The main purpose of this study was to shed light upon several questions regarding co -operation between the home and school, based upon earlier research and empirical studies. The study focused on the opportunities and drawbacks as well as on the motives for home and school cooperation. The first section deals with the questions at issues, and the bases the dissertation was dealt with. The second part covers the empirical studies which were carried out within the first three years of the primary school, and in the third part the limitations, most important results, and future research were discussed. The aim of the first section was to identify the starting points for the study, based on earlier research, and to review, via the main body of the study, how co-operation between the home and the school developed. An analysis of the review suggested that the goal formulations of the main body of the paper allowed for opportunities for home and school collaboration. Not only had interesting possibilities come to light, throughout the earlier research, but so too, a number of problems concerning the concrete collaboration between home and school. An very important conclusion, as a result of this review focused on the importance of proceeding from the unit that a class of pupils, parents and teachers represents. The purpose of the empirical studies was to describe and to try to understand why co-operation between home and school developed as it did. A longitudinal study was carried out by means of on-site research in the primary school itself, among pupils in years 1-3. This was proceeded by questionnaires and prestudies of selected classes. The data was collected mainly by means of questionnaires, interviews and written documents. The results showed that parents could function as a valuable resource within the work of the school and that it was relatively easy to take advantage of them, as such. It became clear that pupils, parents and teachers were extremely inventive and resourceful with regard to ideas on cooperation, and indeed on carrying through those ideas. Parents saw themselves and other parents as an important resource for the work of the school. The teacher emerged as a key figure for intensified collaboration. In the concluding discussion the results from the microlevel formed the starting point for the discussion concerning the context of cooperation between home and school at the macrolevel. As a conclusion, the discussion was about collaboration between home and school in terms of some of the effects of cooperation opportunities and obstacles, the interest shown by parents together with the content and forms of collaboration. Here it was pointed out that an important condition for achieving society's objectives was that pupils, parents and teachers together should interpret this in order to connect them to the cultural economic and social reality that was relevant to that particular class. / digitalisering@umu

The subject of physical education is viewed as being in a crisis, since the pace given for it in the schedule of classes for the compulsary school has been reduced with introduction of the most recent curriculum, Lpo 94. Researchers believe that collaboration would strengthen the position of the subject and of the in the physical education teachers in school and lead to a solution of the crisis. The purpose of this dissertation is to describe, analyze, and understand against this background experiences reported by physical education teachers of collaboration between the subject of physical education and other subjects in the compulsary school in order to be able to discuss the question as to whether collaboration can strengthen the position of the subject of physical education in the school and be asolution to what is called a crisis of the subject of physical education. The approach to the research includes a number of constituent studies, where an interview study of 30 teachers in the subject of physical education constitutes the main body of the dissertation. Basil Bernstein's concept of classification defines whether collaboration between subjects and teachers occurs or not. The concept of integrated code has defined the prevailing development in the school that includes collaboration among both subjects and teachers. The result shows that collaboration is not a general solution to the crisis in the subject of physical education. One type of collaboration can make more difficult another type of collaboration. Six different categories of collaboration in working groups involving physical education teachers have been defined. The different categories emerge as a result of the culture of the school, and the professional identity of the physical education teacher at the individual schools. Most teachers in the study work under the collection code. A group of teachers of several subjects are on their way toward integrated code but the subject of physical education is not part of the collaboration in any of the categories. Collaboration in itself has no great significance according to the results for the position of the subject of physical education in the schools as the subject mainly works under collection code. And even if the physical education teachers who collaborate in working groups have a strong position, it is rather an expression of the fact that they participate in the prevailing development in the school, where collaboration is one part, than collaboration by itself. The question is also whether there is a crisis during development in the schools toward integrated code. The physical education teachers need to discuss the content of the integrated code and its application to teaching in order to avoid future crises.

Syftet med detta arbete är att studera utomhusundervisning inom biologiämnet i grundskolans senare år. Arbetet syftar även till att fastställa Ekobussens roll i utomhusundervisningen. Frågeställningarna lyder som följande: •Vilken inställning har lärare till utomhusundervisning inom biologi? •Vad finns det för fördelar och nackdelar med utomhusundervisning? •Vad får elever ut av utomhusundervisning? •Hur använder sig lärare av Ekobussen och vilken inställning har de till den? För att få svar på dessa frågor genomfördes en enkätundersökning med lärare och elever samt djupintervjuer av tre lärare. Resultatet i undersökningen visar att både lärare och elever anser att utomhusundervisning inom biologiämnet inte bedrivs i tillräcklig utsträckning. Orsaker till detta är bland annat osäkerhet hos lärare, brist på bra exkursionsplatser i närområdet samt att det är schematekniskt svårt att få tid att komma ut. Undersökningen visar att de stora fördelarna med utomhusundervisning inom biologi är att eleverna anser sig koppla teoretisk och praktisk kunskap samman samt att många sinnen stimuleras vilket underlättar inlärningen. / The purpose of this work is to study outdoor education in biology, in the later years of compulsory school, and to investigate the role of “Ekobussen” in outdoor education. The questions at issue runs: •What do teachers think about outdoor education in biology? •What benefits and disadvantages are there with outdoor education? •What do the pupils gain by outdoor education? •What are the attitudes of “Ekobussen” by teachers and how do they use it in their work? To answer these questions we handed out a questionnaire to both teachers and pupils, and we also interviewed three teachers. The result of the investigation shows that both teachers and pupils believe that they are not having enough outdoor education in biology. The causes of this are among other things; unsure teachers, no good outdoor areas to examine in the immediate surroundings of the school and lack of time. The investigation shows that the greatest advantages of outdoor education in biology are that the pupils feel that they can connect theoretical- and practical knowledge and that many senses are stimulated which facilitates learning.

<p>Syftet med detta arbete är att studera utomhusundervisning inom biologiämnet i grundskolans senare år. Arbetet syftar även till att fastställa Ekobussens roll i utomhusundervisningen. Frågeställningarna lyder som följande:</p><p>•Vilken inställning har lärare till utomhusundervisning inom biologi?</p><p>•Vad finns det för fördelar och nackdelar med utomhusundervisning?</p><p>•Vad får elever ut av utomhusundervisning?</p><p>•Hur använder sig lärare av Ekobussen och vilken inställning har de till den?</p><p>För att få svar på dessa frågor genomfördes en enkätundersökning med lärare och elever samt djupintervjuer av tre lärare.</p><p>Resultatet i undersökningen visar att både lärare och elever anser att utomhusundervisning inom biologiämnet inte bedrivs i tillräcklig utsträckning. Orsaker till detta är bland annat osäkerhet hos lärare, brist på bra exkursionsplatser i närområdet samt att det är schematekniskt svårt att få tid att komma ut.</p><p>Undersökningen visar att de stora fördelarna med utomhusundervisning inom biologi är att eleverna anser sig koppla teoretisk och praktisk kunskap samman samt att många sinnen stimuleras vilket underlättar inlärningen.</p> / <p>The purpose of this work is to study outdoor education in biology, in the later years of compulsory school, and to investigate the role of “Ekobussen” in outdoor education. The questions at issue runs:</p><p>•What do teachers think about outdoor education in biology?</p><p>•What benefits and disadvantages are there with outdoor education?</p><p>•What do the pupils gain by outdoor education?</p><p>•What are the attitudes of “Ekobussen” by teachers and how do they use it in their work?</p><p>To answer these questions we handed out a questionnaire to both teachers and pupils, and we also interviewed three teachers.</p><p>The result of the investigation shows that both teachers and pupils believe that they are not having enough outdoor education in biology. The causes of this are among other things; unsure teachers, no good outdoor areas to examine in the immediate surroundings of the school and lack of time.</p><p>The investigation shows that the greatest advantages of outdoor education in biology are that the pupils feel that they can connect theoretical- and practical knowledge and that many senses are stimulated which facilitates learning.</p>

The purpose of the study was to investigate some pupils' experiences of learning situations, support for learning and peer relations in compulsory school compared to compulsory school for pupils with learning disabilities. The study aimed to highlight the advantages and disadvantages, support for learning and peer relations the pupils experienced in the two school forms. The study is based on six qualitative semi-structured interviews with inspiration from life history interviews. There were three informants in the study, who have experience of teaching in both the compulsory school and the compulsory school for pupils with learning disabilities. They were interviewed twice.   The result was analyzed based on the socio-cultural theory and its concepts of artifacts, mediation, appropriation, zone of proximal development and scaffolding. The result shows that in compulsory school the pupils were given individual special education, and in the compulsory school for pupils with learning disabilities the pupils were only taught together with the classmates. The pupils experienced both teaching situations positively, but the teaching together with the classmates in the compulsory school for pupils with learning disabilities was seen as a more socially and academically supportive environment, where the students developed new knowledge.  In compulsory school, the students were offered customized teaching material and concrete material, which only pertially perceived to support the learning. The teachers' explanations were perceived as the best support when something was difficult. In the compulsory school for pupils with learning disabilities, the teachers had time and ability to explain. In the compulsory school for pupils with learning disabilities, the students experienced that they had more and more genuine friends than in the compulsory school.

I dagens globaliserade samhälle har den språkliga situationen inom svenska skolan förändrats markant de senaste åren och allt fler elever är flerspråkiga med olika förstaspråk. Som lärare är det viktigt att ta del av aktuell forskning för att på en vetenskaplig grund kunna göra val av arbetssätt för att utveckla kunskaper på ett inkluderande sätt hos alla elever. Syftet med den här empiriska studien är att öka kunskapen om transspråkande som arbetssätt för att stärka flerspråkiga elevers lärande. För att besvara studiens frågeställningar genomfördes klassrumsobservationer och intervjuer med sex lärare i årskurs 4–6 på en mångkulturell skola. Resultatet av analysen visar att transspråkande arbetssätt påverkar flerspråkiga elevers språk- och kunskapsutveckling positivt. Genom att synliggöra elevers olika språk och kulturella erfarenheter samt använda dem som resurs i undervisningen utvecklas och stärks elevers identitet och självkänsla vilket i sin tur medför större motivation och engagemang bland eleverna. Transspråkande arbetssätt ger elever möjlighet att använda alla sina språk som resurs för sitt lärande och de kan på så sätt utveckla sina språk- och ämneskunskaper parallellt. För att kunna uppnå en effektiv transspråkande undervisning krävs dock en medvetenhet kring arbetssättet där flera olika aktörer inom skolans verksamhet behöver integreras med varandra. / In today’s globalized society, the linguistic situation within the Swedish school has changed significantly in recent years and more and more students are multilingual with different first languages. As a teacher, it is important to take part of current research in order to create a scientific basis for choosing teaching approaches to develop knowledge in an inclusive way for all students. The purpose of this empirical study is to increase knowledge about translanguaging as a teaching approach to strengthen multilingual students’ learning. To answer the research questions of this study, classroom observations and interviews were conducted with six teachers in grades 4–6 at a multicultural school. The results of the analysis show that translanguaging approaches have a positive effect on multilingual students’ language and knowledge development. By acknowledging the students’ different languages and cultural experiences and using them as a resource in the teaching, students’ identity and self-esteem are developed and strengthened, which in turn leads to greater motivation and engagement among the students. Translanguaging approaches give students the opportunity to use all of their languages as a resource for learning and they can thereby develop both their language as well as their subject knowledge simultaneously. In order to achieve an effective translanguaging teaching, it is however crucial to have an awareness of the teaching approach where several different educators within the school need to be integrated with each other.