This thesis is concerned with how entrepreneurs’ performance - the act of impression (Goffman, 1959a), is accomplished through emotion management - the work that an individual does to manage and display situation-appropriate feelings (Hochschild, 1983). There is literature that suggests that understanding entrepreneurs’ emotion management is needed (Goss, 2008; Hampson & Junor, 2005) with Goss (2008) maintaining that entrepreneurs’ management of emotion is integral to their activities. This thesis provides the specific consideration that has been lacking. Empirically, drawing on data obtained from entrepreneur interviews, this study extends Hochschild’s (1983) list of occupations that conduct emotion management to the field of entrepreneurship. Theoretically, Hochschild’s (1983) theory of emotion management has been reconceptualised to become more interactionally sensitive. Influenced by symbolic interactionism (Blumer, 1969) with experiences, interpretations of meaning and actions drawn on to show how performance and emotion management emerge in interaction. Emotion management is conceived of as a negotiation where both ‘normative’ pressures such as the two sets of entrepreneurship feeling rules that have been identified – feeling of engagement and feeling of detachment, and interpretive conceptualisation, are taken into account in the development of a shared scheme of understanding. Goffman’s (1959a) ideas around the presentation of self have been drawn on in rendering visible entrepreneurs’ performance as embodied, relational co-operative, and professional and appropriate. Entrepreneurs are negotiators conceiving of their performance and emotion management as resourceful, negotiated, self-interpretive work. This negotiated work is a process of ‘fluid equilibrium’, that is, a dynamic continuous process of negotiation where entrepreneurs’ legitimation is produced and maintained. Entrepreneurs negotiate power dimensions drawing on strategies such as bounded disclosure where they manage the information they divulge. However the findings from this study also demonstrate that tensions and complexities can emerge resulting in lapses in performance. These are explained through issues of ambivalence towards emotion management, ambiguity over social boundaries and inadequacy in managing information flow.

La présente étude s’inscrit dans une lignée de travaux de recherche en traductologie réalisés dans un cadre de sémantique cognitive et visant à dégager les modes de conceptualisation métaphorique dans les domaines de spécialité, et plus précisément dans les sciences biomédicales. Notre étude se concentre sur les modes de conceptualisation métaphorique utilisés en neuroanatomie en français, en anglais et en allemand, dans une perspective d’application à la traduction. Nous nous penchons plus spécifiquement sur la description anatomique de deux structures du système nerveux central : la moelle spinale et le cervelet. Notre objectif est de repérer et de caractériser les indices de conceptualisation métaphorique (ICM). Notre méthode s'appuie sur un corpus trilingue de textes de référence traitant de ces structures et fait appel à une annotation sémantique en langage XML, ce qui autorise une interrogation des corpus annotés au moyen du langage XQuery. Nous mettons en évidence que les ICM jouent un rôle prédominant dans la phraséologie et les dénominations propres à la description anatomique du système nerveux, comme c'est le cas en biologie cellulaire et en anatomie des muscles, des nerfs périphériques et des vaisseaux sanguins. Sous l’angle lexical, il faut distinguer les ICM prédicatifs, les ICM non prédicatifs ainsi que les ICM quasi prédicatifs. La plupart des modes de conceptualisation métaphorique préalablement repérés en biologie cellulaire et en anatomie sont également présents dans le domaine plus spécifique de la neuroanatomie. Certains ICM et modes de conceptualisation sont toutefois spécifiques à des éléments des régions étudiées. Par ailleurs, les modes de conceptualisation métaphorique en français, en anglais et en allemand sont semblables, mais sont exprimés par des réseaux lexicaux d'ICM dont la richesse varie. De plus, la composition nominale étant une des caractéristiques de l'allemand, la forme linguistique des ICM présente des caractéristiques spécifiques. Nos résultats mettent en évidence la richesse métaphorique de la neuroanatomie. Cohérents avec les résultats des études antérieures, ils enrichissent cependant la typologie des ICM et soulignent la complexité, sur les plans lexical et cognitif, de la métaphore conceptuelle. / The present study falls within a line of research projects in Translation Studies, which draws upon cognitive semantics and whose aim is to determine the modes of metaphorical conceptualisation in specialized fields, namely in the biomedical sciences. Our study focuses on the modes of metaphorical conceptualization used in neuroanatomy in French, English and German from a translation perspective. Specifically, we concentrate on the anatomical description of two structures of the central nervous system: the spinal cord and the cerebellum. Our objective is to identify and characterize the Metaphorical Conceptualization Indices (MCI). The method relies on a trilingual corpus composed of reference texts dealing with these structures and on a semantic annotation of MCIs using the XML language, which allows a downstream interrogation of the corpus with the XQuery language. We demonstrate that MCIs play a central role in shaping the phraseology and denominations typical to the anatomical description of the central nervous system. Previous works had shown that it was also the case in cellular biology and anatomy of muscles, peripheral nerves, and blood vessels. From a lexical perspective, MCIs can fall into one of three categories, namely predicates, non-predicates or quasi predicates. Among the modes of metaphorical conceptualization previously identified in cellular biology and anatomy, the majority are also found in the narrower field of neuroanatomy. However, some MCIs and modes of metaphorical conceptualisation are specific to certain elements of the anatomical regions under investigation. Moreover, the modes of metaphorical conceptualization found in French, English, and German are similar, but they are expressed by lexical networks of varying richness. Furthermore, as nominal composition is characteristic of German, the linguistic form of German MCIs presents certain features that must be taken into account. Our results, which are coherent with those of previous studies, highlight the metaphorical richness of neuroanatomy. Yet, they also enrich the MCI typology, and underline the complexity, at the lexical and cognitive levels, of conceptual metaphors.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire s'inscrivent dans le contexte de systèmes d'entreprises collaboratives. Nous défendons l'intérêt d'évaluer l'interopérabilité étant donné que la question de l'interopérabilité voire plutôt celle de la non-interopérabilité pose de nombreuses problématiques pour les industriels. En effet, la non-interopérabilité engendre des coûts non négligeables dus principalement au temps et aux ressources mises en place pour développer des interfaces d'échange des informations. Ceci influe sur la performance globale des entreprises et précisément sur les coûts et les délais d'obtention des services attendus. Nous proposons ainsi une approche pour mesurer, a priori, le degré d'interopérabilité (ou de non interopérabilité) entre modèles conceptuels de systèmes d'information d'entreprise, afin de donner à une entreprise la possibilité d'évaluer sa propre capacité à interopérer et donc de prévoir les éventuels problèmes avant la mise en place d'un partenariat. Il s'agit ainsi de définir des indicateurs et des métriques tant quantitatifs que qualitatifs, permettant de qualifier l'interopérabilité entre les systèmes d'entreprises et de proposer des stratégies d'amélioration lorsque le niveau d'interopérabilité est évalué comme insuffisant / Within the context of collaborative enterprise information systems, these works aim to propose an approach for assessing the interoperability and the non-interoperability. In fact, the non-interoperability poses a series of challenging problems to the industrial community. Indeed, the non-interoperability leads to significant costs. The majority of these costs are attributable to the time and resources spent to put in place interfaces for exchanging information. This mainly affects enterprise global performance by increasing the cost and the delay to obtain the expected services. We suggest to address enterprise interoperability measurement in order to allow to any enterprise to fully evaluate, a priori, its own capacity to interoperate, and therefore to anticipate possible problems before a partnership. Our works consist in defining indicators and metrics to quantify and then to qualify the interoperability between the enterprise systems and to propose some improvement strategies when the evaluated interoperability level is not sufficient

Creativity is a nebulous concept, lacking both clear articulations and common understandings of meaning. Due to a lack of clear alternatives the concept of creativity is increasingly becoming infused with economically driven vocabulary, associations, interests and ideologies. There is an immediate need to provide alternatives to the „creative economy‟ view of creativity, because of its insidious effect on educational institutions and practices and because it promotes a generally impoverished view of the meaning of creativity and of human potential. Reductionist thought; the tendency to understand concepts as separate and distinct from one another prevents us from easily conceptualising an experience such as creativity which involves the simultaneous experience of seemingly paradoxical elements such as individuality and unity, intellect and intuition and freedom and discipline. Democracy is a metaphor which can help to articulate and understand the paradoxical experience of creativity. Democracy stands for the potential to make meaning from the integrated exploration of individuality and of unity, which I argue is a fundamental dynamic of the creative experience. I further suggest that the essence of the creative experience is a democratic attunement to existence, in which subject and object, self and environment, intellect and intuition and freedom and discipline are experienced as in a democratic relationship with one another. This way of understanding creativity provides an alternative to the creative economy view. It implies some significant changes to traditional educational emphases, including a movement away from primarily individualistically oriented curricula and toward curricula and educational values which situate the individual within an integrated eco-system.

La construction d'ontologies est un processus fastidieux qui nécessite un travail manuel conséquent. Les textes, en tant que sources de connaissances, peuvent optimiser les recours aux experts du domaine. Le passage des textes à l'ontologie requiert un double changement de perspective. Tout d'abord du niveau du discours vers le niveau linguistique (terminologie, hyperonymie, synonymie, etc.), à l'aide d'outils de traitement automatique des langues. La conceptualisation, manuelle, permet ensuite d'entrer dans le monde des modèles. Nous étudions dans cette thèse comment une méthode de regroupement automatique, l'analyse de concepts formels (ACF), peut se combiner aux éléments du niveau linguistique afin de faciliter la tâche de conceptualisation. Nous avons mené des expérimentations sur trois domaines différents, représentés par des corpus de taille comparable. Nous montrons que, dans l'état actuel des connaissances, la construction d'ontologies à partir de textes ne peut s'effectuer de manière totalement automatique. Nous proposons plusieurs paramétrages pour s'affranchir des problèmes inhérents à l'utilisation de l'ACF sur les données textuelles, dans l'optique de fournir à l'utilisateur à la fois des regroupements pertinents et une vue fidèle sur le matériau textuel.

<p>The purpose of this study was to examine the level and extent of community participation in the Danga Ecological Sanitation Project carried out in the Zvishavane district of Zimbabwe. The people-centered approach was chosen as a theoretical background. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to gather relevant information. The results indicated that the community was not fully involved in the ecological sanitation project. As a result, the project had a poor performance record. In the course of this study, political interference in community projects carried out in Zimbabwean rural communities, resulting in the failure to reach the intended beneficiaries, was also noted. Full community participation in community projects may ensure that empowerment and ownership take place. Institutional arrangements, which in most cases impede development, need to be readdressed with clear demarcation of decision-making processes.</p>

La présente recherche a pour objectif de déterminer la sémantique des mots de verticalité en français et la motivation conceptuelle de leurs emplois métaphoriques. Afin d'atteindre à ces objectifs, nous étudions les primitives conceptuelles de la sémantique grammaticale des mots suivants : haut, bas; monter, s'élever, grimper, s'envoler, bondir; descendre, baisser, tomber, chuter et dégringoler. Nous tentons de vérifier les quatre hypothèses suivantes : a) la sémantique grammaticale de ces mots est essentiellement basée sur la verticalité; b) la validité des emplois figurés de ces mots repose sur les correspondances conceptuelles avec leur sémantique grammaticale; c) des moyens de représentation non linguistique sont la source des créations métaphoriques; d) nos objets d'étude ne sont pas des mots polysémiques mais monosémiques, et leurs acceptions ne sont que des interprétations de leurs sémantiques grammaticales selon leurs divers emplois ou contextes. D'après nos analyses sémantiques de leurs emplois propres et figurés les plus exhaustifs possibles, basées sur l'approche monosémique de Ruhl (1989), Bouchard (1993; 1995), Victorri et Fuchs (1996), Cadiot et Lebas (2003), Desclés (1998; 2005) et d'Emirkanian (2008), les primitives conceptuelles de la sémantique grammaticale de ces mots impliquent essentiellement la verticalité. La validité de leurs emplois propres repose sur la satisfaction réelle de ces conditions, alors que celle de leurs emplois figurés est basée sur les correspondances conceptuelles avec ces conditions. Contrairement au point de vue traditionnel, ces mots ne sont pas polysémiques, mais monosémiques. De plus, de nombreux des emplois figurés des mots de verticalité sont des métaphores dont la source de motivation conceptuelle vient d'un moyen de représentation non linguistique, comme un graphe, une notation musicale, un thermomètre, etc. D'après la théorie de la métareprésentation de Sperber (1994; 1996; 2000), ces métaphores sont des métareprésentations, soit des expressions linguistiques de ce qui est représenté par ces moyens de représentation. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : sémantique, métaphore, métareprésentation, verbe de déplacement, verticalité, polysémie, monosémie, français.

<p>The purpose of this study was to examine the level and extent of community participation in the Danga Ecological Sanitation Project carried out in the Zvishavane district of Zimbabwe. The people-centered approach was chosen as a theoretical background. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to gather relevant information. The results indicated that the community was not fully involved in the ecological sanitation project. As a result, the project had a poor performance record. In the course of this study, political interference in community projects carried out in Zimbabwean rural communities, resulting in the failure to reach the intended beneficiaries, was also noted. Full community participation in community projects may ensure that empowerment and ownership take place. Institutional arrangements, which in most cases impede development, need to be readdressed with clear demarcation of decision-making processes.</p>

Creativity is a nebulous concept, lacking both clear articulations and common understandings of meaning. Due to a lack of clear alternatives the concept of creativity is increasingly becoming infused with economically driven vocabulary, associations, interests and ideologies. There is an immediate need to provide alternatives to the „creative economy‟ view of creativity, because of its insidious effect on educational institutions and practices and because it promotes a generally impoverished view of the meaning of creativity and of human potential. Reductionist thought; the tendency to understand concepts as separate and distinct from one another prevents us from easily conceptualising an experience such as creativity which involves the simultaneous experience of seemingly paradoxical elements such as individuality and unity, intellect and intuition and freedom and discipline. Democracy is a metaphor which can help to articulate and understand the paradoxical experience of creativity. Democracy stands for the potential to make meaning from the integrated exploration of individuality and of unity, which I argue is a fundamental dynamic of the creative experience. I further suggest that the essence of the creative experience is a democratic attunement to existence, in which subject and object, self and environment, intellect and intuition and freedom and discipline are experienced as in a democratic relationship with one another. This way of understanding creativity provides an alternative to the creative economy view. It implies some significant changes to traditional educational emphases, including a movement away from primarily individualistically oriented curricula and toward curricula and educational values which situate the individual within an integrated eco-system.