Variations and other changes to public contracts under FIDIC standard forms Abstract This thesis deals with variations and other change institutes according to the FIDIC Red Book (hereinafter referred to as "CONS") enforced under the Act No. 134/2016 Coll., On Public Procurement, as amended. The main aim of this thesis is to analyze the possibility to effectively implement complex construction projects in the Czech legal environment, especially with regard to the fact that individual complex construction projects deal with, in their implementation phase, the necessity to change the work, the price for the work, but also the time of completion and handover of a work due to unforeseeable or unforeseen circumstances. The law of public procurement, with reference to the principles of free competition and, in order to ensure the effectiveness of the management of public funds, limits the possibility of the public contract modifications by means of the doctrine of the substantial and non-substantial modification. Large construction projects often exceed the estimated value of the public contract by more than 100 %, which puts a great deal of pressure on the correct and lawful subsumption of changes under the legal grounds of modifications of the contract according to section 222 of the Act on Public Procurement....

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:08:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_9313_Dissertação_Final_Vanderson.pdf: 7047661 bytes, checksum: cbfad2acca85e02ddc971a4ed40ee031 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-23 / O trabalho discute a produção do espaço urbano da cidade de Vitória - ES pela construção imobiliária entre as décadas finais do século XIX e as primeiras décadas do século XX. O desenvolvimento do trabalho seguiu pautado pelo estudo das formas de produção da construção numa perspectiva histórica com a finalidade de investigar e compreender as características de cada forma de produção e do processo produtivo da construção. O recorte temporal estabelecido para a pesquisa foi definido pelas formas de produção da construção verificadas durante o processo de construção da cidade. Até a abolição da escravatura, o trabalho do escravo foi plenamente utilizado nas construções por encomenda em Vitória. O aluguel de escravos no trabalho de construir gerava um ganho na forma de renda ao proprietário de escravos. Com o fim da escravidão, observou-se que os imóveis urbanos assumiram o papel de objeto de valor para os proprietários. A transição do trabalho escravo para o trabalho livre também repercutiu no setor da construção. A chegada dos imigrantes europeus, principalmente dos italianos, em Vitória trouxe mudanças no processo de construção da cidade. O italiano difundiu o uso de novos materiais e novas técnicas construtivas que contribuíram para o embelezamento da cidade e para a valorização dos imóveis. Contudo, a formação do mercado imobiliário se deu de maneira lenta na cidade. A construção de moradias para a venda, em Vitória, só ocorreu a partir dos anos 1950. Desta forma, este trabalho investigou o desenvolvimento da construção imobiliária em Vitória tendo por base as formas de produção da construção e o desenvolvimento do processo produtivo deste setor.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T22:53:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_8172_2014_GUERRA.pdf: 1435099 bytes, checksum: 6edf3f6da8980dbcf97d47a26005f44b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-02 / A demanda por água do setor agrícola vem crescendo a cada ano, bem como o aperfeiçoamento do manejo da irrigação. Ainda assim, em locais onde a água encontra-se escassa, os conflitos entre usos e usuários devido a disputas para acesso à água tendem a se intensificar. Na maioria das vezes esse problema está relacionado à ausência de cobertura florestal, levando, por vezes, a problemas socioambientais. Nesse contexto, a pesquisa buscou avaliar o impacto da implantação de sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs) irrigados na condição hídrica local (de escassez), estabelecendo-se estratégias que os torne atrativos ambientalsocial- e economicamente. Assim, por meio de simulação computacional, alternativas de consórcios agroflorestais foram avaliadas, tomando-se como referência uma região piloto, típica da agricultura espírito-santense, constituída por pequenas propriedades agrícolas de base familiar, inseridas parcialmente em APPs. As espécies banana, pupunha e goiaba foram selecionadas para compor os cenários agroflorestais. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que os SAFs irrigados são uma alternativa no sentido de minimizar os conflitos por demandas de água em regiões de escassez hídrica, com a redução de tais demandas o comprometimento de rendimentos financeiros. Além disso, os SAFs são alternativas para diversificação da renda e para tentar controlar a sazonalidade dos preços de mercado.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T14:33:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 408949.pdf: 150224 bytes, checksum: 937da52d9947406c3080587f2ea48a92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-29 / O objetivo desta disserta??o ? examinar o instituto do cons?rcio p?blico estabelecido pela Lei Federal n.? 11.107/05, verificando sua pertin?ncia e grau de aplicabilidade na efetiva??o de pol?ticas p?blicas garantidoras da efic?cia dos direitos fundamentais ? sa?de e ao meio ambiente equilibrado. Os m?todos utilizados na abordagem s?o o dedutivo e o hipot?ticodedutivo. Em termos de procedimento, s?o utilizados os m?todos hist?rico e comparativo. O m?todo de interpreta??o jur?dica ? o t?pico-sistem?tico. A Se??o I aborda os fundamentos doutrin?rios sobre cons?rcios p?blicos, nos quais define-se cons?rcio p?blico como um acordo entre entes federativos visando ? consecu??o de objetivos de interesses comuns, possuindo, portanto, natureza contratual. Tomando por ponto de partida temporal a Constitui??o Federal de 1988, a Se??o II investiga os elementos normativos atualmente existentes em nossa ordem jur?dica sobre cons?rcios p?blicos com vistas a delinear com maior precis?o o quadro legal dos cons?rcios p?blicos em nosso pa?s na atualidade, concluindo pela exist?ncia de um regime jur?dico consolidado em nosso pa?s, suficiente para garantir a necess?ria seguran?a jur?dica aos entes interessados em constituir cons?rcios p?blicos, composto, em n?vel federal, pelas seguintes normas: Lei n? 8.080/90 (Lei Org?nica da Sa?de, art. 10), Lei n? 9.433/97 (Pol?tica Nacional de Recursos H?dricos, art. 47 e 51), Emenda Constitucional n? 19/98 (Reforma Administrativa do Estado), Lei n? 11.107/05 (Lei dos Cons?rcios P?blicos), Lei n? 11.445/07 (Diretrizes Nacionais de Saneamento B?sico, art. 13, 15, inc. II, e 16) e Decreto n? 6.017/07 (Regulamenta??o da Lei dos Cons?rcios). A Se??o III examina a possibilidade de utiliza??o dos cons?rcios p?blicos na implementa??o de pol?ticas p?blicas, destacando-se a necessidade e import?ncia das fases de planejamento e controle de tais pol?ticas no ?mbito da entidade consorcial. Esta se??o tamb?m dedica aten??o especial aos aspectos ligados ? responsabilidade civil do Estado por danos decorrentes de falhas de planejamento. Por fim, a Se??o IV estuda a utiliza??o dos cons?rcios p?blicos na efetiva??o dos direitos fundamentais ? sa?de e ao meio ambiente, abordando os principais conceitos constitucionais ligados ? mat?ria, concluindo pela possibilidade de utiliza??o do instituto consorcial na efetiva??o dos direitos fundamentais ? sa?de e ao meio ambiente equilibrado, confirmando a intuitiva no??o da import?ncia dos cons?rcios p?blicos enquanto ferramentas ?teis na efetiva??o de pol?ticas p?blicas.

Abstract There have been few studies on brand extensions in a Pakistan context. In this thesis, we study brand extensions in Pakistan from viewpoint of Brand Managers as their analysis coupled with their personal preferences can provide interesting insights for forming a successful brand extension strategy. Since T. Gamble first published an article about brand extensions (1967) there has been a growing interest for the topic. With the passage of time the inbuilt benefits of brand extensions in terms of cost and higher success rates were captured by companies in developing countries like Pakistan. In this thesis, we make theoretical arguments for, and show empirically that growth may not be the ultimate objective for companies in Pakistan. Instead, companies are compelled to follow the bandwagon so as to match competitors. It has been indicated that small firms might be in a better position to take advantage of below-the-line promotions in comparison to larger firms. Cannibalization of sales due to brand extensions was described to be non-existent in Pakistan until a company embarks on e-commerce initiative. Successful brand extensions, as defined by the brand managers are measured in terms of independent sales and market share captured by a brand stretch. Based on how the brand managers in this study perceived brand extensions, it could be a feasible marketing strategy in Pakistan. Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to explore the use of brand extension strategies in the Pakistan context. We will try to achieve this purpose by answering the following questions. 1)      Why do companies in general and specially in Pakistan use brand extension?                                                                   2)      Do the general pros and cons of brand extension hold the same applicability in Pakistan? 3)      How brand managers in Pakistan describe a successful brand extension? Method A qualitative method was incorporated in order to achieve our exploratory purpose of the study. In total, we performed five interviews. Three extensive telephone interviews were carried out with brand managers representing three seasoned companies from the domain of healthcare (Z-Jans), retailing (Chen One) and dairy foods industries (Haleeb) for finding out brand managers viewpoint on brand extensions in Pakistan. These interviews were conducted via telephone and recorded for our thesis purposes. In addition, one of the authors visited Pakistan and conducted two face-to-face interviews with Lakson Group of Industries (media, fast food and consumer goods) and Servis Group which is operating in (Shoes, Pharmacies, Tires & Tube) businesses. Conclusion It is suggested that the concept of brand manager is in the rudimentary stages of development in Pakistan. One reason for this is that domestic companies are carrying out brand extensions under the heading of marketing managers compared with Multinationals (MNEs) whose brand extensions strategies are mostly prepared at their headquarters. It has also been indicated that small companies could benefit the most from brand extension in terms of attaining greater consumer trials, increased market share, and growth by competing in international markets as they can easily use a mixture of Below-the-line and Above-the-line promotions for their extensions. A good distribution channel coupled with a strong brand portfolio can facilitate success for brand extension as the companies can then negotiate with dealers and retailers from a position of strength. Due to the huge population in Pakistan companies might neglect the fact that their brand extensions can fail. Since, the population is very large it might be hard for small and medium sized companies to cover the whole country and to find out in reality if their brand extension was a success on a country wide basis.  It has also been concluded that majority of the consumers are photo-literate with no or very little formal education therefore they find difficult to assess brand extensions and to make educated brand buying decision in light of quality standards. The market as a whole is price sensitive (low prices) so brand extensions with good price and value for customer are more likely to perform well over Pakistan market.

<p>Abstract</p><p>There have been few studies on brand extensions in a Pakistan context. In this thesis, we study brand extensions in Pakistan from viewpoint of Brand Managers as their analysis coupled with their personal preferences can provide interesting insights for forming a successful brand extension strategy. Since T. Gamble first published an article about brand extensions (1967) there has been a growing interest for the topic. With the passage of time the inbuilt benefits of brand extensions in terms of cost and higher success rates were captured by companies in developing countries like Pakistan. In this thesis, we make theoretical arguments for, and show empirically that growth may not be the ultimate objective for companies in Pakistan. Instead, companies are compelled to follow the bandwagon so as to match competitors. It has been indicated that small firms might be in a better position to take advantage of below-the-line promotions in comparison to larger firms. Cannibalization of sales due to brand extensions was described to be non-existent in Pakistan until a company embarks on e-commerce initiative. Successful brand extensions, as defined by the brand managers are measured in terms of independent sales and market share captured by a brand stretch. Based on how the brand managers in this study perceived brand extensions, it could be a feasible marketing strategy in Pakistan.</p><p><strong>Purpose</strong></p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to explore the use of brand extension strategies in the Pakistan context. We will try to achieve this purpose by answering the following questions.</p><p>1)      Why do companies in general and specially in Pakistan use brand extension?                                                                   <strong></strong></p><p>2)      Do the general pros and cons of brand extension hold the same applicability in Pakistan?</p><p>3)      How brand managers in Pakistan describe a successful brand extension?<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Method</strong></p><p>A qualitative method was incorporated in order to achieve our exploratory purpose of the study. In total, we performed five interviews. Three extensive telephone interviews were carried out with brand managers representing three seasoned companies from the domain of healthcare (Z-Jans), retailing (Chen One) and dairy foods industries (Haleeb) for finding out brand managers viewpoint on brand extensions in Pakistan. These interviews were conducted via telephone and recorded for our thesis purposes. In addition, one of the authors visited Pakistan and conducted two face-to-face interviews with Lakson Group of Industries <em>(media, fast food and consumer goods)</em><em> </em>and Servis Group which is operating in <em>(Shoes, Pharmacies, Tires & Tube) </em>businesses<strong>.</strong></p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p><p>It is suggested that the concept of brand manager is in the rudimentary stages of development in Pakistan. One reason for this is that domestic companies are carrying out brand extensions under the heading of marketing managers compared with Multinationals (MNEs) whose brand extensions strategies are mostly prepared at their headquarters. It has also been indicated that small companies could benefit the most from brand extension in terms of attaining greater consumer trials, increased market share, and growth by competing in international markets as they can easily use a mixture of Below-the-line and Above-the-line promotions for their extensions. A good distribution channel coupled with a strong brand portfolio can facilitate success for brand extension as the companies can then negotiate with dealers and retailers from a position of strength. Due to the huge population in Pakistan companies might neglect the fact that their brand extensions can fail. Since, the population is very large it might be hard for small and medium sized companies to cover the whole country and to find out in reality if their brand extension was a success on a country wide basis.  It has also been concluded that majority of the consumers are photo-literate with no or very little formal education therefore they find difficult to assess brand extensions and to make educated brand buying decision in light of quality standards. The market as a whole is price sensitive (low prices) so brand extensions with good price and value for customer are more likely to perform well over Pakistan market.</p>

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-13T14:24:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Nilcileny da Silva Batista.pdf: 1300906 bytes, checksum: 7fcd57ffebf02aa316ae9107cf971e8d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-13T14:24:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Nilcileny da Silva Batista.pdf: 1300906 bytes, checksum: 7fcd57ffebf02aa316ae9107cf971e8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Ag?ncia Norueguesa de Coopera??o para o Desenvolvimento, NORAD, Noruega. / The soil management in organic production systems requires the use of technologies that allow maintaining and improving their properties. In this sense, the use of alternatives such as intercropping, biochar, organic fertilization and inoculation with plant growth promoting bacteria in agriculture has been associated with improvements in productivity. In a first experiment, we evaluated the production of cassava in an intercropping system with maize and beans in different arrangements under organic farming. The experiment was carried out in SIPA, "Fazendinha Agroecol?gica Km 47", Serop?dica, RJ. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five treatments and four replications. The treatments were: cassava, maize, cassava + maize + beans, cassava + maize, beans and maize. The dimension of the experimental plots was 6 x 5 m and 8 linear meters were sampled to evaluate the productivity of beans and maize. Twelve plants per plot were evaluated for cassava. The sowing of beans and maize took place at the same day cassava was planted. Beans were harvested at 90 days and the following variables were evaluated: yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and weight of 100 grains. The maize was harvested at 91, 92 and 100 days after sowing (DAS) and the productivity of husked and dehusked spikes, spike length and spike diameter were measured. The cassava was harvested at 354 DAP after planting and the following variables were evaluated: productivity of roots and shoots, length and diameter of the roots. There was no significance for cassava production. However, the area equivalency index for the maize and cassava intercrop indicated an advantage of this system over the others. In a second experiment, we evaluated the potential of biochar and its interaction with microbial inoculants and organic fertilizer on crop performance. These tecnologies were evaluated in a crop rotation system: maize (Zea mays) var. Caatingueiro and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) cv. Alessa were used in the first and second cycles, respectively. Maize seeds were inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense and beans with both Rhizobium tropici and Azospirillum brasilense. The experiment was in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial scheme, with eight treatments and three replications, and the experimental design was a randomized block design. The treatments were the combinations of the presence or absence of three factors (biochar, fertilizer and inoculation. The biochar was applied at the dose of 15 Mg ha-?. The organic fertilizer ?Bokashi? was applied at the dose of 113 kg ha-? N. The plots were 3.0 x 3.50 m. The maize was harvested at 90 DAP and the following variables were measured: yield, weight of 100 g, length and diameter of spikes. The snap beans were harvested at 60 DAP and pod productivity and shoot biomass were evaluated. In maize fertilization and inoculation influenced weight of 100 grains under the conditions studied. For coinoculation beans green influenced dry matter mass and pods number, biochar influenced number of pods and dry mass of shoots in the presence of residual fertilization. We can conclude that the intercrop system and that the use biochar, Bokashi fertilization and, especially, inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria are possible alternatives for the production of cassava, maize and beans in organic farming. / O manejo do solo em sistemas org?nicos de produ??o requer o uso de tecnologias que permitam manter e aumentar sua produtividade. Neste sentido, o cons?rcio de culturas e o uso de biocarv?o, fertiliza??o com adubos org?nicos e a inocula??o com bact?rias promotoras do crescimento de plantas est?o entre as alternativas dispon?veis que t?m sido associadas ao aumento de produtividade. Num primeiro experimento, objetivou-se avaliar o consorcio de mandioca var. Ouro da Bahia, feij?o (Phaseolus vulgaris) cv. Valente e milho (Zea mays) var. Eldorado em diferentes arranjos, sob manejo org?nico. O experimento foi conduzido no SIPA ?Fazendinha Agroecol?gica Km 47?. O delineamento foi de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repeti??es a saber: Mandioca solteira, Mandioca + milho + feij?o, Mandioca + milho, Milho + feij?o e Milho solteiro. As parcelas tinham 6x5 m. com oito metros lineares de ?rea ?til para feij?o e milho por parcela. Para mandioca, foram analisadas doze plantas por parcela. O plantio dos consortes ocorreu no mesmo dia do plantio da mandioca. O feij?o foi colhido aos 90 dias e foram avaliados: produtividade, n?mero de vagens por planta, n?mero de gr?os por vagem e peso de 100 gr?os. O milho foi colhido aos 91, 92 e 100 DAP e foram avaliada produtividade de espigas, comprimento e di?metro das espigas. Aos 354 DAP, colheu-se a mandioca para avaliar: produtividade de ra?zes e parte a?rea, comprimento e di?metro das ra?zes. N?o houve diferen?a significativa para produtividade da mandioca, mais houve diferen?a para produtividade de feij?o e do milho. O ?ndice de Equival?ncia de ?rea (IEA) de 1,26 para o cons?rcio mandioca e milho, indicou vantagem. Num segundo experimento, objetivou-se avaliar o potencial do biocarv?o e sua intera??o com inoculantes e fertiliza??o org?nica no desempenho de cultivos. Para tal, foi realizado um cultivo em sucess?o onde, no primeiro ciclo foi utilizado o milho var. Caatingueiro e no segundo ciclo o feij?o vagem cv. Alessa. As sementes de milho foram inoculadas com Azospirillum brasilense e as de feij?o vagem com Rhizobium tropici e Azospirillum brasilense. O experimento foi um fatorial 2 x 2 x 2, com oito tratamentos entre combina??es dos fatores biocarv?o, aduba??o e inocula??o (presen?a e aus?ncia) e tr?s repeti??es. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso. Aplicou-se a lan?o15 Mg ha-? de biocarv?o por parcela. A fertiliza??o, com composto Bokashi, foi 113 kg ha-? de N. As parcelas tinham 3,0 x 3,50 m. O milho foi colhido aos 90 DAP e analisou-se: produtividade, peso de 100 gr?os, comprimento e di?metro de espigas. O feij?o vagem foi colhido aos 60 DAP e foram analisados produtividade de vagem e parte a?rea. Para o milho a aduba??o e a inocula??o influenciaram massa de 100 gr?os, nas condi??es estudadas. No feij?o vagem, a inocula??o influenciou massa seca de vagens e numero de vagens, o biocarv?o influenciou n?mero de vagens e massa seca de parte a?rea na presen?a de aduba??o residual. Pode-se concluir que o cons?rcio, a inocula??o, aduba??o org?nica s?o alternativas poss?veis para incrementar produtividade de culturas, a renda e seguran?a alimentar do produtor

For many years coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CoNS), skin commensals, were regarded as mere contaminants. However, in recent decades, they emerged as important agents of nosocomial infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients and patients with biomaterials. This is attributed to increasing antimicrobial resistance by these microorganisms, and oxacillin resistance was the main mechanism presented by CoNS. Thus, this study aimed to characterize this resistance, as well as the susceptibility of 160 isolates of CoNS obtained from patients admitted to HUSM, and also compare phenotypic tests used in laboratory detection of oxacillin resistance with genotypic detection of mecA gene, considered the gold standard. The antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by the qualitative technique of disk diffusion (CLSI 2009), as well as by semi-quantitative method (MicroScan ®). The phenotypic detection of resistance was performed by using cefoxitin and oxacillin disk. The genotypic identification of mecA gene was performed by PCR. Together with the molecular detection of mecA gene was performed the detection of gene icaD, responsible for biofilm formation. S. epidermidis (62%) was the main species identified among the samples selected for this study, and the prevalent clinical material was blood (38%). Due to the fact that they are skin commensals, an evaluation of clinical significance of the selected samples was performed. It presented that 48% of the isolates were considered more likely to be the etiologic agents of infections. The adult and neonatal ICUs represent prevalent clinical units in isolation of CoNS, with 33% and 29% of the isolates, respectively. Regarding the antimicrobial susceptibility, a high rate of resistance among the isolates was observed. These were grouped into seven prevalent susceptibility profiles, in which three were characterized by resistance to most of the antimicrobials tested. All strains were susceptible to linezolid, teicoplanin and tigecycline, in total 59 isolates (36.8%). All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. Through the results of phenotypic tests, 89% and 94% of the isolates were characterized as oxacillin resistant by using cefoxitin and oxacillin disks, respectively. The molecular technique revealed that 79% of isolates carried mecA gene. A susceptibility of 96% to cefoxitin disk and 95% to oxacillin disk could be found from the statistical analysis when compared to the gold standard. Biofilm formation was observed in 45% of samples tested, in which S. epidermidis has been identified as prevalent in positive biofilm samples (74%). The phenotypic methods used in this study are equivalent for detecting oxacillin resistance when compared to the gold standard, and the use of oxacillin disk together with cefoxitin disk should be encouraged, since the oxacillin disk can identify other resistance mechanisms not mediated by mecA. In relation to susceptibility of the isolates, there was a high resistance to first-choice antimicrobial used for the treatment of CoNS. / Por muitos anos os Staphylococcus coagulase negativos (SCoN), comensais da pele, foram considerados como simples contaminantes. No entanto, nas últimas décadas, emergiram como importantes agentes de infecções nosocomiais, principalmente em imunocomprometidos e portadores de biomateriais. Isso é atribuído a crescente resistência antimicrobiana apresentada por estes microrganismos, sendo a resistência à oxacilina o principal mecanismos apresentado pelos SCoN. Desta forma, este estudo objetivou caracterizar esta resistência, bem como o perfil de sensibilidade de 160 isolados de SCoN obtidos de pacientes admitidos no HUSM. Além de comparar testes fenotípicos utilizados na detecção laboratorial da resistência à oxacilina com a detecção genotípica do gene mecA, considerado padrão ouro. Os testes de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos foram efetuados pela técnica qualitativa de difusão do disco (CLSI 2009), bem como pelo método semi-quantitativo (MicroScan®). A detecção fenotípica da resistência foi realizada com os discos de cefoxitina e oxacilina. A identificação genotípica do gene mecA foi realizada por PCR. Juntamente a detecção molecular do gene mecA foi realizado a detecção do gene icaD, responsável pela formação de biofilme. S. epidermidis (62%) foi à principal espécie identificada entre as amostras selecionadas para este estudo e sangue, o material clínico prevalente (38%). Devido a serem comensais da pele, foi realizada uma avaliação da significância clínica das amostras selecionadas, de onde evidenciamos que 48% dos isolados foram considerados os prováveis agentes etiológicos das infecções. As UTIs adulto e neonatal representam as unidades clínicas prevalentes no isolamento de SCoN, com 33% e 29% dos isolados, respectivamente. Em relação a sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos observou-se um elevado índice de resistência entre os isolados. Estes foram agrupados em 7 perfis de sensibilidade prevalentes, sendo que 3 caracterizaram-se pela resistência a maioria dos antimicrobianos testados. Todas as cepas foram sensíveis à linezolida, teicoplamina e tigeciclina, totalizando 59 (36,8%). Todos os isolados foram sensíveis à vancomicina. Através dos resultados dos testes fenotípicos, verificou-se que 89% e 94% dos isolados foram caracterizados como resistentes à oxacilina, utilizando os discos de cefoxitina e oxacilina, respectivamente. Pela técnica molecular, 79% dos isolados carreavam o gene mecA. A partir da análise estatística evidenciou-se sensibilidade de 96% para o disco de cefoxitina e de 95% para o disco de oxacilina, quando comparados ao padrão ouro. A formação de biofilme foi evidenciada em 45% das amostras testadas, onde o S. epidermidis foi identificado como prevalente nas amostras biofilme positivas (74%). Os métodos fenotípicos utilizados neste estudo mostrarm-se equivalentes na detecção da resistência à oxacilina quando comparados ao padrão ouro, sendo que o uso do disco de oxacilina em conjunto com o de cefoxitina deve ser encorajado, uma vez que, o disco de oxacilina pode identificar outros mecanismos de resistência não mediados pelo gene mecA. Em relação ao perfil de sensibilidade dos isolados houve grande resistência aos antimicrobianos de primeira escolha usados para o tratamento de SCoN. Palavras-chave: SCoN, resistência, oxacilina, cefoxitina, gene mecA.

Idag är energieffektivitet en viktig fråga, nya bostäder har höga krav på energieffektivitet och miljömedvetenhet, kraven är betydligt högre än för 40 år sedan. Många av de äldre flerbostadshusen bygger på en annan princip av ventilation än den som används i nya bostadsprojekt idag, denna typ kallas självdrag och systemet är inte energieffektivt. I nya flerbostadshus är däremot ventilationssystemet ofta av typen FTX och det är ett system som är mycket energieffektivt. Rapporten är en undersökning till hur modern ventilationsteknik kan användas i äldre typer av flerbostadshus, skapar ny teknik en reducerad kostnad i längden och kan den upplevda komforten förbättras med moderna system?Resultatet av ett ventilationsbyte från självdrag till FTX kommer att innebära en energibesparing i fastigheten om den optimeras efter FTX-systemet. Med filtrerade system blir även luftkvaliteten betydligt bättre än tidigare / Energy efficiency is an important question today. New buildings have high demands of energy efficiency and environmental awareness, the demands are signinficantly higher today than 40 years ago. Many older apartment complexes have another kind of ventilation than the kind that is used in new apartment complexes today, this old kind is called natural ventilation and the system is not energy efficient. The type of ventilation that is used in the new apartment complexes is often mechanical ventilation with heat recovery, which is energy efficient.This study is an investigation in how modern ventilation technology can be used in older apartment complexes, will new technology reduce the cost in the long-run, and can the experienced comfort be improved with modern systems?The result of a change in ventilation from natural ventilation to mechanical ventilation with heat recovery will result in energy savings if the building is optimized for the new system. The air quality in the building will improve with a filtered ventilation system.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:36:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sidney de Paula.pdf: 1955966 bytes, checksum: 5486373f72c4aff65e2cad6cca344e17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-12 / This study has the objective to analyse the access and use policies of electronic information resources, in particular of joumals available by consortium. Therefore, it was defined as study objective the consortium among the S?o Paulo state public universities which develop specific actions of access and sharing of electronic joumals. Having in mind the specific focus ofthe present research - the access and use policies of electronic joumals ofthe CRUESP consortium - an exhausting searching and analisys was made regarding the constitution of the consortium. To obtain thr current status of the CRUESP consortium, the current managers and the assistant ofFAPESP, who play an important role in the constitution and management process of the consortium, were interviewed. The results of the research show that the policies ofthe CRUESP consortium, that currently exists just as an implict way, should be detailed and discussed with all the actors involved: users, managers and editors. An important aspect of the current policy is to maintain the electronic filing and, at least, a printed signature, avoiding the duplicity of those resources. For the future, the consortium of CRUESP and the electronic joumals consortia in Brazil should assure the filing of collections and he improvement of the filing technologies and scientific editing of those joumals. They should also be aware to initiatives such as open Open Archives, that appears like altematives of access to the leaming and research resources. / Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar as pol?ticas de acesso e uso dos recursos eletr?nicos de informa??o, em particular dos peri?dicos disponibilizados por meio de cons?rcios. Para tanto, estabeleceu-se como objeto de estudo o cons?rcio das universidades estaduais paulistas, que desenvolve a??es espec?ficas de acesso e compartilhamento de peri?dicos eletr?nicos. Tendo em vista o foco espec?fico da pesquisa - as pol?ticas de acesso e uso de peri?dicos eletr?nicos do cons?rcio CRUESP - foi feito levantamento exaustivo e an?lise da documenta??o referente ? constitui??o do cons?rcio. Para obter o retrato atual do cons?rcio CRUESP, foram entrevistados os atuais gestores e a assessora da FAPESP, atores importantes do processo de constitui??o e gest?o do cons?rcio. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que a pol?tica do cons?rcio do CRUESP, que hoje existe de modo apenas impl?cito, deve ser explicitada e discutida com todos os atores envolvidos no processo: usu?rios, gestores e editores. Um aspecto importante da pol?tica atual ? a de manter o arquivamento eletr?nico e pelo menos uma assinatura impressa, evitando a duplicidade desses recursos. Para o futuro, o cons?rcio do CRUESP e os cons?rcios de peri?dicos eletr?nicos no Brasil, devem assegurar o arquivamento das cole??es e o aprimoramento das tecnologias de arquivamento e de editora??o cient?fica desses peri?dicos. Devem, ainda, estar atentas para as iniciativas como as dos arquivos abertos (Open Archives), que se colocam como alternativas de acesso aos recursos de aprendizagem e pesquisa.