Conflict of interest allegations became a prominent part of the political and public sector in the 1980s and 1990s in Australia and elsewhere. The arena of policing was not immune, and in Victoria, the Ombudsman drew particular attention to the problem and expressed concern about the rise in public complaints relating to alleged conflicts of interest on the part of police officers. Against this background, permission was granted by Victoria Police for a major study of conflict of interest complaints against police officers within their jurisdiction. Access was granted to all public complaint case files where conflict of interest was the focus of the allegations, from the period 1988???1998. A total of 377 usable complaints files were examined, involving 539 police officers. Through extensive examination and analysis of these complaint case files, a comprehensive map of the particular kinds of interest involved, the nature of the conflicts with official police duties, and the particular contexts within which conflicts of interest emerged, was developed. Analysis of the case files identified 25 different types of problems related to conflict of interest. These were spread across the private and public realms of police officers??? involvements. Previous studies of conflict of interest have focused largely on the opportunities for misconduct arising in the public realm of police work and police duty, largely neglecting attention to the private realm of the relationships and involvements of a police officer that give rise to conflicts of interest. In this study, the specific private interests that gave rise to problems were able to be identified in 35 percent of all cases. Three broad problem areas were identified: (i) outside employment, private business interests, political, social, and sporting interests and involvements; (ii) family-based involvements, especially those involving family law problems; and (iii) problematic personal relationships, including relationships with criminals, informers, and persons of ill repute. These conflicts of interest were related to a range of breaches of official police duty, including the misuse of police authority for personal or family benefit, the use of police position to facilitate personal relationships, and inappropriate disclosure of confidential police information. When the conflict of interest identified related specifically to a police officer???s official or public role as a member of the police force, the main types of misconduct identified included three broad areas: (i) the use and abuse of police powers and authority; (ii) the use and abuse of police resources, including information; and (iii) the receipt of gratuities and breaches of the law. These problems were shown to play out in a range of ways, encompassing such behaviours as misuse of the police identity, inappropriate accessing of police information, involvement in investigations where the police officer concerned has a personal interest in the matter, failing to take appropriate police action against friends, family, or associates, the exercise of improper influence in civil matters, and engagement in harassment and discrimination. This study offers some important conceptual developments in relation to the notion of conflict of interest, focusing on the importance of the distinction between a conflict of interest and an associated breach of duty. The study noted that it is often erroneously assumed by police that if there is no breach of duty evidenced, then there is no problem of conflict of interest. The study also offers an important insight into the oversight and accountability processes involved in Victoria Police, emphasising the importance and effectiveness of the oversight role of the office of the Victorian Ombudsman. Evidence also suggests that the internal review processes within Victoria Police are by-and-large stringent, and that senior police management are genuinely interested in making police officers more accountable for their actions. However, it is concluded that both front-line operational police officer and police management often have a limited understanding of conflict of interest, and problems attendant to conflicts of interest. The study???s insights into the problem of conflict of interest are significant insofar as this problem is related to police misconduct???ranging from minor to serious???of various kinds. Attention to the problem of conflict of interest may be an important element in preventing ???upstream??? police misconduct and corruption.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente tese tem por objetivo tratar do conflito de interesses na sociedade de economia mista. Referida sociedade tem na sua base constitutiva o conflito como elemento inerente. Por possuir capital público e privado, não é fácil solucionar facilmente os problemas que se apresentam no decorrer de sua existência frente à possibilidade de que o detentor do poder de controle pode decidir em prol do interesse público. E é visando limitar a má utilização do interesse público como resposta à tomada de decisões por parte do acionista controlador que se propõe uma mudança de paradigma. Para tanto, propõe-se analisar o papel do Estado empresário na atual conjuntura de limitação de intervenção do Estado na economia. Também é abordada a forma com que o poder Executivo vem intervindo no mercado, de forma a limitar a livre iniciativa e, por vezes, até mesmo eivada de certa inconstitucionalidade. No entanto, para evitar que haja afronta à Constituição no que diz respeito à exploração de atividade econômica por parte do Estado sem que sejam observados os limites constitucionais impostos, apresenta-se o meta-interesse como meio de solução. Sendo o meta-interesse o interesse da própria companhia, e considerando que o interesse público que fundamenta a autorização para a criação da sociedade de economia mista se extingue com a criação da referida companhia, tem-se que as normas que devem reger as sociedades de economia mista são as normas de direito privado. Com o meta-interesse o Estado passa a intervir na seara privada em igualdade de condições com as demais companhias, não podendo mais se valer de sua posição de acionista majoritário para tomar decisões que conflitem com o interesse da companhia e que privilegiem o interesse público secundário ou até mesmo o interesse político do Estado em detrimento do interesse social e dos acionistas minoritários. Dessa forma, o meta-interesse tem por finalidade colocar fim aos conflitos em relação à aplicação das normas jurídicas e as indefinições da própria natureza da sociedade de economia mista. / The nodal question of this thesis represents eventuals conflicts insurged on mixed capital companies. That typeof society have a particular constitutive element: conflits, sedimented in yourtwo nature constitutive capital public and private. It is not become easilier overcome hodiernal issues when the main controlling shareholder have to decide in public interest favor. It is proposed to change paradigms, in order to limit the misuse of public interest. Therefore, this work analyzes the role of Government as the main shareholder in the current situation of state intervention in the economy. Also covered is the way the executive branch hás intervened in the market, so as to limit free enterprise. Nevertheless to avoid that affront to Constitution with regard to the exploitation of economic activity by the state without being observed the constitutional limits imposed, we present the meta-interest as a means of solution. Being this concept the interest of the company itself, and considering that the public interest that justifies the authorization for creation of mixed capital company is extinguished with creation of this company, we have that the norms that should govern societies mixed are the rules of private law. On the logic of the meta-interesse, the state shall intervene in the private sphere on equal terms with other companies. However, his position as majority shareholder to make decisions that conflict with the interests of the company can no longer be used. Besides the public and political interest can not violate the social interest of minority shareholders. Therefore, the meta-interesse is intended to put na end to conflicts related to the application of legal standards and the uncertainties in the nature of company of mixed economy.

Cette thèse, sous forme de trois articles, tente d’expliquer le déclin des bourses organisées au profit de nouvelles plateformes de transaction, à la lumière des récents changements de gouvernance et réglementaires. Les deux premiers articles évaluent l’influence de quatre types d’actionnariat (flottant, courtiers, investisseurs financiers et actionnaires stratégiques) sur la performance de l’entreprise. Il existe une corrélation positive de la performance avec l’actionnariat institutionnel,et négative avec le flottant et avec les investisseurs stratégiques. Le deuxième article –six études de cas– valide ces résultats. L’analyse plus détaillée des actionnaires stratégiques montre que ceux-ci créent de la valeur quand ils sont fondateurs; la détruisent quand ils sont des dirigeants salariés; et augmentent la volatilité des performances de l’entreprise dans les cas de prise de contrôle avortée par un concurrent.Le troisième article analyse l’effet conjugué des changements réglementaires et technologiques. A travers une approche par comparaisons de moyennes, il apparait que les marchés exposés à la déréglementation souffrent plus de la concurrence des plateformes électroniques que les autres bourses.Cette thèse introduit deux nouveaux concepts: le «principal quasi-agent» (un actionnaire qui réduit la valeur de son investissement en raison de ses conflits d’intérêt) et l’«effet adjuvant» (ou comment la réglementation démultiplie les effets concurrentiels permis par les avancées technologiques). / This dissertation consists of three articles, examining the performance of demutualized securities exchanges from 2000 to 2011, in view of changes in governance and regulation. The first part is an empirical study of the influence of each type of shareholder (financial investor, broker, strategic or widely-held shares). The results show that fragmented owner ship is correlated with lower performance and investment managers’ presence with higher performance; strategic investors are on balance detrimental to shareholder value. The second article looks at the same exchanges individually, through case studies. The findings of the first article are validated.However,a closer look at strategic investors shows three outcomes : when they consist of founders, they increase shareholder value; when they are employed managers,they decrease it; and when the strategic investor is a competitor, the target company’s performance becomes more volatile. The third article looks at the combination of technology and regulation.Through mean comparisons and a difference-in-differences approach, this section shows that recent market deregulation has allowed high-tech start-ups to challenge the dominance of the established exchanges, just like previous coincidences of regulatory and technological change resulted in significant market up heavals: the disappearance of London’s jobbers following Big Bang and the Eurocurrency market displacing New York as a major center for dollar borrowing and lending. This dissertation introduces two new concepts: “quasi-agent principals”(shareholders who destroy value in their investment as a result of their conflicts of interest) and the “adjuvant effect” (when the combined effect of regulation and technology is a multiple of the effects of each).

Bevarandet av jordbruksmark i stadsnära lägen har under en längre tid, inom den fysiska planeringen, bortprioriteras. Omständigheter som pandemi, krig och klimatförändringar har gjort att frågor som berör jordbruksmark återigen har lyfts upp till ytan. Syftet med denna uppsats är därför att, utifrån en rådande samhällsutveckling, bidra med en ökad förståelse för vilka drivkrafter som ligger till grund för markanvändningsförändringar på jordbruksmark i Linköpings kommun. Detta eftersom jordbruksmark som tas i anspråk för bebyggelse och exploatering kan ses som problematisk ur både ett nationellt och internationellt livsmedelsförsörjningsperspektiv. Studiens empiri samlades in genom  kvalitativa intervjuer och analyserades sedan med hjälp av teori rörande drivkrafter och markanvändningsförändringar och tematisk analys. Resultatet av vår uppsats, med förankring i tidigare forskning, påvisar en problematik i hur jordbruksmark idag hanteras inom den fysiska planeringen. Detta eftersom ett flertal olika faktorer pekar på brister när det kommer till ansvar och förvaltande av jordbruksmark. / The preservation of agricultural land in locations close to the city has for a long time been de-prioritized in physical planning. Circumstances such as pandemic, war and climate change have meant that issues affecting agricultural land have once again been raised to the surface. The purpose of this study is therefore to, based on a contemporary context, contribute to an increased understanding of the driving forces underlying land use changes on agricultural land in Linköping municipality. This is because agricultural land that is used for development and exploitation can be seen as problematic from both a national and international food supply perspective. The study's empirical evidence was collected through qualitative interviews and then analyzed using theory regarding driving forces and land use changes and thematic analysis. The result of our essay, based on previous research, demonstrates a problem in how agricultural land is managed today within physical planning. This is because a number of different factors point to shortcomings when it comes to responsibility and management of agricultural land.

No description available.

我國加入WTO後，保險市場加速開放，保險行銷亦走向多元化，而保險經紀人屬於保險行銷之一環，因此如何健全保險經紀市場以維護保險業之正常運作，並兼顧消費者權益，實係監理機關之一大課題。 2004年10月14日，美國紐約州檢察官史匹哲（Eliot Spitzer）正式起訴國際保險經紀人，此起訴案為保險經紀業界投入震撼彈，引發保險經紀人之利益衝突等問題。而我國亦隨之檢討保險經紀人於保險交易中，雙重代理及保單條件與再保條件不一致之問題。因此如何避免保險經紀人之利益衝突，並尋求解決之道，無疑係現階段各國監理機關之重要課題。 而本文以「論保險經紀人之自律規範與法令遵循」為題，嘗試先就保險經紀人之利益衝突之態樣、國內外案例及解決方法做一探討；其次再就美國、歐洲、巴塞爾銀行監理委員會及國際保險監理官協會等之法令遵循計畫做介紹，嘗試為我國保險經紀人之法令遵循制度勾勒完整之藍圖；再其次針對英國金融服務管理局、保險監理官協會、紐約州之保險經紀人自律規範為介紹，引導出我國保險經紀人自律規範之立法走向；最後做一評析與建議。 / Since the entrance into WTO, the market of insurance is opened speedily and the marketing of insurance also trends to diversify in Taiwan. To be a part of insurance marketing, it is essential for the regulatory to enhance the operation of market of insurance brokers regularly and protect the rights of consumers. In 14 Oct,2004, the New York Attorney General Spitzer filed a civil suit in State Supreme Court in Manhattan, bringing charges of fraud and antitrust violations against leading insurance broker Marsh & McLennan Cos. (MMC). This case shocked the industry of insurance brokers and emerged the scandals of conflict of interest. Therefore the fierce debate on dual brokerage and difference in condition during the process of insurance mediation was going on in Taiwan. So undoubtedly the most important task of the regulatory all over the world right now is to avoid the conflict of interest of insurance brokers and solve it . The main theme of this paper focuses on the issue of Code Of Conduct And Legal Compliance Of Insurance Brokers. In the first place, the forms of conflict of interest of insurance brokers in Taiwan and overseas are addressed and the solutions are suggested. Second, some models of the legal compliance are examined, including U.S., Europe, Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and International Association of Insurance Supervisors. And the structure of legal compliance of insurance brokers in Taiwan is established. Third, the codes of conduct of insurance brokers abroad, ex: the Financial Services Authority of UK, National Association of Insurance and the Insurance Department of New York State are introduced. Then the guidance of code of conduct of insurance brokers in Taiwan is proposed. As possible contribution to the reform of insurance brokers in Taiwan, some conclusive remarks and suggestions are submitted in the final place.

Dans un contexte d'instabilité économique, force est de constater que les remises en question du libéralisme économique s'intensifient, mettant ainsi l'accent sur l'importance de la réglementation pour la protection des investisseurs ainsi que l'efficience des marchés financiers. Souvent associés aux conséquences d'un manque d'encadrement, les fonds de couverture représentent des cibles de choix pour ceux qui cherchent à expliquer l'effondrement majeur des marchés, tout en prônant un interventionnisme accru des autorités gouvernementales. Pour mieux comprendre les tenants et aboutissants de cette industrie, la présente étude propose une vue d'ensemble des caractéristiques fondamentales des fonds de couverture, tant sous l'angle de leur structure organisationnelle que de leur encadrement réglementaire. À cet égard, il importe de jauger les principaux enjeux découlant des règles applicables à l'administration d'un fonds, particulièrement sur le plan de la transparence informationnelle et au niveau de la gouvernance interne. Ces deux éléments constituant les pierres angulaires de la présente analyse, notre étude offrira finalement une réflexion sur l'approche réglementaire à privilégier, et ce, en tenant compte des particularités des fonds de couverture. Dans un même ordre d'idées, le rôle des divers intermédiaires professionnels sera abordé afin d'élargir notre compréhension de la question sous étude. L'objet de cette étude n'est pas d'apporter une solution complète et définitive à ces enjeux, mais bien d'offrir des pistes de réflexions pouvant servir de balises à une étude subséquente de la question, laquelle devra par ailleurs tenir compte du rôle assumé par les fonds de couverture ainsi que du statut particulier qu'ils occupent sur les marchés financiers. / In a context of economic instability, economic liberalism is being questioned particularly with respect to the importance of regulation for investor protection and efficiency of financial markets. Hedge funds, which are often associated with the consequences of a lack of regulation, represent perfect targets for those seeking to explain the major collapse of markets and who advocate increased interventionism of governments. To better understand the ins and outs of this industry, this study provides an overview of the fundamental characteristics of hedge funds, both in terms of their organizational structure and their regulatory framework. In this regard, it is important to gauge the key issues arising from the rules applicable to the administration of a fund, particularly in terms of transparency and internal governance. Those elements constitute the two comerstones of this analysis and our study will address the regulatory approach to foster, taking into account the specific characteristics of hedge funds. Moreover, the role of various intermediaries will be addressed in order to broaden our comprehension of the question being examined. The purpose of this study is not to provide a complete and definitive solution but to offer some ideas that may serve to further study of the issue, which study should consider the role of hedge funds and their place in financial markets.

This thesis considers the role of former politician and journalist Radek John in an investigative programme Bez cenzury on TV Barrandov. Even though John was a politician and leader of Czech political party Věci veřejné, he decided to return to journalism. He did so with no intention of resigning his chair in the Chamber of Deputies, part of the Parliament of the Czech Republic. With this in mind, this could be considered as a specific representation of political parallelism. This study describes specific cases where Radek John might have acted contrary to normative journalistic values and journalism ethics. Furthermore, the thesis analyses the possibility that Radek John's own political interests and opinions affected the television programme itself. The research is conducted using the method of a case study which combines qualitative and quantitative content analysis, qualitative interviews and other research methods. Consequently, the analysis found signs of biased reporting in the programme's introduction and some stories, which reflected Radek John's antipathy towards traditional political parties and their leaders. However, the research did not reveal any direct support of Věci veřejné or their representatives. Furthermore, the thesis also presents media, academic and political responses to...

Le marché français, caractérisé en particulier par une forte segmentation, d’une faible sophistication des investisseurs et une domination des banques, serait peu compétitif. Sur le plan théorique, nous cherchons à illustrer, à l’aide des deux modèles simples, les effets d’une absence relative de compétition entre les fonds. Le premier met en évidence le rôle de la compétition dans la création des incitations implicites. Le second tente d’illustrer le fait que cette absence de compétition (liée à la domination des banques sur le marché français) conduirait à une performance plus faible pour les fonds. Sur le plan empirique, nous vérifions, d’une part, l’existence de ce manque de compétition du marché français. D’autre part, nous mettons en évidence l’existence d’un conflit d’intérêt direct entre les investisseurs et les fonds, résultant direct du manque de compétition du marché. Au niveau de la rentabilité des fonds, le manque de compétition du marché reflète dans le fait que les investisseurs ne réagissent pas fortement à la rentabilité relative des fonds. Au niveau des frais, l’insensibilité des investisseurs individuels aux frais des fonds pourrait traduire une moindre concurrence du marché. Nous observons également une discrimination par les frais entre les investisseurs institutionnels et les investisseurs individuels. Ces derniers paient plus chers pour une rentabilité plus faible. Toutefois, le marché commence à montrer des signes de compétition, reflétant dans le fait que les investisseurs individuels commencent à faire attention au rapport qualité-prix des fonds. Par ailleurs, un plus grand degré de sophistication des investisseurs institutionnels pourrait expliquer le fait que nous ne constatons aucun lien entre les frais et la rentabilité des fonds dans ce segment. En effet, ces investisseurs, susceptibles d’être plus sophistiqués, pourraient estimer la qualité de la gestion par des mesures plus complexes de la performance. Enfin, nous fournissons une preuve de l’existence d’un conflit d’intérêt entre les investisseurs et les fonds : les déséconomies d’échelle de performance. / The French market, characterized especially by a strong segmentation, low sophistication of investors and a domination of banks, would not be competitive. On the theoretical side, we try to illustrate, using two simple models, the effects of a lack of competition. The first one highlights the role of competition in the creation of implicit incentives. The second one shows that the lack of competition leads to weak funds’ performance. Empirically, we verify firstly the existence of this lack of competition in the French market. Secondly, we show the existence of a conflict of interest between investors and funds. The lack of competition reflects by the fact that investors do not react strongly to funds’ performance and individual investors are not sensitive to fund fees. We also observe a price discrimination between institutional and individual investors. The latter pays more for lower return. However, the market begins to show some signs of competition. In fact, individual investors start to pay attention to the “price-quality” rapport. In addition, a greater degree of sophistication of institutional investors may explain the fact that we do not obtain any relation between fees and return in this segment. Indeed, these investors may be more sophisticated and could estimate the quality of a fund by more complex measures of performance. Finally, we provide evidence for the existence of a conflict of interest between investors and funds: diseconomies of scale.

Dans un contexte d'instabilité économique, force est de constater que les remises en question du libéralisme économique s'intensifient, mettant ainsi l'accent sur l'importance de la réglementation pour la protection des investisseurs ainsi que l'efficience des marchés financiers. Souvent associés aux conséquences d'un manque d'encadrement, les fonds de couverture représentent des cibles de choix pour ceux qui cherchent à expliquer l'effondrement majeur des marchés, tout en prônant un interventionnisme accru des autorités gouvernementales. Pour mieux comprendre les tenants et aboutissants de cette industrie, la présente étude propose une vue d'ensemble des caractéristiques fondamentales des fonds de couverture, tant sous l'angle de leur structure organisationnelle que de leur encadrement réglementaire. À cet égard, il importe de jauger les principaux enjeux découlant des règles applicables à l'administration d'un fonds, particulièrement sur le plan de la transparence informationnelle et au niveau de la gouvernance interne. Ces deux éléments constituant les pierres angulaires de la présente analyse, notre étude offrira finalement une réflexion sur l'approche réglementaire à privilégier, et ce, en tenant compte des particularités des fonds de couverture. Dans un même ordre d'idées, le rôle des divers intermédiaires professionnels sera abordé afin d'élargir notre compréhension de la question sous étude. L'objet de cette étude n'est pas d'apporter une solution complète et définitive à ces enjeux, mais bien d'offrir des pistes de réflexions pouvant servir de balises à une étude subséquente de la question, laquelle devra par ailleurs tenir compte du rôle assumé par les fonds de couverture ainsi que du statut particulier qu'ils occupent sur les marchés financiers. / In a context of economic instability, economic liberalism is being questioned particularly with respect to the importance of regulation for investor protection and efficiency of financial markets. Hedge funds, which are often associated with the consequences of a lack of regulation, represent perfect targets for those seeking to explain the major collapse of markets and who advocate increased interventionism of governments. To better understand the ins and outs of this industry, this study provides an overview of the fundamental characteristics of hedge funds, both in terms of their organizational structure and their regulatory framework. In this regard, it is important to gauge the key issues arising from the rules applicable to the administration of a fund, particularly in terms of transparency and internal governance. Those elements constitute the two comerstones of this analysis and our study will address the regulatory approach to foster, taking into account the specific characteristics of hedge funds. Moreover, the role of various intermediaries will be addressed in order to broaden our comprehension of the question being examined. The purpose of this study is not to provide a complete and definitive solution but to offer some ideas that may serve to further study of the issue, which study should consider the role of hedge funds and their place in financial markets.