This qualitative case study examined the creation of the teacher self in the novice secondary teacher and its manifestation in classroom practice. In asking, how is the teacher self created through educational experiences, the researcher explored participants' educational memory, teacher preparation programs, experiences of the first year/s and educative life experiences. Simultaneously, the researcher focused on how the teacher self was or was not manifested in classroom practice. This study argued the creation of teacher self was a constant negotiation and state of dissonance between a cluster of experiences. The dissonance and resulting compromises of teacher self that occurred were apparent in four ways. First, the majority of the study participants believed their students would be as they were in during high school; however, all of them encountered differing realities. This paradox aroused an awareness of privilege, but not necessarily critical consciousness in the teacher selves of the participants. Second, it appeared there was an inconsistency between the participants' value and understanding of educational/instructional theory in influencing their teaching selves. All participants claimed pedagogical and curriculum conceptual understandings played a minimal role in shaping their teacher selves and classroom practice; however, interviews and observations demonstrated educational/instructional theory was visible in the classroom. Third, based on past educational experiences, the participants perceived the teacher self to be autonomous in the classroom; however, external forces, mainly high stakes standardized testing, collided with the teaching selves' vision of autonomy. Finally, there were times when participants believed their teaching selves were securely manifested in their classroom practices. Despite the informants' claims, there was ample data indicating that often teacher self did not emerge in ways informants assumed. The findings of this study suggested all facets of teaching--teacher preparation, teacher induction and teacher research--take a more in-depth examination at how past and present educational experiences shape the teaching self and in turn how the teaching self is or is not manifested in classroom practice. / text

Sustainable development is a crucial part of a successful city planning. Some scientists suggest urban densification as a method for achieving sustainable cities. In the best of worlds, a perfect balance between ecological, economic and social sustainability would be reached. However, that is rarely the case. Planners must consider the guidelines of planning documents as well as laws, political decisions and stakeholders. These interests can often be conflicting which leaves the planner with tough decisions. Social sustainability can be about achieving equality and healthy environments for all of society. It is therefore important to also include children in city planning. This study aims to examine the planning, which primarily concerns the densification, of the central borough Öst på stan in Umeå. The content, mainly concerning sustainable development, of the comprehensive planning in the municipality of Umeå as well as the planning of a specific quarter which includes dwellings, a preschool and a park, will therefore be described and analyzed. The quarter will also be examined further regarding the actual social sustainability, especially of the children’s environment. Trade-offs, priorities and compromises in planning the quarter will be discussed. In order to achieve the aim of this thesis mainly two research methods, in addition to thorough studying of literature, is being used; primarily planning documents from the municipality and secondly interviews as a complement. The results show that the new quarter is, in many ways, sustainable. The compromises throughout the planning process have however resulted in quite small outdoor spaces which none the least affects children.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse sustainable development as a political challenge at the local level of governance. It explores how local organisation for sustainable development (LA21, a short form of local Agenda 21) is influenced by economic conditions in contemporary society, as well as the specific conditions in the local context. The empirical focus is activity relating to LA21 in four Swedish municipalities (Kungsör, Sala, Trollhättan and Örebro). In analysing the challenge of sustainable development, the economic development model of contemporary society is used as a theoretical starting-point. It is argued that the promotion of economic growth is crucial in determining the parameters of environmental policy; indeed, environmental policy can be described as a result of a dialectic contradiction between economic and ecological concerns. As theoretical tools, I define three perspectives on how to deal with ecological problems. Economism represents the ideological foundation of the present growth economy, and sees environmental problems as something secondary to the goal of creating economic growth. Ecomodemism represents an effort to implement sustainable development through reforming the growth economy. Social ecology promotes the substitution of the growth economy with another economic model in realising sustainable development. The analysis shows that LA21 has in a number of ways raised the profile of environmental concerns in the four municipalities examined. Their LA21 action programmes express a radical (social ecological) political agenda for sustainable development. The municipal strategies have also gradually widened their scope to, for example, include more complex and controversial issues. However, most of the participating actors consider LA21 as a reform strategy for sustainable development, rather than an ideological challenge to the present economic growth model. The political leaderships tend to be influenced by ecomodernist ideas, and usually also consider LA21 as an economic development project. When in conflict with environmental concerns, economic growth policies tend to be prioritised. Conflicts over growth-related projects also tend to reduce the legitimacy of LA21 among citizens. In the four studied municipalities, LA21 gradually reaches a critical point at which further deepening (corresponding to the goals of action programmes) is unlikely unless local actors change their perceptions of ecological problem-solving. / <p>ISBN 91-7305-041-5 (ogiltigt nummer) finns angiven i tryckt bok.</p> / digitalisering@umu

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Syftet med undersökningen är att ta reda på vilka förberedelser gymnasieelever har att fatta beslut om vidare studier eller yrkeskarriär samt vilka uppfattningar de har om möjliga vägval och karriärvägar efter avslutad gymnasieutbildning. Tidigare forskning visar att det finns sparsamt med undersökningar kring hur gymnasieelever resonerar och vilka överväganden de individuellt gör vid olika valsituationer. Följande frågeställningar har formulerats: Vilka förberedelser upplever gymnasieelever att de har för att fatta beslut om framtid, vägval och karriärvägar? Hur påverkar gymnasieelevernas uppfattningar om framtid den enskildes syn på vad som är möjligt? Undersökningen bygger på en kvalitativ metod där sex ostrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med gymnasieelever i årskurs 3 som står inför en brytpunkt att fatta beslut om framtid, vägval och karriärvägar. Vid analysen av det insamlade materialet har vi utgått från Hodkinson och Sparkes teori Careership som beskriver hur individer handlar utifrån habitus, handlingshorisont och brytpunkter samt Gottfredsons teori Circumscription and compromise som förklarar hur individer fattar beslut genom begränsningar, kompromisser och självbild. Resultatet visar att eleverna saknar fullständig information och beredskap för att fatta beslut om framtid, vägval och karriärvägar. Eleverna förstås även handla och begränsar sig enligt ovanstående teorier även om de själva inte visar medvetenhet eller tycks ha reflekterat över vilka olika överväganden de individuellt gör vid övergången från utbildning till arbetsliv. / The purpose of this study is to find out what preparations high school students have to make decisions about further studies or professional careers and what perceptions they have about possible options and career paths after completion of high school. Previous research shows that there is sparse research on how high school students think and what considerations they do individually at different choices. Based on this purpose the following questions have been constructed: What preparations are high school students experience that they have to make decisions about future choices and career paths? How does the secondary school students' perceptions of the future of the individual's view of what is possible? The study is based on a qualitative method where six unstructured interviews were conducted with high school students in grade 3 to face a break point to make decisions about future choices and career paths. In the analysis of the collected material, we have assumed Hodkinsons and Sparkes Careership theory which describes how individuals act from habitus, action horizons and break points and Gottfredson's theory of Circumscription and compromise that explains how individuals make decisions through limits, compromise and self-image. The results show that students lack complete information and readiness to make decisions about future choices and career paths. Students can also be understood to make decisions and limitations to the above theories, even if they do not show consciousness and seems to have reflected on the various considerations the individual making the transition from education to employment

As technology is increasingly used in mobile settings, energy and battery management is becoming a part of everyday life. Many have experienced how quickly a battery can be depleted in a smartphone, laptop or electric cars, sometimes causing much distress. An important question is how we can understand and work with energy as a factor in interaction design to enable better experiences for end-users. Through design-oriented research, I have worked with the specific case of electric cars, which is currently a domain where people struggle in terms of energy management. The main issue in this use case is that current driving range estimates cause distrust and anxiety among drivers. Through sketches, prototypes and studies, I investigated causes as well as possible remedies to this situation. My conclusion is that instead of providing black-boxed predictions, in-car interfaces should expose the logics of estimates so that drivers know how their own actions in e.g. driving style, climate control, and other equipment, affects energy use. Revealing such energy mechanisms will not only empower the driver, it will also acknowledge the impact of variables that cannot be predicted automatically. In this work, understanding the dynamic aspects of energy has emerged as central to interaction with systems. This points to a need to design energy sensitive interactions - focusing on supporting users to find the right balance between energy use and the experiential values sought for. To ease design of energy sensitive interactions, energy use is divided into three different categories with accompanying ideals. These are exergy (always needed to achieve the required interaction), intergy (controllable and changing over time and use, needs to be addressed in design), and anergy (always waste that needs to be reduced). This articulation highlights aspects of energy that are specific to interaction design, and possible aspects to expose to allow more energy-efficient interactions in use. / I takt med att vi använder alltmer teknik i mobila sammanhang blir energi- och batterihantering en allt större del av vår vardag. Många har erfarenheter av de besvär som ett plötsligt urladdat batteri i en mobiltelefon, laptop eller elbil kan orsaka. En central fråga för att uppnå bättre användarupplevelser är hur vi kan förstå och arbeta med energi som en faktor i design av interaktion med mobil teknik. Genom designdriven forskning har jag arbetat specifikt med interaktionen i elbilar, en situation där många brottas med just hantering och förståelse av begränsad energi. En specifik utmaning i denna kontext är den misstro som många upplever kring existerande system för räckviddsberäkning. Genom skisser, prototyper och användarstudier har jag undersökt orsaker och praktiska lösningar på detta problem. Min slutsats är att bilens gränssnitt bör exponera den inre logik som beräkningarna bygger på, så att föraren förstår hur egna handlingar, såsom körsätt och användning av t ex kupévärmare, påverkar energiförbrukning och räckvidd. Detta leder till ökad upplevelse av kontroll för föraren, och samtidigt till mer tillförlitliga beräkningar då det tar hänsyn till variabler som inte kan förutsägas automatiskt. I arbetet har dynamiska aspekter av energi framträtt som centralt i användning av interaktiva system. Detta pekar på behovet av att designa energikänsliga interaktioner, som hjälper användaren att förstå balansen mellan energiåtgång och bruksvärde. För att stödja design av energikänsliga interaktioner artikuleras tre kategorier av energianvändning i interaktiva system. Dessa är exergi (behövs för att uppnå tänkt interaktion), intergi (kontrollerbar och föränderlig över tid och användning, måste adresseras med design), och anergi (är alltid ett slöseri som behöver reduceras). Denna artikulation belyser specifikt de aspekter av energiförbrukningen som varierar genom användning, och som skulle kunna exponeras för mer energieffektiv interaktion med ny teknik. / <p>QC 20160429</p>

La sécurité des systèmes informatiques répartis est un problème de plus en plus important, en particulier avec l'utilisation massive du réseau Internet. Il est donc essentiel de pouvoir imaginer des techniques de protection efficaces de nos systèmes et de nos réseaux. Ces travaux proposent une contribution à la protection des systèmes informatiques vis-a-vis des malveillances, en abordant le problème sous deux angles : un angle architectural et un angle expérimental. L'angle architectural concerne la conception d'architectures de sécurité permettant de faire face aux menaces actuelles, en proposant plusieurs approches suivies dans la cadre de différentes thèses. L'angle expérimental se focalise sur des techniques permettant d'améliorer notre connaissance des attaquants et des processus d'attaques, en particulier, les processus qui utilisent le réseau Internet comme support.

Cette recherche vise à traiter les sources infra-législatives en droit fiscal et particulièrement l'analyse du désordre normatif qui a lieu au niveau de l'agencement entre les sources infra-législatives. En effet, il convient d'abord de mentionner que la notion des sources est équivoque, et que la liste des sources en droit français n'est pas du droit positif. Un travail de délimitation du champ du travail autant pour des notions fondamentales que pour des critères de validités des normes a été indispensable.Le travail consiste cependant à démontrer que le centre de production des normes en matière fiscale a eu un déplacement vers les sources infra-législatives. La jurisprudence et la doctrine administrative fiscale, qui sont des sources interprétatives, se sont transformées en sources créatrices du droit. Une situation bien étrange vu l'existence du principe de légalité fiscale.Cela conduit à dégager un véritable désordre normatif à l'intérieur du droit fiscal. Ce désordre a été mis en avant par un plan biparti. Il a fallu étudier la position inattendue des sources infra-législatives en matières fiscale avant de traiter leurs positions dans l'ordonnancement juridique fiscal. / ...

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O Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) é o agente etiológico da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS). A AIDS é uma doença de distribuição mundial, e estima-se que existam atualmente pelo menos 36,9 milhões de pessoas infectadas com o vírus. Durante o seu ciclo replicativo, o HIV promove diversas alterações na fisiologia da célula hospedeira a fim de promover sua sobrevivência e potencializar a replicação. A rápida progressão da infecção pelo HIV-1 em humanos e em modelos animais está intimamente ligada à função da proteína acessória Nef. Dentre as diversas ações de Nef está a regulação negativa de proteínas importantes na resposta imunológica, como o receptor CD4. Sabe-se que esta ação resulta da indução da degradação de CD4 em lisossomos, mas os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos ainda são totalmente elucidados. Nef forma um complexo tripartite com a cauda citosólica de CD4 e a proteína adaptadora 2 (AP-2), em vesículas revestidas por clatrina nascentes, induzindo a internalização e degradação lisossomal de CD4. Pesquisas anteriores demonstraram que o direcionamento de CD4 aos lisossomos por Nef envolve a entrada do receptor na via dos corpos multivesiculares (MVBs), por um mecanismo atípico, pois, embora não necessite da ubiquitinação de carga, depende da ação de proteínas que compõem os ESCRTs (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) e da ação de Alix, uma proteína acessória da maquinaria ESCRT. Já foi reportado que Nef interage com subunidades dos complexos AP-1, AP-2, AP-3 e Nef não parece interagir com subunidades de AP-4 e AP-5. Entretanto, o papel da interação de Nef com AP-1 e AP-3 na regulação negativa de CD4 ainda não está totalmente elucidado. Ademais, AP-1, AP-2 e AP-3 são potencialmente heterogêneos devido à existência de isoformas múltiplas das subunidades codificadas por diferentes genes. Todavia, existem poucos estudos para demonstrar se as diferentes combinações de isoformas dos APs são formadas e se possuem propriedades funcionais distintas. O presente trabalho procurou identificar e caracterizar fatores celulares envolvidos na regulação do tráfego intracelular de proteínas no processo de regulação negativa de CD4 induzido por Nef. Mais especificamente, este estudo buscou caracterizar a participação do complexo AP-1 na modulação negativa de CD4 por Nef de HIV-1, através do estudo funcional das duas isoformas de ?-adaptina, subunidades de AP-1. Utilizando a técnica de Pull-down demonstramos que Nef é capaz de interagir com ?2. Além disso, nossos dados de Imunoblot indicaram que a proteína ?2-adaptina, e não ?1-adaptina, é necessária no processo de degradação lisossomal de CD4 por Nef e que esta participação é conservada para degradação de CD4 por Nef de diferentes cepas virais. Ademais, por citometria de fluxo, o silenciamento de ?2, e não de ?1, compromete a diminuição dos níveis de CD4 por Nef da membrana plasmática. A análise por imunofluorêsncia indireta também revelou que a diminuição dos níveis de ?2 impede a redistribuição de CD4 por Nef para regiões perinucleares, acarretando no acúmulo de CD4, retirados por Nef da membrana plasmática, em endossomos primários. A depleção de ?1A, outra subunidade de AP-1, acarretou na diminuição dos níveis celulares de ?2 e ?1, bem como, no comprometimento da eficiente degradação de CD4 por Nef. Além disso, foi possível observar que, ao perturbar a maquinaria ESCRT via super-expressão de HRS (uma subunidade do complexo ESCRT-0), ocorreu um acumulo de ?2 em endossomos dilatados contendo HRS-GFP, nos quais também detectou-se CD4 que foi internalizado por Nef. Em conjunto, os resultados indicam que ?2-adaptina é uma importante molécula para o direcionamento de CD4 por Nef para a via ESCRT/MVB, mostrando ser uma proteína relevante no sistema endo-lisossomal. Ademais, os resultados indicaram que as isoformas ?-adaptinas não só possuem funções distintas, mas também parecem compor complexos AP-1 com diferentes funções celulares, já que apenas a variante AP-1 contendo ?2, mas não ?1, participa da regulação negativa de CD4 por Nef. Estes estudos contribuem para o melhor entendimento dos mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na atividade de Nef, que poderão também ajudar na melhor compreensão da patogênese do HIV e da síndrome relacionada. Em adição, este trabalho contribui para o entendimento de processos fundamentais da regulação do tráfego de proteínas transmembrana no sistema endo-lisossomal. / The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the etiologic agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a disease which has a global distribution, and it is estimated that there are currently at least 36.9 million people infected with the virus. During the replication cycle, HIV promotes several changes in the physiology of the host cell to promote their survival and enhance replication. The fast progression of HIV-1 in humans and animal models is closely linked to the function of an accessory protein Nef. Among several actions of Nef, one is the most important is the down-regulation of proteins from the immune response, such as the CD4 receptor. It is known that this action causes CD4 degradation in lysosome, but the molecular mechanisms are still incompletely understood. Nef forms a tripartite complex with the cytosolic tail of the CD4 and adapter protein 2 (AP-2) in clathrin-coated vesicles, inducing CD4 internalization and lysosome degradation. Previous research has demonstrated that CD4 target to lysosomes by Nef involves targeting of this receptor to multivesicular bodies (MVBs) pathway by an atypical mechanism because, although not need charging ubiquitination, depends on the proteins from ESCRTs (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) machinery and the action of Alix, an accessory protein ESCRT machinery. It has been reported that Nef interacts with subunits of AP- 1, AP-2, AP-3 complexes and Nef does not appear to interact with AP-4 and AP-5 subunits. However, the role of Nef interaction with AP-1 or AP-3 in CD4 down-regulation is poorly understood. Furthermore, AP-1, AP-2 and AP-3 are potentially heterogeneous due to the existence of multiple subunits isoforms encoded by different genes. However, there are few studies to demonstrate if the different combinations of APs isoforms are form and if they have distinct functional properties. This study aim to identify and characterize cellular factors involved on CD4 down-modulation induced by Nef from HIV-1. More specifically, this study aimed to characterize the involvement of AP-1 complex in the down-regulation of CD4 by Nef HIV-1 through the functional study of the two isoforms of ?-adaptins, AP-1 subunits. By pull-down technique, we showed that Nef is able to interact with ?2. In addition, our data from immunoblots indicated that ?2- adaptin, not ?1-adaptin, is required in Nef-mediated targeting of CD4 to lysosomes and the ?2 participation in this process is conserved by Nef from different viral strains. Furthermore, by flow cytometry assay, ?2 depletion, but not ?1 depletion, compromises the reduction of surface CD4 levels induced by Nef. Immunofluorescence microscopy analysis also revealed that ?2 depletion impairs the redistribution of CD4 by Nef to juxtanuclear region, resulting in CD4 accumulation in primary endosomes. Knockdown of ?1A, another subunit of AP-1, resulted in decreased cellular levels of ?1 and ?2 and, compromising the efficient CD4 degradation by Nef. Moreover, upon artificially stabilizing ESCRT-I in early endosomes, via overexpression of HRS, internalized CD4 accumulates in enlarged HRS-GFP positive endosomes, where co-localize with ?2. Together, the results indicate that ?2-adaptin is a molecule that is essential for CD4 targeting by Nef to ESCRT/MVB pathway, being an important protein in the endo-lysosomal system. Furthermore, the results indicate that ?-adaptins isoforms not only have different functions, but also seem to compose AP-1 complex with distinct cell functions, and only the AP-1 variant comprising ?2, but not ?1, acts in the CD4 down-regulation induced by Nef. These studies contribute to a better understanding on the molecular mechanisms involved in Nef activities, which may also help to improve the understanding of the HIV pathogenesis and the related syndrome. In addition, this work contributes with the understanding of primordial process regulation on intracellular trafficking of transmembrane proteins.