Les processus rhizosphériques sont reconnus comme une des stratégies majeures élaborées par les plantes afin d'augmenter la disponibilité en phosphore (P) et ainsi améliorer leur nutrition phosphatée. Pourtant, l'effet exact de ces processus est encore mal caractérisé et quantifié. L'objectif de ces travaux a été d e déterminer le rôle exercé par les modifications chimiques induites par les racines, particulièrement la modification de pH, dans les changements de disponibilité en P dans la rhizosphère. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé des modèles mécanistes géochimiques (« triple plane », échange d'ion et Nica-Donnan) en considérant une approche additive pour simuler l'effet de l'activité racinaire sur la disponibilité en P. Dans une première étape, nous avons caractérisé l'effet du pH sur la disponibilité en P dans plusieurs sols, un Cambisol et un Luvisol. Le Luvisol présentait deux concentrations en P inorganique contrastées en raison d'un essai de fertilisation phosphatée longue durée. Dans la rhizosphère du blé dur (Triticum turgidum durum L.) cultivé sur les mêmes sols, nous avons caractérisé qu'en plus de l'alcalinisation, le prélèvement en P et surtout en calcium (Ca) sont les processus rhizosphériques responsables du changement de disponibilit é en P observé. Le prélèvement du Ca favorise l'augmentation de la disponibilité en P dans la rhizosphère, en diminuant l'effet promoteur du processus d'adsorption-désorption du Ca sur celui du P. L'influence relative de ces trois processus rhizosphériques dépend toutefois de la composition chimique de la solution du sol (concentration en Ca et pH en particulier). Nos simulations mettent également en évidence la relation entre les changements de disponibilité en P est la distribution du P adsorbé sur les différentes phases minérales. La minéralogie du sol, spécialement l'abondance relative d'illite vs. les oxydes de fer, contrôle l'influence des processus rhizosphériques en déterminant les minéraux impliqués dans l'adsorption du P. A travers l'identification d'un nouveau processus rhizosphérique découlant du prélèvement en Ca et de ses effets sur la disponibilité en P, nos résultats démontrent la validité des modèles géochimiques pour prédire l'influence des processus rhizosphériques déterminant la disponibilité en P. / Root-induced chemical processes are recognized as a major strategy developed by plants to enhance phosphorus (P) availability and thus to promote P acquisition. However, the exact influence of these root-induced chemical processes is still poorly understood and quantified. The present study aimed at investigating the influence of root-induced chemical processes, especially root-induced pH changes, on P availability in the rhizosphere. In this work, we used a set of mechanistic adsorption models (« 1-pK triple plane », ion-exchange and Nica-Donnan) within the framework of the component additive approach in order to simulate the effects of root activity on P availability. First, we described the effects of pH on P availability in several soils unaffected by roots, a Chromic Cambisol and a Luvisol. The Luvisol showed different concentrations in inorganic P because of a long-term fertilisation trial. In the rhizosphere of durum wheat (Triticum tu rgidum durum L.) grown on these two soils, we found that calcium (Ca) uptake, in addition to P uptake and root-induced alkalisation, controlled to various extents the changes of soil P availability. Calcium uptake markedly increased P availability by decreasing the promoting effect of Ca adsorption on P adsorption. The relative influence of these three root processes depended on the solution composition (especially concentration of Ca and pH). Our simulations showed the relationship between changes in P availability and the speciation of adsorbed P onto the different soil minerals. Soil mineralogy, especially the relative abundance of illite vs. Fe oxides, controlled the influence of root processes by regulating the contribution of soil minerals to P adsorption. By identifying a novel root-induced processes, namely the Ca uptake, and describing its influence on P availability, our results demonstrate the ability of surface complexation models to predict the effects of root-i nduced processes on P availability in soils.

Neste trabalho estudou-se a complexação do poli(acrilato de sódio), PAS, com aminpentacianoferrato de sódio,APCF. As reações de complexação ocorreram imediatamente com a formação de uma coloração amarela com total solubilização do polímero na solução 0,032 M molar do complexo. As soluções mostraram-se estáveis por 48 h e após esse período observou-se alterações na natureza do complexo polimérico com a formação de precipitado. O UV foi usado como ferramenta de caracterização do complexo. O máximo de absorção obtido após dissolução imediata foi de 405 nm com desvio para o azul (398 nm) e um pequeno efeito hipercrômico. As amostras mantidas à temperatura ambiente por mais de 48 h deram origem a precipitados, que como a solução, absorveram com máximo de 364, 389 e 398 nm. O Complexo PAS-APCF foi também caracterizado através de FTIR por ATR e apresentou pequenas variações no espectro do material de partida (PAS). Um incremento na intensidade da deformação axial assimétrica do grupo carboxilato (1651 cm-1) e a presença do estiramento em 2055 cm-1 do grupo cianeto, diferentemente do APCF (2048 cm-1), confirmaram a formação do complexo PAS-APCF. As freqüências de absorção observadas para o complexo foram compatíveis com a presença de estruturas mono e bidentadas de complexação. As análises de TGA e DSC também foram utilizadas para a caracterização das estruturas. O estudo modelo envolvendo a complexação de sais sódicos de diácidos orgânicos de diferentes tamanhos de cadeia (oxalato, malonato, succinato, glutarato e adipato), diferentemente do PAS, promoveu um desvio para o vermelho na frequência máxima de absorção junto de um pequeno efeito hipercrômico (421 nm). Esta variação pode também ser observada quando do emprego de acetato de sódio, indicando, provavelmente, apenas a formação de estruturas monodentadas / In this work we studied the complexation of poly (sodium acrylate), PAS, with sodium amminepentacyanoferrate, APCF. The complexation reactions occurred immediately with the formation of a yellow color with complete solubility of the polymer solution in 0.032 M molar complex. The solutions were stable for 48 h and after this period saw changes in the nature of the polymeric complex with the formation of precipitate. The spectrophotometry was used as a tool for characterization of the complex. The maximum absorption was obtained immediately after dissolution of 405 nm with a shift to the blue (398 nm) and a small hyperchromic effect. The samples kept at room temperature for more than 48 h resulted in precipitates that as the solution, absorbed with a maximum of 364, 389 and 398 nm. Complex PAS-APCF was also characterized by using FTIR and ATR spectra showed small variations in the starting material (PAS). An increase in the intensity of the asymmetric axial deformation of the carboxylate group (1651 cm-1) and the stretch at 2055 cm-1 group cyanide, unlike APCF (2048 cm-1), confirmed the formation of the PAS-APCF. The absorption frequencies observed for the complex were consistent with the presence of mono and bidentate complexation. The TGA and DSC were also used to characterize the structures. The study model involving the complexation of sodium salts of organic diacids of different chain sizes (oxalate, malonate, succinate, glutarate and adipate), unlike PAS, held a red shift in the frequency of maximum absorption with a small effect hyperchromic (421 nm). This variation may also be observed when employing sodium acetate, indicating probably the formation of only monodentate structures

Les benzoxaboroles (qui sont les dérivés cycliques des acides boroniques) s’imposent comme une nouvelle classe de molécules intéressantes, pour la formulation de nouveaux agents thérapeutiques (notamment avec la commercialisation de l’AN2690, dérivé fluoré du benzoxaborole, en tant qu’antifongique), tout comme la formation de matériaux fonctionnels. A ce jour, il n’y a pas eu de mise au point de synthèse systématique de petites molécules benzoxaboroles multivalentes, limitant ainsi leur utilisation. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, différentes approches de synthèse ont été développées et ont permis l’obtention de 12 nouveaux composés bi- ou tri-valents. La principale réactivité de ces composés est leur capacité à complexer les cis-diols. Étant donné que la force de l’interaction est dépendante de la nature du substrat, il est important de pouvoir l’analyser en détail. La complexation entre les benzoxaboroles avec les diols est généralement réalisée par la méthode spectrofluorimétrique qui est controversée, particulièrement dans le cas des molécules organoborées multivalentes. Pour analyser en détail la stœchiométrie de ces complexations, une méthode RMN multinucléaire en solution a ici été développée. Les composés bi- ou tri-valents ont ensuite été testés en tant qu’agent thérapeutique. En effet, récemment, l’activité d’inhibition contre l’anhydrase carbonique de motifs benzoxaboroles monovalents a été discutée dans la littérature. La multivalence nos molécules pouvant être un avantage, leur constante d’inhibition contre l’anhydrase carbonique ont été mesurées. Enfin, dans un tout autre domaine, la réactivité avec les diols et la multivalence de nos composés ont été mises en avant par la formation de nouveaux complexes moléculaires. / Benzoxaboroles (which are cyclic derivates of boronic acids) are emerging as an interesting class of molecules for the design of news therapeutic agents (in particular with the commercialization of AN2690, which is a fluorinated derivative of benzoxaborole, as an antifungal agent), as well as for the formation of functional materials. However, to date, only few syntheses of small molecules of multivalent benzoxaborole have been described in the literature. In this thesis, different approaches were explored to isolate 12 new bi- or tri-valent benzoxaboroles. The main reactivity of these compounds is their ability to bind to cis-diols. Given that the strength of interaction between an organoboron molecule and a diol depends on the nature of the interacting counterparts, it is important to be able to measure it in detail. The complexation between benzoxaboroles and cis-diols is usually studied by a spectrofluorimetric method, which is controversial, especially in the case of multivalent benzoxaboroles. To analyse in detail the stoichiometry of these complexation, a multinuclear NMR method in solution was developed in this thesis. The di- or tri-valent benzoxaboroles were then tested as therapeutic agents. Indeed, recently, the activity of monovalent benzoxaborole against carbonic anhydrases was discussed in the literature. Since the multivalence of our molecules could be a benefit, the measurement of their inhibition constants against carbonic anhydrases was performed. Finally, in a completely different type of application, their reactivity toward cis-diols and their multivalence was put forward to create new complexes.

De par leurs propriétés mécaniques et anti-corrosion élevées, les revêtements métalliques de chrome sont utilisés dans de nombreux domaines tels que l’aéronautique, l’automobile, le ferroviaire, la défense,… Aujourd’hui le chromage dur industriel, réalisé à partir de chrome hexavalent, est fortement menacé par la directive européenne REACH qui prévoit l’interdiction d’utilisation de sels de chrome VI (classé CMR) à l’horizon 2017. Dans ce contexte le projet HCTC (Hard Chromium by Trivalent Chromium) regroupe 16 partenaires industriels et 2 partenaires académiques sous la coordination de l’Institut de Recherche Technologique Matériaux, Métallurgie, Procédés (IRT M2P) afin de développer une alternative à base de sel de chrome trivalent. Le développement d’un procédé de substitution à partir de sels de chrome trivalent nécessite de répondre aux interrogations liées notamment à la difficulté de réduire les ions Cr3+ formant en solution aqueuse un complexe hexa-aqua [Cr(H2O)6]3+ très stable et difficilement réductible. Afin de faciliter la réduction, l’ensemble des travaux recensés dans la littérature prône l’utilisation d’un agent complexant organique afin d’augmenter l’accessibilité du chrome. Une première partie de ce travail de thèse a été de caractériser les dépôts de chrome métallique réalisés à partir de la formulation de chrome III (EXDBA 1318) afin de mettre en évidence l’influence des paramètres de chromage (température du bain de traitement, densité de courant,…) sur les propriétés physico-chimiques des dépôts (Morphologie, cristallinité, composition chimique). Les résultats ont montré que la diminution de fissures tranversantes est généralement accompagnée d’une augmentation du taux de carbure de chrome qui dégrade l’état cristallin. La compréhension et l’optimisation du procédé a permis la réalisation de dépôts avec des propriétés physico-chimiques permettant de lancer les premiers essaies industriels dont les premiers retours sont très encourageants pour certaines applications (essentiellement automobile).Dans une deuxième partie plus fondamentale, des analyses par HPLC-ICP/AES ont mis en évidence la complexation du chrome par différents agents complexant. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que la complexation étaient d’autant plus importante que le pH est haut (pH=5) et le rapport molaire [Cr]/[Cplx] faible (1/10). Les mécanismes de réduction associés aux taux de complexation ont ensuite été déterminés par des mesures de voltammétrie cyclique en utilisant des électrodes sérigraphiées modifiées par de l’or. Les voltammogrammes obtenus montrent que la complexation du chrome par un agent complexant permet de passer d’un mécanisme de réduction en deux étape (Cr3+  Cr2+  Cr) en une seule (Cr3+  Cr).Une dernière partie du travail a été de définir l’influence de la chimie sur bain (pH et rapport molaire [Cr]/[Cplx]) sur les propriétés physico-chimiques des dépôts. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que pour des solutions faiblement complexées il est préférable de travailler à des pH bas et d’appliquer de faibles densités de courant (<15A/dm²) tandis qu’une augmentation du taux de complexation du chrome par l’agent complexant nécessite d’appliquer des densités de courant plus fortes. Ce travail a aussi permis de montrer l’existence d’une zone de pH optimale pour un rapport molaire [Cr]/[Cplx] donnée. L’existence de cette zone de pH révèle l’existence d’un domaine d’équilibre en solution, favorable à la réduction du chrome. L’ensemble de ces travaux plus fondamentaux ont permis d’améliorer les connaissances sur le procédé de chromage à partir d’un sel de chrome trivalent et ainsi de réfléchir à une nouvelle formulation pour des applications plus critiques où la solution actuelle a pu montrer quelques limites. / Due to their high mechanical and anti-corrosion properties, chromium metal coatings are used in many fields such as aeronautics, automotive, railway, defense, etc. Today industrial hard chromium coating, made from of hexavalent chromium, is strongly threatened by the European REACH Directive, which provides for the prohibition of the use of chromium VI salts (classified as CMR) by 2017. In this context, the HCTC project (Hard Chromium by Trivalent Chromium) groups together 16 industrial partners and 2 academic partners under the coordination of the Institute for Materials, Metallurgy and Process Technology Research (IRT M2P) to develop an alternative based on trivalent chromium salt. The development of a substitution process from trivalent chromium salts requires answering the questions related in particular to the difficulty of reducing the Cr3+ ions forming in aqueous solution a very stable hexa-aqua [Cr(H2O)6]3+ complex and hardly reducible. In order to facilitate the reduction, all the works listed in the literature advocate the use of an organic complexing agent in order to increase the accessibility of chromium.A first part of this thesis work was to characterize the chromium metal deposits made from the chromium III formulation (EXDBA 1318) in order to highlight the influence of chromium parameters (bath temperature, density of current, ...) on physico-chemicals properties of the deposits (Morphology, crystallinity, chemical composition). The results showed that the decrease of transverse cracks is generally accompanied by an increase in chromium carbide which degrades the crystalline state. The understanding and the optimization of the process allowed the realization of deposits with physico-chemical properties allowing to launch the first industrial tests whose first returns are very encouraging for certain applications (mainly automobile).In a second, more fundamental part, HPLC-ICP / AES analyzes have demonstrated the complexation of chromium by different complexing agents. The results obtained showed that the complexation was all the more important that the pH is high (pH = 5) and the molar ratio [Cr] / [Cplx] low (1/10). Reduction mechanisms associated with complexation rates were then determined by cyclic voltammetry measurements using gold-modified screen-printed electrodes. The voltammograms obtained show that the complexation of chromium by a complexing agent makes it possible to go from a reduction mechanism in two steps (Cr3+  Cr2+  Cr) to a single one (Cr3+  Cr).A final part of the work was to define the influence of bath chemistry (pH and [Cr]/[Cplx] molar ratio) on the physico-chemical properties of coatings. The results obtained showed that for weakly complexed solutions it is preferable to work at low pH and to apply low current densities (<15A / dm²) while an increase in the chromium complexation rate by the complexing agent requires the application of higher current densities. This work also showed the existence of an optimal pH zone for a given [Cr]/[Cplx] molar ratio. The existence of this zone of pH reveals the existence of a balance domain in solution, favorable to the reduction of chromium. All of these more fundamental works have made it possible to improve the knowledge on the chromium plating process from a trivalent chromium salt and thus to think about a new formulation for more critical applications where the current solution has been able to show some limits.

Neste trabalho estudou-se a complexação do poli(acrilato de sódio), PAS, com aminpentacianoferrato de sódio,APCF. As reações de complexação ocorreram imediatamente com a formação de uma coloração amarela com total solubilização do polímero na solução 0,032 M molar do complexo. As soluções mostraram-se estáveis por 48 h e após esse período observou-se alterações na natureza do complexo polimérico com a formação de precipitado. O UV foi usado como ferramenta de caracterização do complexo. O máximo de absorção obtido após dissolução imediata foi de 405 nm com desvio para o azul (398 nm) e um pequeno efeito hipercrômico. As amostras mantidas à temperatura ambiente por mais de 48 h deram origem a precipitados, que como a solução, absorveram com máximo de 364, 389 e 398 nm. O Complexo PAS-APCF foi também caracterizado através de FTIR por ATR e apresentou pequenas variações no espectro do material de partida (PAS). Um incremento na intensidade da deformação axial assimétrica do grupo carboxilato (1651 cm-1) e a presença do estiramento em 2055 cm-1 do grupo cianeto, diferentemente do APCF (2048 cm-1), confirmaram a formação do complexo PAS-APCF. As freqüências de absorção observadas para o complexo foram compatíveis com a presença de estruturas mono e bidentadas de complexação. As análises de TGA e DSC também foram utilizadas para a caracterização das estruturas. O estudo modelo envolvendo a complexação de sais sódicos de diácidos orgânicos de diferentes tamanhos de cadeia (oxalato, malonato, succinato, glutarato e adipato), diferentemente do PAS, promoveu um desvio para o vermelho na frequência máxima de absorção junto de um pequeno efeito hipercrômico (421 nm). Esta variação pode também ser observada quando do emprego de acetato de sódio, indicando, provavelmente, apenas a formação de estruturas monodentadas / In this work we studied the complexation of poly (sodium acrylate), PAS, with sodium amminepentacyanoferrate, APCF. The complexation reactions occurred immediately with the formation of a yellow color with complete solubility of the polymer solution in 0.032 M molar complex. The solutions were stable for 48 h and after this period saw changes in the nature of the polymeric complex with the formation of precipitate. The spectrophotometry was used as a tool for characterization of the complex. The maximum absorption was obtained immediately after dissolution of 405 nm with a shift to the blue (398 nm) and a small hyperchromic effect. The samples kept at room temperature for more than 48 h resulted in precipitates that as the solution, absorbed with a maximum of 364, 389 and 398 nm. Complex PAS-APCF was also characterized by using FTIR and ATR spectra showed small variations in the starting material (PAS). An increase in the intensity of the asymmetric axial deformation of the carboxylate group (1651 cm-1) and the stretch at 2055 cm-1 group cyanide, unlike APCF (2048 cm-1), confirmed the formation of the PAS-APCF. The absorption frequencies observed for the complex were consistent with the presence of mono and bidentate complexation. The TGA and DSC were also used to characterize the structures. The study model involving the complexation of sodium salts of organic diacids of different chain sizes (oxalate, malonate, succinate, glutarate and adipate), unlike PAS, held a red shift in the frequency of maximum absorption with a small effect hyperchromic (421 nm). This variation may also be observed when employing sodium acetate, indicating probably the formation of only monodentate structures

L'objectif de cette thèse est l'obtention de nouvelles données expérimentales en milieu acide borique dans le cadre du développement de modèles décrivant le comportement des produits de corrosion dans le circuit primaire, et notamment sur le relâchement du nickel par des phénomènes de dissolution/précipitation. Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire s'est focalisé sur une des phases solides du nickel, l'oxyde de nickel (NiO), ainsi que sur le comportement en solution de sa forme ionique, Ni2+. La solubilité de l'oxyde de nickel a été mesurée à haute température à l'aide d'un réacteur à circulation ouverte spécialement conçu pour fonctionner à haute température et haute pression. Compte tenu des concentrations très faibles en Ni dans les conditions de nos essais (300°C, pH>7, matrice bore-lithium), une méthode d'analyse du nickel dissous à l'échelle de l'ultra-trace (ng.kg-1) en milieu bore-lithium a été développée par ICP-MS et a été validée statistiquement par la méthode du profil d'exactitude. La complexation du nickel par les (poly)borates a ensuite été étudiée. Une expérience a été conduite où les ions nickel sont progressivement formés par oxydation d'une électrode de nickel métallique dans une solution d'acide borique. Basé sur les résultats expérimentaux et sur la modélisation de la spéciation aqueuse du bore, l'évolution du pH a montré l'existence significative d'un complexe nickel-bore. Le complexe neutre NiB3O4(OH)3 a été mis en évidence pour de fortes concentrations en acide borique, lorsque les polyborates sont présents. Les constantes d'équilibres ont été calculées à 25, 50 et 70°C, ainsi que les données thermodynamiques associées. Enfin, les cinétiques de dissolution de l'oxyde de nickel ont été mesurées en milieu acide chlorhydrique et en milieu acide borique de 25 à 100°C et un pH de 6. Les résultats ont mis en évidence un effet inhibiteur de l'acide borique sur les vitesses de dissolution de NiO dont le phénomène est exacerbé par l'augmentation de la température et de la concentration en bore. La formation d'un complexe surfacique a été mise en avant pour expliquer cet effet. / This work focuses on the nickel oxide phase (NiO) and the behavior in solution of its ionic form Ni2+. The solubility of nickel oxide has been determined at high temperature and pressure by the use of a flow through cell reactor specially designed to perform measurements in the conditions of the primary circuit. Because the solubility of nickel is very low at 300°C and pH>7, a new method for the determination of ultra-traces nickel concentrations in lithium/boron medium by ICP-MS coupled with a desolvator system nebulizer has been developed and validated by the statistical approach of accuracy profiles. The complexation of nickel by the (poly)borates has been also studied. Based on the experimental results and aqueous speciation modeling, the evolution of pH showed the existence of significant nickel-boron complexation. A neutral complex NiB3O4(OH)3 was postulated at high boric acid concentrations when polyborates are present, and the equilibrium constants were determined at 25, 50 and 70°C. The associated thermodynamics data have also been determined. Dissolution rates of nickel oxide have been measured in hydrochloric acid and in boric acid media up to 100°C and pH 6. Results showed that boric acid inhibits the dissolution rates of NiO and this phenomenon is enhanced by the temperature and the concentration of boron. The formation of a surface complex was postulated to explain this effect.

Cette étude présente la conception d’agents pour la radiothérapie et la Tomographie par Emission de Positrons (TEP). Les agents bimodaux envisagés sont constitués de deux parties : la partie uracile et la partie diamsar (1,8-diamino-3,6,10,13,16,19- hexaazabicyclo[6.6.6]eicosane) qui complexerait le 64Cu2+ ou le 67Cu2+. Durant la conception de ces agents bimodaux, nous avons examiné indépendamment les deux parties. Dans un premier temps, l’introduction de différents groupements benzyliques sur les amines primaires du diamsar ont permis d’étudier les changements dans les propriétés de complexation des ions métalliques (Cu2+, Co2+ et Cd2+) par les ligands. Quant aux dérivés correspondant à la partie uracile, leur stabilité a été étudiée à pression atmosphérique puis dans un système de vide à très basse pression par entraînement dans un jet d’hélium. Lors de l’introduction à leur état gazeux par le jet d’hélium, aucune dissociation thermique ne fut observée par spectrométrie de masse couplée avec la technique de « time of flight ». La réussite de cette introduction démontre clairement que les études d’interactions entre l’électron ou le positron de basse énergie et ces dérivés de l’uracile peuvent être réalisées pour des études ultérieures de l’attachement dissociatif des électrons ou de l’annihilation de positron. / The design of PET-radiotherapy agent investigation is reported. These envisaged bimodal agents are based on two moieties: the uracil moiety and the diamsar (1,8-diamino-3,6,10,13,16,19-hexaazabicyclo[6.6.6]eicosane) moiety that could complex 64Cu2+ or 67Cu2+. In the design of bimodal agents, the two moieties are investigated independently. Firstly, diamsar derivatives with various benzyl groups linked to the primary amines are synthesized. Therefore, the influence of these changes on the complexation of metal ions (Cu2+, Co2+ and Cd2+) is established. In the other hand, the stability of the synthesized uracil derivatives is first investigated at atmospheric pressure followed by their introduction into a high vacuum system by seeding into a helium jet. Through time of flight mass spectroscopy (TOFMS), no thermal dissociation is observed in their gas phase during the heating phase of introduction in the helium jet. This successful introduction clearly demonstrates that interaction studies between low energy electron or positron and these uracil derivatives could be performed for dissociative electron attachment (DEA) or positron annihilation studies.

Le manque de connaissance sur les interactions existantes entre les adjuvants organiques et les phases minérales ainsi que leur influence sur les mécanismes d’hydratation du Ciment Portland Ordinaire (CPO) limite le développement de nouvelles molécules organiques avec des propriétés améliorées et contrôlées. Ici, le but de ces travaux était de comprendre pourquoi et comment des adjuvants organiques modifient le temps de prise du CPO en faisant varier progressivement les caractéristiques de molécules organiques simples comme leur charge, leurs groupes fonctionnels (hydroxyle, hydroxy-carboxylate, carboxylate, sulfonate et phosphonate) et la stéréochimie de leurs groupes hydroxyles.Les différents retards induits par les molécules organiques étudiées sur l’hydratation du composé minéral responsable des propriétés finales du CPO, le silicate tricalcique, ont été reliés aux caractéristiques des composés organiques. Les interactions de ces derniers dont leur adsorption sur du silicate de calcium hydraté (C-S-H) ainsi que leur complexation avec les ions calcium, hydroxyde et/ou silicates en solution ont été identifiées dans des systèmes à l’équilibre et corrélées au retard généré par les molécules organiques sur l’hydratation du silicate tricalcique.L’impact des hexitols qui varient uniquement en fonction de la stéréochimie de leurs groupes hydroxyles sur le processus de dissolution-précipitation de l’hydratation du silicate tricalcique a été étudié. L’influence de ces polyols sur l’hydratation d’un mélange luminatesulfate de calcium a été expliquée par leur adsorption sur l’ettringite, les AFm et par leur complexation ionique en solution. Pour finir, cette étude s’est focalisée sur les conséquences des interactions des hexitols avec l’ettringite et les ions aluminate en solution sur l’hydratation des phases silicates présentes dans le CPO. / The current limited knowledge on the interactions between organic admixtures and mineral phases as well as their influence on the hydration mechanisms of the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) represents a real limitation in the development of new organic products with improved and controlled properties. Here, this study intended to understand why and how organic admixtures modify the setting time of OPC by progressively varying the characteristics of simple organic molecules such as their charge, functional groups (hydroxyl, hydroxy-carboxylate, carboxylate, sulfonate and phosphonate) and the stereochemistry of their hydroxyl groups.The different retardations induced by the organic molecules studied on the hydration of the mineral compound responsible of the final properties of OPC, tricalcium silicate, were related to the characteristics of the organic admixtures. The interactions of these organic compounds such as their adsorption on calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and their complexation with calcium, hydroxide and/or silicate ions in solution were identified in systems at equilibrium and correlated to the retarding effect generated by the organic molecules on the hydration of tricalcium silicate.The impact of hexitols which differ from one another in the stereochemistry of their hydroxyl groups on the dissolution-precipitation process of the hydration of tricalcium silicate was studied. The influence of these polyols on the hydration of a calcium aluminate and calcium sulfate mixture was explained by their adsorption on ettringite and AFm as well as by their ionic complexation in solution. Finally, this study focused on the consequences of the interactions of hexitols with ettringite and aluminate ions in solution on the hydration of the silicate phases present in OPC.

The increasing urbanization of landscapes significantly alters the surface water hydrology of impacted watersheds. As a side effect, stormwater discharges to receiving water bodies are often of decreased quality due to pollutants deposited on impervious urban surfaces being entrained by runoff. A pertinent example of this problem is the presence of copper and zinc in highway runoff. Both copper and zinc have been shown to exert toxic effects on aquatic micro- and macro-biota. Copper in particular has been shown to harmfully disrupt the olfactory nervous system of fish species at concentrations as low as 3 [mu]g/L. To meet these limits, treatment of highway runoff for the removal of copper and zinc is necessary. However, due to the complexities associated with the behavior of heavy metals in natural systems, the appropriateness of removal techniques will necessarily depend on a variety of system-specific factors and chemical characteristics of highway runoff. Adsorption has been shown to be generally effective in the removal of dissolved heavy metals, but the choice of adsorptive media is again dependent on system-specific parameters. This study developed and evaluated a column testing protocol that can be used to quickly and reliably evaluate adsorptive removal of dissolved heavy metals from highway runoff. The protocol is demonstrated in an evaluation of iron oxide, manganese oxide, crab shell, concrete, and bone meal media for removing dissolved copper and zinc from highway runoff. The performance of these media was assessed as a function of various runoff characteristics including pH, ionic strength, alkalinity, and total organic carbon. The methodology was used to show that iron oxide media in combination with crab shell or concrete media provided the most effective removal of copper and zinc from highway runoff. Through this study, the convenience, flexibility, and robustness of the proposed protocol are compellingly established. / text

This study combined concentration-discharge analyses (filtration at 0.45 m), cascade filtrations (at 1.2, 0.4, and 0.025 m) and asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation (AF4) to probe the influence of colloidal carriers (dissolved organic matter and inorganic nanoparticles) on observed concentration-discharge relationships for trace metals in a 155 ha forested catchment of the Santa Catalina Mountains Critical Zone Observatory (SCM CZO), Arizona. Many major elements (Na, Mg, Si, K, Ca) show no colloidal influence, and concentration-discharge relationships for these species are explained by previous work. However, the majority of trace metals (Al, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Cu, Y, REE, U) show at least some influence of colloids on chemistry when filtered at the standard 0.45 m cutoff. Concentration-discharge slopes of trace metals with modest colloidal influence are shallow (approximate to 0.3) similar to that measured for dissolved organic carbon (DOC, 0.24), whereas elements with greater colloidal influence have steeper concentration-discharge slopes approaching that of Al (0.76), the element with the largest colloidal influence in this study (on average 68%). These findings are further supported by AF4 measurements that show distinct and resolvable pools of low hydrodynamic diameter DOC-sized material coexistent with larger diameter inorganic colloids, and the ratio of these carriers changes systematically with discharge because the DOC pool has a concentration-discharge relationship with shallower slope than the inorganic colloidal pool. Together these data sets illustrate that positive concentration-discharge slopes of trace metals in stream waters may be explained as the relative partitioning of trace metals between DOC and inorganic colloids, with contributions of the latter likely increasing as a result of increased prevalence of macropore flow.