology changes occur rapidly, which leads to comparative studies becoming outdated, the availability of actual and relevant research regarding performance comparisons between web-development frameworks becomes imperative. The purpose of this study was to compare ASP.NET with Node.js Express performance-wise, while implemented as web-based calculation tools. The calculations implemented were placed in both the backend and frontend of ASP.NET and Node.js Express. This study consists of experimentation, presenting the experiment results, and analyzing the results to conclude the research questions of this study. The results showed that Node.js Express was the better framework performance-wise and the analysis explains why. This study also concluded that the backend was better performing than the frontend for calculations in ASP.NET, and that the frontend was better performing than the backend for calculations in Node.js Express.