Äldre flerbostadshus står för en stor del av Sveriges totala energianvändning som behöver sänkas föratt minska klimatpåverkan och klara regeringsmålet om effektivare energianvändning. Examensarbetets syfte är därför att bidra till en ökad kunskap om energieffektivisering genom åtgärder i äldre byggnaders klimatskärm, och om hur åtgärder kan värderas genom energisimulering och livscykelkostnadsanalys. Målet är att identifiera vilka åtgärder som är ekonomiskt och arkitektoniskt lämpliga för äldre flerbostadshus med intresse av att bevara deras karaktär. Det är även att bedöma vilken energibesparing och livscykelkostnad de utvalda åtgärderna genererar. Ett flerbostadshus i centrala Luleå valdes ut som referensbyggnad. Byggnaden är genom sin konstruktion och design representativ för tidseran. Intressanta åtgärder samt åtgärdspaket i dess klimatskal valdes ut. Sedan utfördes en bred litteraturgenomgång om bostadsbyggandet i Sverige 1945–1964, byggnadens energianvändning, energieffektivisering av klimatskalet, de utvalda åtgärderna samt metoderna energisimulering och livscykelkostnadsanalys. Referensbyggnaden dokumenterades och en energisimuleringsmodell byggdes i programvaran IDA ICE. Den nuvarande utformningen av byggnaden simulerades och kalibrerades mot senast uppmätt normalårskorrigerad energianvändning. Sedan utfördes simuleringar för de utvalda åtgärderna och åtgärdspaketen vilka bestämts till tilläggsisolering av vindsbjälklag, byte av fönster till lågenergifönster och tätning av otätheter runt dessa, en kombination av båda tidigare åtgärder (åtgärdspaket 1), tilläggsisolering av fasad och fönsterbyte, samt en kombination av alla tre åtgärder (åtgärdspaket 2). Livscykelkostnaderna för nuläget och för implementering av de olika åtgärderna beräknades genom nuvärdeskostnadsmetoden. Även återbetalningstider beräknades genom simple-payback-metoden. Byggnadens nuvarande utformning gav efter kalibrering en simulerad energianvändning på 136,2 kWh/(m2Atemp,år); 2,9 % över det senast uppmätta normalårskorrigerade värdet. Nuvärdeskostnaden för att inte utföra någon åtgärd beräknades till ca 2 727 tkr. Åtgärderna genererade energibesparingar på 3,5–14,6 %, nuvärdeskostnader på 2 685-5 880 tkr och återbetalningstider på 7-105 år. För varje adderad åtgärd i klimatskalet ökade energibesparingen. Tilläggsisolering av vindsbjälklag visade sig vara den enda lönsamma åtgärden, då den har en nuvärdeskostnad som är lägre än att inte utföra någon åtgärd. En känslighetsanalys utfördes för kostnadsberäkningarna där diskonteringsräntan höjdes och sänktes med 2 % och energipriset höjdes med 10 %. Tilläggsisoleringav vindsbjälklag kvarstod dock som den enda lönsamma åtgärden. Åtgärderna hade kunnat generera högre procentuell energibesparing för en annan liknande byggnad. Referensbyggnaden innehåller ett stort renoverat kontor vilket ger en lägre nuvarande energianvändning och lägre procentuell energibesparing för åtgärder än om endast den äldre bostadsdelen studerats. Då Luleå har Sveriges lägsta energipris är åtgärder med hög investeringskostnad ekonomiskt svårmotiverade. Detta beror på att kostnadsbesparingarna genom minskad energianvändning blir små i förhållande till åtgärdernas investeringskostnader. Tilläggsisolering av fasad kan inte rekommenderas då åtgärden både är mycket olönsam och förändrar byggnadens uttryck väsentligt. Slutsatsen är att tilläggsisolering av vindsbjälklag är den lämpligaste åtgärden för äldre flerbostadshus, av de undersökta åtgärderna för energieffektivisering i klimatskalet. Den är arkitektoniskt lämplig med hänsyn till bevarandet av byggnaden då den inte förändrar byggnadens utseende. Den är även ekonomiskt lämplig då den har en livscykelkostnad som är lägre änalternativet att inte utföra någon åtgärd. För fortsatta studier föreslås bl.a. att undersöka hur åtgärder kan göras mer attraktiva för fastighetsägare, att kartlägga fastigheter från tidseran (skick, energianvändning, resultat av åtgärder, möjligheter) samt att utvärdera potentialen av ny teknik. / Old multifamily houses stand for a large part of Sweden’s total energy usage, which must decrease to minimize our environmental impact and to accomplish the government goal of more efficient energy usage. The aim of this master thesis is therefore to contribute to an increased knowledge on energy optimization through building envelope improvements in older buildings, and how energy efficiency measures can be evaluated through building energy simulation and life cycle cost analysis. The goal is to identify which measures that are economically and architecturally appropriate for old multifamily houses with interest in retaining their character. It is also to evaluate which energy saving and life cycle cost the selected measures generate. A multifamily house in central Luleå was selected as reference building. The building is by its construction and design representative for the era. Interesting energy efficiency measures in the building envelope were chosen. Then a wide literature study was carried out on house building in Sweden 1945-1964, building energy usage, energy efficiency through building envelope measures, the selected measures and the methods building energy simulation and life cycle cost analysis. The reference building was documented and an energy simulation model was built in the software IDA ICE. A present version of the building was simulated and calibrated to better match the latest normalised annual value. After that, simulations were performed for the selected measures; additional attic insulation, change to low energy windows and weather stripping these, a combination of both previous measures, additional facade insulation and change of windows, and a combination of all three measures. The life cycle costs of the present situation and for implementation of the different measures were calculated through the net present cost method. Also, payback times were calculated through the simple payback method. The building in its original state showed a post-calibration energy usage of 136,2 kWh/(m2Atemp,year); 2,9 % above the surveyed value. The net present cost for not performing any energy conservation measures was calculated to about 2 727 SEK. The measures generated energy savings of 3,5-14,6 %, net present costs of 2 685 -5 880 SEK and payback times of 7-105 years. For each added measure in the building envelope, the energy saving increased. Additional insulation of the attic turned out to be the only profitable measure, since its net present cost is lower than for not performing any energy conservation measure. A sensitivity analysis was performed for the cost analyses where the discount rate was raised and lowered by 2 % and the energy price raised by 10 %. However, the additional attic insulation remained as the only profitable measure. The energy conservation measures could have generated greater energy savings for a similar building. The reference building contains a large retrofitted office which lowers the present energy usage and the percental energy savings for measures compared to if only the dwelling part had been studied. Since Luleå has Sweden’s lowest energy prices, measures with high investment costs become difficult to give grounds for. This is because the cost savings achieved by their energy savings are low compared to their investment costs. Additional facade insulation cannot be recommended since it both is very unprofitable and highly changes the appearance of the building. The conclusion is that additional attic insulation is the most appropriate energy conservation measure for old multifamily houses, of selected measures in the building envelope. It can be regarded as architecturally appropriate since it does not change the building appearance. It is also economically appropriate since its life cycle cost is lower than for not performing any measure. Suggested future research includes analyzing how energy efficiency measures can be made more attractive for real estate owners, charting real estate from the era (condition, energy usage, results from measures, opportunities) and evaluating the potential of new technology within the field.

<p>U&nbsp; radu&nbsp; je&nbsp; analiziran&nbsp; odgovor&nbsp; lokalnih&nbsp; populacija&nbsp; tekunice&nbsp; u&nbsp; Vojvodini&nbsp; na<br />promene&nbsp; uslova&nbsp; klime&nbsp; i&nbsp; kori&scaron;ćenja&nbsp; zemlji&scaron;ta.&nbsp; Odgovori&nbsp; populacija&nbsp; tekunice<br />(tipičnog&nbsp; predstavnika&nbsp; otvorenih&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; i&nbsp; idealnog&nbsp; model&nbsp; organizma)&nbsp; na<br />pomenute promene omogućiće razmatranje kako mere na regionalnom nivou: i)<br />mogu unaprediti za&scaron;titu i očuvanje tekunice ii) ublažiti efekti promene klime i<br />kori&scaron;ćenja&nbsp; zemlji&scaron;ta&nbsp; iii)&nbsp; mogu&nbsp; usaglasiti&nbsp; razvoj&nbsp; poljoprivrede&nbsp; sa&nbsp; očuvanjem<br />biodiverziteta travnatih ekosistema. Kako&nbsp; bi&nbsp; se&nbsp; odgovorilo&nbsp; na&nbsp; pitanja&nbsp; i&nbsp; postavljene&nbsp; hipoteze&nbsp; u&nbsp; radu&nbsp; sprovedeno&nbsp; je terensko&nbsp; istraživanje,&nbsp; kori&scaron;ćen&nbsp; standardni&nbsp; prostorni&nbsp; pristup&nbsp; i&nbsp; ekolo&scaron;ko modelovanje.&nbsp; Sve&nbsp; primenjene&nbsp; tehnike&nbsp; su&nbsp; komplementarne&nbsp; jedna&nbsp; drugoj&nbsp; u dobijanju&nbsp; odgovora&nbsp; na&nbsp; postavljena&nbsp; pitanja&nbsp; gde&nbsp; rezultati&nbsp; jedne&nbsp; analize predstavljaju&nbsp; ulazne&nbsp; podatke&nbsp; za&nbsp; drugu&nbsp; analizu.&nbsp; U&nbsp; tezi&nbsp; su&nbsp; kori&scaron;ćeni&nbsp;&nbsp; podaci dobijeni&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; terenskog&nbsp; mapiranja&nbsp; lokalnih&nbsp; populacija&nbsp; i&nbsp; podaci&nbsp; iz eksperimenta&nbsp; modelovanja&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; serija&nbsp; podataka&nbsp; dobijena&nbsp; cenzusom&nbsp; kolonija tekunica i terenskim uzorkovanjem zemlji&scaron;ta i vegetacije. Rasprostranjenje&nbsp; populacija&nbsp; oblikuju&nbsp; klimatski&nbsp; uslovi&nbsp; ali&nbsp; pored&nbsp; abiotičkih faktora&nbsp; uslovljavaju&nbsp; ih&nbsp; i&nbsp; biotički&nbsp; faktori&nbsp; i&nbsp; kretanje&nbsp; jedinki.&nbsp; Promena&nbsp; klime direktno&nbsp; utiče&nbsp; na&nbsp; distribuciju&nbsp; optimalnih&nbsp; uslova.&nbsp; Istraženo&nbsp; je&nbsp; u&nbsp; kojoj&nbsp; meri&nbsp; će doći&nbsp; do&nbsp; promene&nbsp; u&nbsp; distribuciji&nbsp; optimalnih&nbsp; uslova&nbsp; sredine&nbsp; za&nbsp; tekunicu. Potencijalna promena&nbsp; analizirana je&nbsp; uzimajući&nbsp; u obzir klimatski scenario Max Plank&nbsp; Instituta&nbsp; sa&nbsp; tri&nbsp; rcp&nbsp; projekcije&nbsp; i&nbsp; tri&nbsp; generisana&nbsp; prostorna&nbsp; scenarijadistribucije&nbsp; otvorenih&nbsp; travnatih&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; u&nbsp; Vojvodini.&nbsp; Sagledavanje&nbsp; mogućih efekata promene sredinskih uslova&nbsp; dalo je&nbsp; mogućnost da se ukaže na zone koja će&nbsp; biti&nbsp; ključne&nbsp; za&nbsp; očuvanje&nbsp; populacija&nbsp; tekunica&nbsp; i&nbsp; travnatih&nbsp; ekosistema&nbsp; u Vojvodini. Sledeće,&nbsp; s&nbsp; obzirom&nbsp; da&nbsp; disperzija&nbsp; jedinki,&nbsp; dostupnost&nbsp; resursa&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; delovanje lokalnih&nbsp; faktora&nbsp; ugrožavanja&nbsp; (barijere,&nbsp; menadžment&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta,&nbsp; varijabilnost sredinskih uslova, predatorstvo, poljoprivredne aktivnosti) oblikuju distribuciju populacija&nbsp; u&nbsp; prostoru,&nbsp; u&nbsp; radu&nbsp; je&nbsp; analiziran&nbsp; i&nbsp; uticaj&nbsp; promene&nbsp; ovih&nbsp; faktora&nbsp; na distribuciju populacija. Na području lokalnog slatino-stepskog koridora srednjeg Banata istražene su kompozicija biljnih vrsta, upravljanje na stani&scaron;tu, promena u kompoziciji okolnih poljoprivrednih kultura i dinamika populacije. Dobijene su informacije o efektima lokalnih uslova na prisustvo&nbsp; kolonija,&nbsp; veličinu kolonija i kondiciono stanje jedinki. Informacije dobijene u ovim poglavljima&nbsp; su kasnije kori&scaron;ćeni&nbsp; za&nbsp; formiranju&nbsp; seta&nbsp; kriterijuma&nbsp; radi&nbsp; karakterizacije&nbsp; svih&nbsp; mapiranih stani&scaron;ta u Vojvodini. Dalje,&nbsp; veliku&nbsp; ulogu&nbsp; u&nbsp; poljoprivrednom&nbsp; predelu&nbsp; imaju&nbsp; tranziciona&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; koja&nbsp; povezuju&nbsp; lokalne&nbsp; populacije.&nbsp; Identifikovanje&nbsp; koja&nbsp; tranziciona&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; koriste jedinke tekunice je ključno za očuvanje&nbsp; populacija i&nbsp; ublažavanje trena&nbsp; opadanja brojnosti. Na terenu su mapirani distribucioni obrasci lokalnih kolonija tekunice i istraženo je da li postoje razlike na lokalnom i predeonom&nbsp; nivou u distribuciji nastanjenih i napu&scaron;tenih stani&scaron;ta na području Vojvodine. U&nbsp; radu&nbsp; je&nbsp; dalje&nbsp; analizirana&nbsp; mapirana&nbsp; mreža&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; lokalnih&nbsp; populacija&nbsp; i pretpostavljano&nbsp; je&nbsp; da&nbsp; populacije&nbsp; funkcioni&scaron;u&nbsp; i&nbsp; održavaju&nbsp; se&nbsp; u&nbsp; okviru metapopulacione strukture. Sa druge strane, veličina i povr&scaron;ina koju zauzimaju potencijalne&nbsp; metapopulacione&nbsp; struktura&nbsp; mapirane&nbsp; mreže&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; koje&nbsp; se razlikuju&nbsp; u&nbsp; odnosu&nbsp; na&nbsp; okupiranost,&nbsp; kapacitet&nbsp; i&nbsp; povezanost&nbsp; nisu&nbsp; bile&nbsp; poznate. Kako&nbsp; bi&nbsp; se&nbsp; kvantifikovale&nbsp; potencijalne&nbsp; metapopulacione&nbsp; jedinice&nbsp; i&nbsp; utvrdila vijabilnost&nbsp; svake&nbsp; definisane&nbsp; pojedinačne&nbsp; metapopulacione&nbsp; mreže&nbsp; kori&scaron;ćen&nbsp; je metod ključnog fragmenta. Mapirane mreže evaluirane su iz perspektive samog taksona&nbsp; i&nbsp; testiran&nbsp; je&nbsp; potencijalni&nbsp; disperzioni&nbsp; kapacitet.&nbsp; Proverena&nbsp; je permeabilnost predeonog matriksa između mapiranih stani&scaron;ta i identifikovani su potencijalni koridori za jedinke. Ovakav pristup daje uvid&nbsp; u koji deo predela&nbsp; je značajno&nbsp; i&nbsp; neophodno&nbsp; ulagati&nbsp; ograničena&nbsp; sredstva&nbsp; za&nbsp; za&scaron;titu&nbsp; prirode&nbsp; unutar regiona Vojvodine. U&nbsp; tezi&nbsp; je&nbsp; na&nbsp; kraju&nbsp; ocenjen&nbsp; doprinos&nbsp; trenutne&nbsp; regionalne&nbsp; konzervacione&nbsp; prakse za&scaron;titi&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; tekunice,&nbsp; dat&nbsp; pregled&nbsp; slabih&nbsp; tačaka&nbsp; i&nbsp; predlog&nbsp; predeono adaptacionih mera koji će doprineti za&scaron;titi i očuvanju populacije tekunice kao i mozaika otvorenih travnatih stani&scaron;ta.</p> / <p>The study analyzes the&nbsp; European ground squirrel (EGS) population&nbsp; response to land use and climate change&nbsp; in Vojvodina. The response&nbsp; of the EGS population&nbsp; (typical&nbsp; species&nbsp; of&nbsp; open&nbsp; grassland&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; ideal&nbsp; model&nbsp; organism)&nbsp; to changes in&nbsp; environmental conditions in this region will enable consideration of following measures at&nbsp; the local and landscape level: i) effective protection and<br />conservation of the EGS and habitat it relay on; ii) climate change and land use mitigation&nbsp; and&nbsp; adaptation&nbsp; iii)&nbsp; how&nbsp; can&nbsp; we&nbsp; harmonize&nbsp; the&nbsp; development&nbsp; of agriculture and preserve&nbsp; the biodiversity of&nbsp; grassland ecosystem&nbsp; in agricultural settings. In order to answer the questions of this study, the field research was conducted, standard spatial approach and ecological modeling were employed. All applied techniques&nbsp; are&nbsp; complementary&nbsp; to&nbsp; one&nbsp; another&nbsp; in&nbsp; obtaining&nbsp; responses&nbsp; to&nbsp; the questions&nbsp; asked.&nbsp; The&nbsp; results&nbsp; of&nbsp; one&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; represent&nbsp; the&nbsp; input&nbsp; data&nbsp; for&nbsp; the following&nbsp; one.&nbsp; The&nbsp; data&nbsp; for&nbsp; the&nbsp; study&nbsp; were&nbsp; obtained:&nbsp; from&nbsp; EGS&nbsp; local populations&rsquo;&nbsp; field&nbsp; mapping,&nbsp; from&nbsp; the&nbsp; modeling&nbsp; experiment,&nbsp; the&nbsp; census campaigned and the field sampling of soil and vegetation. Distribution of populations, which in addition to abiotic factors are conditioned by biotic factors and movement of individuals were evaluated in the context of climate&nbsp; change.&nbsp; Climate&nbsp; change&nbsp; directly&nbsp; affects&nbsp; the&nbsp; distribution&nbsp; of&nbsp; optimalconditions.&nbsp; The&nbsp; potential&nbsp; changes&nbsp; in&nbsp; distribution&nbsp; of&nbsp; optimal&nbsp; environmental conditions for EGS were assessed by considering&nbsp; changes in abiotic factors and the&nbsp; availability&nbsp; of&nbsp; grasslands.&nbsp; The&nbsp; climate&nbsp; scenario&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; using&nbsp; a&nbsp; dynamic vegetation&nbsp; map&nbsp; with&nbsp; three&nbsp; rcp&nbsp; projections&nbsp; and&nbsp; three&nbsp; spatial&nbsp; scenarios&nbsp; for&nbsp; the distribution of open grasslands were used. The extrapolation of a suitable area obtained&nbsp; by&nbsp; presence&nbsp; only&nbsp; model&nbsp; Maxent&nbsp; gives&nbsp; the&nbsp; possibility&nbsp; to&nbsp; point&nbsp; to&nbsp; the zones&nbsp; that&nbsp; will&nbsp; be&nbsp; crucial&nbsp; for&nbsp; preserving&nbsp; the&nbsp; populations&nbsp; and&nbsp; grassland ecosystems in future. Dispersion&nbsp; of&nbsp; individuals,&nbsp; availability&nbsp; of&nbsp; resources&nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; operation&nbsp; of&nbsp; local threats (e. g. barriers, habitat management, variability of the central conditions, predation, agricultural activities) shape the distribution of&nbsp; populations in space and time. In the area of the local saline steppe corridor of the central Banat in Vojvodina&nbsp; i)&nbsp; the&nbsp; composition&nbsp; of&nbsp; plant&nbsp; species,&nbsp; ii)&nbsp; open&nbsp; grassland&nbsp; habitat management&nbsp; iii)&nbsp; changes&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; composition&nbsp; of&nbsp; surrounding&nbsp; crops&nbsp; and&nbsp; iv) population&nbsp; dynamics&nbsp; of&nbsp; EGS&nbsp; have&nbsp; been&nbsp; investigated.&nbsp; The&nbsp; effects&nbsp; of&nbsp; local conditions on the presence, size of colonies and condition of the individuals&nbsp; of EGS were assessed. The&nbsp; information obtained in these chapters was later used to&nbsp; form&nbsp; a&nbsp; set&nbsp; of&nbsp; criteria&nbsp; for&nbsp; the&nbsp; characterization&nbsp; of&nbsp; all&nbsp; mapped&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; in Vojvodina. In the agricultural area, transitional habitats connect local populations of many species. Identifying&nbsp; transitional&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; which potentially&nbsp; can&nbsp; be used by focal species&nbsp; is&nbsp; key&nbsp; to&nbsp; protect&nbsp; and&nbsp; mitigate&nbsp; population&nbsp; decline.&nbsp; For&nbsp; this&nbsp; purpose distribution&nbsp; patterns&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; colonies&nbsp; were&nbsp; mapped&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; field.&nbsp; The haracteristics&nbsp; and&nbsp; differences&nbsp; among&nbsp; mapped&nbsp; patches&nbsp; at&nbsp; the&nbsp; local&nbsp; and&nbsp; sub landscape scale were detected and evaluated. Later in the study the network of&nbsp; mapped habitats patches was evaluated. It was assumed&nbsp; that&nbsp; mapped&nbsp; populations&nbsp; in&nbsp; Vojvodina&nbsp; function&nbsp; within&nbsp; several&nbsp;&nbsp; metapopulations networks. However, the size and area of potential meta-population networks&nbsp; are&nbsp; likely&nbsp; to&nbsp; differ&nbsp; in&nbsp; relation&nbsp; to&nbsp; occupancy,&nbsp; capacity&nbsp; and&nbsp; habitat connectivity. The knowledge of potential population units was&nbsp; scarce. In&nbsp; order to&nbsp; quantify&nbsp; the&nbsp; potential&nbsp; population&nbsp; units,&nbsp; to&nbsp; determine&nbsp; the&nbsp; viability&nbsp; and conservation&nbsp; priority&nbsp; of&nbsp; each&nbsp; defined&nbsp; habitat&nbsp; network&nbsp; the&nbsp; key&nbsp; patch&nbsp; approach was used. Mapped networks were evaluated from the perspective of the taxon itself&nbsp; and potential dispersed capacity was tested. The ermeability of the matrix area,&nbsp; connectivity&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; mapped&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; distribution&nbsp; of&nbsp; potential corridors&nbsp; was&nbsp; verified.&nbsp; This&nbsp; approach&nbsp; gives an&nbsp; opportunity&nbsp; to&nbsp; assess to&nbsp; which part&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; area&nbsp; and&nbsp; population&nbsp; it&nbsp; is&nbsp; necessary&nbsp; to&nbsp; invest&nbsp; limited&nbsp; resources&nbsp; for nature protection in&nbsp; Vojvodina.The contribution of&nbsp; current regional conservation practice to protection of EGS was evaluated,&nbsp; a brief overview of the weak points and the proposal of preciseadaptation&nbsp; measures&nbsp; that&nbsp; should&nbsp; be&nbsp; taken&nbsp; in&nbsp; Vojvodina&nbsp; are&nbsp; presented&nbsp; in&nbsp; final chapter. The results of this study&nbsp; propose the&nbsp; development of&nbsp; spatial adaption measures&nbsp; and&nbsp; conservation&nbsp; design&nbsp; that&nbsp; will&nbsp; contribute&nbsp; not&nbsp; only&nbsp; in&nbsp; preserving EGS and habitats it relay on&nbsp; but also other wild plant and animal species&nbsp; in this intensively used agricultural settings.</p>

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Las tortugas bobas son organismos de gran movilidad que ocupan hábitats extensos y diversos, lo que las expone a varias amenazas que pueden afectar negativamente a la persistencia de sus poblaciones. Delinear medidas prioritarias de conservación para esta especie es todo un reto debido a la escasez del conocimiento integrado sobre su supervivencia, uso de hábitat y exposición relativa a amenazas, especialmente durante las primeras etapas de su ciclo vital. En la cuenca occidental del mar Mediterráneo esto adquiere mayor relevancia si se contextualiza en el proceso de colonización que está teniendo lugar en la zona durante la última década. Se ha registrado un aumento en el número de nidos y hembras nidificantes, para cuya protección se han tomado medidas de gestión como la reubicación de nidos y la inclusión de neonatos en programas de "head-starting". Esta coyuntura ha ofrecido una oportunidad única para incrementar el conocimiento sobre la supervivencia, dispersión y uso de hábitat de hembras nidificantes y post-neonatos de tortuga boba. Ninguna investigación previa ha realizado un seguimiento por satélite de hembras nidificantes en el Mediterráneo occidental, ni de post-neonatos mediterráneos con tamaño inferior a 35 cm. La finalidad de esta tesis es abordar las lagunas de conocimiento mencionadas y aportar herramientas para mejorar las estrategias de planificación marina dirigidas a la conservación de la tortuga boba en el Mediterráneo. Los principales objetivos fueron: i) proporcionar las primeras estimaciones empíricas de supervivencia de post-neonatos, ii) dilucidar las rutas de dispersión y el uso de hábitat en las diferentes etapas del ciclo vital, iii) identificar áreas relevantes para su protección, iv) evaluar la eficacia de las actuales áreas marinas protegidas (AMPs) para la conservación de la tortuga boba, y v) proponer medidas de conservación basadas en el análisis espacial. Para ello, se analizaron las trayectorias de 117 tortugas seguidas vía satélite entre 2003 y 2022. Estos datos incluyen las primeras trayectorias de hembras nidificantes en España y de post-neonatos mediterráneos, que se han publicado en un repositorio. Además, se realizó la primera evaluación del uso de hábitat y de AMPs por tortugas bobas marcadas en el Mediterráneo occidental, a lo largo de su ciclo vital. Los resultados de esta tesis muestran, por primera vez, la capacidad de supervivencia y dispersión, así como uso de hábitat de post-neonatos de tortuga boba en el Mediterráneo. Los mares Jónico y de Levante se identificaron como zonas potenciales de desarrollo de post-neonatos. Por otro lado, las hembras mostraron dos comportamientos diferentes durante el periodo de inter-anidación: i) fidelidad a la zona de nidificación, o ii) comportamiento exploratorio de nidificación. Durante la etapa no reproductora, la mayoría de las hembras permanecieron alimentándose en aguas oceánicas de la cuenca argelina. Además, se registró por primera vez la reemigración de esta especie para nidificar de nuevo en España, lo que confirma que las hembras pueden mostrar un cierto grado de fidelidad al lugar de nidificación entre ciclos reproductores. La presente tesis confirma la importancia de la cuenca argelina para las tortugas bobas del Mediterráneo occidental, en particular para los juveniles y adultos. Otras zonas identificadas como importantes son el sur del mar Balear, el mar de Alborán, el canal de Sicilia, el noreste de Túnez, las aguas de Malta, el mar Tirreno y el mar Jónico, según la etapa vital. El análisis de la distribución espacial de la tortuga boba también ha revelado que la distribución y cobertura actuales de las AMPs mediterráneas no contribuyen a alcanzar los objetivos de conservación para esta especie. Los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis contribuyen al conocimiento de la supervivencia y uso espacial de la tortuga boba a lo largo de su ciclo vital en el mar Mediterráneo. / [CA] Les tortugues babaues són organismes de gran mobilitat que ocupen hàbitats extensos i diversos, la qual cosa les exposa a diverses amenaces que poden afectar negativament la persistència de les seues poblacions. Delinear mesures prioritàries de conservació per a aquesta espècie és tot un repte degut a l'escassetat del coneixement integrat sobre la seua supervivència, ús d'hàbitat i exposició relativa a amenaces, especialment durant les primeres etapes del seu cicle vital. En la conca occidental de la mar Mediterrània això adquireix major rellevància si es contextualitza en el procés de colonització que està tenint lloc en la zona durant l'última dècada. S'ha registrat un augment en el nombre de nius i femelles nidificants, per a la protecció de les quals s'han pres mesures de gestió com la reubicació de nius i la inclusió de nounats en programes de "*head-*starting". Aquesta conjuntura ha oferit una oportunitat única per a incrementar el coneixement sobre la supervivència, dispersió i ús d'hàbitat de femelles nidificants i post-nounats de tortuga babaua. Cap investigació prèvia ha realitzat un seguiment per satèl·lit de femelles nidificants en el Mediterrani occidental, ni de post-nounats mediterranis amb grandària inferior a 35 cm. La finalitat d'aquesta tesi és abordar les llacunes de coneixement esmentades i aportar eines per a millorar les estratègies de planificació marina dirigides a la conservació de la tortuga babaua al Mediterrani. Els principals objectius van ser: i) proporcionar les primeres estimacions empíriques de supervivència de post-nounats, *ii) dilucidar les rutes de dispersió i l'ús d'hàbitat en les diferents etapes del cicle vital, *iii) identificar àrees rellevants per a la seua protecció, *iv) avaluar l'eficàcia de les actuals àrees marines protegides (*AMPs) per a la conservació de la tortuga babaua, i *v) proposar mesures de conservació basades en l'anàlisi espacial. Per a això, es van analitzar les trajectòries de 117 tortugues seguides via satèl·lit entre 2003 i 2022. Aquestes dades inclouen les primeres trajectòries de femelles nidificants a Espanya i de post-nounats mediterranis, que s'han publicat en un repositori. A més, es va realitzar la primera avaluació de l'ús d'hàbitat i de *AMPs per tortugues babaues marcades en el Mediterrani occidental, al llarg del seu cicle vital. Els resultats d'aquesta tesi mostren, per primera vegada, la capacitat de supervivència i dispersió, així com ús d'hàbitat de post-nounats de tortuga babaua al Mediterrani. Les mars Jònic i de Llevant es van identificar com a zones potencials de desenvolupament de post-nounats. D'altra banda, les femelles van mostrar dos comportaments diferents durant el període de *inter-implantació: i) fidelitat a la zona de nidificació, o *ii) comportament exploratori de nidificació. Durant l'etapa no reproductora, la majoria de les femelles van romandre alimentant-se en aigües oceàniques de la conca algeriana. A més, es va registrar per primera vegada la reemigració d'aquesta espècie per a nidificar de nou a Espanya, la qual cosa confirma que les femelles poden mostrar un cert grau de fidelitat al lloc de nidificació entre cicles reproductors. La present tesi confirma la importància de la conca algeriana per a les tortugues babaues del Mediterrani occidental, en particular per als juvenils i adults. Altres zones identificades com a importants són el sud de la mar Balear, la mar d'Alborán, el canal de Sicília, el nord-est de Tunísia, les aigües de Malta, la mar Tirrena i la mar Jònica, segons l'etapa vital. L'anàlisi de la distribució espacial de la tortuga babaua també ha revelat que la distribució i cobertura actuals de les *AMPs mediterrànies no contribueixen a aconseguir els objectius de conservació per a aquesta espècie. Els resultats obtinguts en aquesta tesi contribueixen al coneixement de la supervivència i ús espacial de la tortuga babaua al llarg del seu cicle vital en la mar Mediterrània. / [EN] Loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) are highly mobile organisms, which occupy diverse habitats that often span large distances, exposing them to threats that can negatively impact the ability of their populations to persist. Delineating conservation priority measures for this species is challenging since integrated knowledge on survival, habitat use and the relative exposure to threats remains scarce, especially during the early life stages. In the western Mediterranean basin this is particularly relevant when considering the current colonization process taking place in the area within the last decade. During recent years, records on nesting females and clutches have increased and, when possible, management measures such as nest relocation and head-starting programs have been undertaken. This offers a unique opportunity to fill in the knowledge gaps on survival, dispersal routes and habitat use of loggerhead nesting females and post-hatchlings. No research prior to this thesis has satellite-tracked nesting and post-nesting females in the western Mediterranean, nor Mediterranean post-hatchlings smaller than 35 cm. The present thesis aims to address the aforementioned knowledge gaps and enhance marine planning strategies for loggerhead conservation in the Mediterranean Sea. The main objectives were: i) to provide the first empirical survival estimates for head-started post-hatchlings, ii) to elucidate the dispersal routes and habitat use at different life stages, iii) to identify areas that should be considered for protection, iv) to assess the effectiveness of current marine protected areas (MPAs) and other protection measures for loggerhead conservation, and v) to propose spatial conservation measures based on research findings. To achieve these objectives, trajectories of 117 turtles satellite-tracked between 2003 and 2022 were analyzed. This dataset includes the first tracking data of nesting and post-nesting females in Spain and Mediterranean post-hatchlings, which have been made publicly available in a data repository. Moreover, the first assessment of habitat use and the use of MPAs for loggerhead sea turtles tracked from western Mediterranean thorough their life cycle was conducted. The outcomes of this thesis revealed, for the first time, the capability of survival and dispersal, as well as the habitat use of post-hatchlings in the Mediterranean Sea. The Ionian and Levant Seas were identified as potential developmental areas for post-hatchlings. Nesting females exhibited three different behaviours during the inter-nesting period: i) some degree of fidelity to a nesting area, ii) an exploratory nesting behavior, or iii) movement towards oceanic waters after tagging. In addition, the first-time remigration of this species to nest in Spain was recorded, confirming that females show some degree of nest site fidelity between breeding cycles. During the non-breeding stage, females remained in most cases foraging in oceanic waters of the Algerian basin. The present thesis has validated the significance of the Algerian basin for loggerhead sea turtles satellite-tracked from the western Mediterranean, particularly for juveniles and adults. In addition, other important areas inhabited by the loggerhead turtles were identified in the southern Balearic Sea, the Alboran Sea, the Sicilian Channel, the Northeast Tunisia, Maltese waters, the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Ionian Sea, depending on the life stage. The analysis of the spatial distribution of the loggerhead sea turtle has also revealed that the current distribution and coverage of Mediterranean MPAs are not effective in achieving this species' conservation goals. Outcomes from the present thesis significantly enhance our understanding of the survival and spatial use of the loggerhead sea turtle throughout its life cycle in the Mediterranean Sea. / I would like to express my gratitude to the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports of Spain for the opportunity to develop this thesis under the predoctoral training grant [FPU15/01823], MEC, Spain. Satellite tagging conducted in the Valencia region was supported by the “Servicio de Vida Silvestre de la Generalitat Valenciana”. Additionally, I am thankful for the support received from the contracts: “Seguimiento mediante marcaje satelital de 10 crías de tortuga boba (Caretta caretta) nacidas en 2016 en el litoral valenciano" and "Marcaje satelital y seguimiento de hembras reproductoras de tortuga boba (Caretta caretta) ante episodios de anidación en las playas del Mediterráneo peninsular y Baleares en 2019", both contracts in the framework of the project "LIFE IP-PAF INTEMARES [LIFE15 IPE ES 012] "Gestión integrada, innovadora y participativa de la Red Natura 2000 en el medio marino español”, coordinated by the Biodiversity Foundation. Similarly, I would like to mention and thank the support received from the contract "Marcaje satelital y seguimiento de hembras reproductoras de tortuga boba (Caretta caretta) ante eventos de anidación en el litoral español" funded by the "Ministerio de Transición Ecológica y Reto Demográfico", Spain. The results of Chapter 6 "Marine protected areas and loggerhead turtles in the Mediterranean Sea" are also part of action C2.2 of the project LIFE IP INTEMARES. / Abalo Morla, S. (2023). Habitat use and distribution of the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) in the Mediterranean Sea: Implications for marine planning strategies [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/199233 / Compendio