The area of the care of a Clubfoot (pes equinovarus congenitus PEC Clubfoot) Diagnosed Child is the topic of this Paper. Currently, the PEC is the second most frequent congenital deformity within orthopaedics. The theoretical part of this Paper deals with a description of the PEC, its diagnostics, cure and a possible risk of relapse. A sub-chapter of the Paper introduces the Achilleus association, which is the only body in the Czech Republic bringing together parents of PEC diagnosed children. The Paper also focuses on nurses and their role(s) in the nursing care of PEC diagnosed children. The empirical part of this Paper covers a research with the following directions: - parental knowledge of PEC diagnosed children care at home; - specifications of the nursing care of PEC diagnosed children; - nurses and their educational role (if fulfilled) in the nursing care of PEC diagnosed children. The research presented in the empirical part of the Paper was based on a semi-structuralized interview and open coding technique. The interviews were conducted with parents of PEC diagnosed children and care providing nurses who also play an important educational role in this matter. The benefit of the Paper, based on collected research data, is to provide a complete overview on the problems relating to the care of PEC diagnosed children. The outcome is supposed to be also presented to appropriate expert public for further consideration. The research outcome presents that the level of parental knowledge of the PEC diagnosed children care at home is very high and that parents provide their children with a quality care. The Paper describes that specifications of the nursing care of PEC diagnosed children are mainly evident in appropriate and consistent education of parents as the homecare is usually a long-term process. Finally, the Paper also shows that nurses in their educational role in the nursing care of PEC diagnosed children do not fulfil their tasks to such an extent that is expected.

INTRODUÇÃO: O tratamento padrão do Carcinoma Epidermoide do Ânus (CEDA) é a quimiorradioterapia ou radioterapia exclusiva. Os pacientes em que a terapêutica conservadora falha são tratados com Ressecção Abdominoperineal do Reto (RAP) de resgate. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a sobrevivência com a RAP de resgate no CEDA, identificando os descritores favoráveis para sobrevivência maior e as características do agrupamento de variáveis relacionadas a descritores independentes de risco para mortalidade. MÉTODOS: Foram levantados dados através de 111 prontuários de portadores de CEDA, tratados inicialmente com quimiorradioterapia combinada ou radioterapia exclusiva e submetidos à RAP no período de outubro de 1982 a janeiro de 2011. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de 58 anos, 93 (83,8%) pacientes eram do sexo feminino e 80 (72,1%) da raça branca. O estadio cT3-4 compôs 66,7% e cN0 39,6% da casuística. A RAP foi indicada por persistência da doença (PD) em 61 (55%) pacientes e por recidiva (RD) em 50 (45%) pacientes. A ressecção cirúrgica sem resíduos tumorais (R0) foi realizada em 86 (77,5%) pacientes. O tempo médio de permanência hospitalar pós-operatório foi de 14 dias. A morbidade cirúrgica foi de 64,9%, sendo 78,3% dela devida às complicações da região perineal. Recidiva após RAP ocorreu em 68 (61,2%) pacientes, sendo 40 (58,8%) no primeiro ano do pós-operatório, a maioria locorregional (78%; 53/68). A mediana do seguimento foi de 16 meses (1,2-60 meses). Na análise multivariada, cirurgia R0 (p<0,001), invasão perineural vascular e/ou linfática negativa (p<0,0001) e linfonodo negativo na peça cirúrgica (p=0,03) foram estatisticamente associados à maior sobrevivência. CONCLUSÕES: A taxa de sobrevivência global estimada em cinco anos foi de 24,5%, com mediana de sobrevivência de 32 meses. O subgrupo de pacientes submetidos a cirurgias R0 em cujas peças cirúrgicas não foram encontrados invasão perineural vascular e/ou linfática nem linfonodos comprometidos apresentou taxa de sobrevivência estimada em três e cinco anos de 74,4% e 55,0%, respectivamente, com mediana de sobrevivência de 87 meses. Não houve diferença significativa entre pacientes que evoluíram com PD ou RD. Identificou-se a cirurgia R1-2, invasão perineural vascular e/ou linfática e linfonodo positivo na peça cirúrgica como fatores preditivos independentes de mortalidade / INTRODUCTION: The standard treatment for epidermoid carcinoma of the anus (ECA) is the association of chemotherapy (QT) and radiotherapy or exclusive radiotherapy (RT). When conservative treatment fails, patients are submitted to abdominoperineal resection of the rectum (APR). OBJECTIVES: To assess survival with salvage APR in ECA, identifying the most favorable independent descriptors for longer survival and the characteristics of the group of independent variables for mortality risk. METHODS: Data were collected from the medical records of 111 patients with ECA, initially treated with QT/RT or exclusive RT and later submitted to APR, from October 1982 to January 2011. RESULTS: Their mean age was 58 years, 93 (83.8%) patients were female, and 80 (72.1%) were Caucasian. The cT3-4 stage represented 66.7% of the case series and cN0, 39.6%. The APR was indicated due to persistence of disease (PD) in 61 (55%) patients and recurrence of disease (RD) in 50 (45%) patients. Surgical resection without residual tumor (R0) was performed in 86 (77.5%) patients. The mean postoperative hospital length of stay was 14 days. Surgical morbidity was 64.9%, of which, 78.3% related to perineal infection. Recurrence after APR was observed in 68 (61.2%) patients, 40 (58,8%; 40/68) of whom in the first postoperative year, mostly locoregional (78%; 53/68). The median follow-up was 16 months (1.2 - 60 months). On multivariate analysis, R0 surgery (p<0.001), absence of perineural and/or lymphovascular invasion (p<0.0001) and negative lymph node status in the surgical specimen (p=0.03) were associated with increased survival. CONCLUSION: Estimated overall survival rate in 5 years was 24.5%, with median survival of 32 months. There was no significant difference in survival after APR in patients who had PD or RD after conservative treatment. The subgroup of patients who underwent R0 and whose surgical specimen showed absence perineural and/or lymphovascular invasion and negative lymph nodes had an estimated survival rate at 3 and 5 years of 74,4% and 55,0%, respectively, with a median survival of 87 months. The following were identified as independent predictors of mortality: R1-2 surgery; presence perineural and/or lymphovascular invasion; and positive lymph node in the surgical specimen

Bakgrund: Tidig upptäckt av Abdominellt aortaaneurysm (AAA) minskar dödlighet bland äldre män och kvinnor. AAA är till stor del asymtomatisk så många blir överraskade när de får en diagnos. Diagnosen medför vetskap att något inom dem växer, något som kan brista med risk för dödlig utgång. Det orsakar rädsla och osäkerhet hos patienter som plötsligt försöker förstå sin nya sjukdom. Operationen är inte riskfri från komplikationer och medför en ökad risk för mortalitet. Syftet: Syftet var att med en allmän litteraturöversikt beskriva hur upplevelsen av dagligt liv påverkas hos patienter som lever med abdominellt aortaaneurysm. Frågeställning: Hur upplever patienter som har opererats för abdominellt aortaaneurysm att det påverkar deras dagliga liv? Metod: En allmän litteraturöversikt av tolv studier med kvalitativ metod genomfördes. PubMed, Cinahl, Psychinfo och även manuell sökning användes för litteratursökning. Studierna granskades med SBU:s granskningsmall (2014) för kvalitativa studier. Studierna analyserades med inspiration av Fribergs fyra steg analysmetod, där resultat från analysen presenterades under lämpliga kategorier och subkategorier. Resultat: Resultatet gav tre teman: Upplevelser av diagnostisering, Upplevelser av konservativ behandling och Upplevelser före och efter kirurgiska behandlingar. Att diagnostisera med AAA påverkades patientens dagliga liv och livskvalitet. Patienter upplevde nedsatt förmåga att ta emot information vilket orsakade ytterligare rädslan och osäkerhet i deras liv. Konklusion: Alla patienter påverkades av diagnosen AAA och utvecklades negativa känslor, tankar samt orealistiska hanteringsstrategier. Efter kirurgiska behandling hade patienten ofta ouppfyllda förväntningar. / Background: Early detection of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) reduces mortality among older men and women. AAA is largely asymptomatic so many people are surprised when they are diagnosed. The diagnosis leads to the knowledge that something within them is growing, something that can break with the risk of fatal outcome. It causes fear and insecurity in patients who are suddenly trying to understand their new disease. The operation is not risk-free from complications and entails an increased risk of mortality. Purpose: The purpose was to describe with a general literature review how the experience of daily life is affected in patients living with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Question: How do patients who have had surgery for an abdominal aortic aneurysm feel that it affects their daily lives? Method: A literature review of twelve studies with a qualitative method was conducted. PubMed, Cinahl, Psychinfo and manual search were used for the literature search. The studies were reviewed with SBU's review template (2014) for qualitative studies. This were analyzed with inspiration from Friberg's four step analysis method, where results from analysis were presented under appropriate categories and subcategories. Results: The result produced three themes: Experiences of diagnosis, Experiences of conservative treatment and Experiences before and after surgical treatments. Being diagnosed with AAA affected the patient's daily life and quality of life. Patients experienced impaired their ability to receive information which caused further fear and insecurity in their lives. Conclusion: All patients were affected by the diagnosis AAA and developed negative emotions, thoughts, and unrealistic coping strategies. After surgical treatment, the patient often had unfulfilled expectations.

<p>Uvod: Sindrom lumbalne radikulopatije obuhvata disfunkciju nervnog korena lumbalne kičme, prouzrokovano kompresijom, nastalom usled hernijacije (protruzije, prolapsa) intervertebralnog diska ili zbog inflamatornih i degenerativnih promena (najče&scaron;će osteofita) u foraminalnom otvoru. Kvalitet života predstavlja savremeni koncept posmatranja ishoda oboljenja i uspe&scaron;nosti terapijske procedure kako u svim oblastima medicine, tako i u problematici lumbalne radikulopatije.<br />Cilj: Proceniti kvalitet života operativno i neoperativno lečenih pacijenata sa lumbalnom radikulopatijom na početku lečenja i 3 meseca, odnosno 6 meseci nakon sprovedene medicinske rehabilitacije.<br />Metode: Istraživanje predstavlja prospektivnu kliničku studiju kojom je analiziran kvalitet života bolesnika sa lumbalnom radikulopatijom. Obuhvaćen je randomiziran i stratifikovan uzorak pacijenata sa lumbalnom radikulopatijom diskalne geneze starosti 20 do 65 godina, oba pola (n=100), lečenih u Specijalnoj bolnici za progresivne mi&scaron;ićne i neuromi&scaron;ićne bolesti Novi Pazar. Jedna grupa ispitanika (n=50) lečena je isključivo neoperativnim metodama, dok je druga grupa bolesnika (n=50) lečena hirur&scaron;kim i neoperativnim metodama. Kod svih pacijenata sproveden je konzervativni tretman primenom fizikalnih procedura, kineziterapijskih procedura, ergonomske edukacije. Medikamentna terapija je kod svih bila identična. Za procenu stanja pacijenata, kvaliteta života i efekta rehabilitacionog tretmana kori&scaron;ćena su dva standardizovana upitnika: op&scaron;ti zdravstveni upitnik Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF 36) i upitnik specifičan za oboljenje The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).<br />Rezultati: Vrednosti SF-36 upitnika prikazanih sumarnim fizičkim (SFS) i mentalnim (SMS) skorom, i kod neoperativno lečenih ispitanika (FSFS=450,221 i p&lt;0,001; FSMS=106,543 i p&lt;0,001), ali i kod operativno lečenih (FSFS=490,721 i p&lt;0,001; FSMS=72,055 i p&lt;0,001) značajno su se menjale u toku ispitivanja. Vrednosti SFS kod neoperativno lečenih pacijenata (početak tretmana, 3 meseca, 6 meseci): 35,5 / 44,7 / 50,8; kod operativno lečenih: 28,8 / 42,8 / 49,2. Vrednosti SMS kod neoperativno lečenih pacijenata: 40,6 / 44,8 / 52,6; kod operativno lečenih: 37,8 / 45,2 / 52,5.<br />Najveće pobolj&scaron;anje SFS, kod obe grupe pacijenata, je registrovano u prva tri meseca od početka rehabilitacionog tretmana, dok je najveći napredak SMS registrovan u prva tri meseca od početka rehabilitacionog tretmana kod druge grupe pacijenata.<br />Vrednosti skora Osvestri indeksa nesposobnosti (ODI), i kod pacijenata prve grupe (F=432,810 i p&lt;0,001), ali i kod pacijenata druge grupe (F=1341,180 i p&lt;0,001) značajno su se menjale u toku ispitivanja. Vrednosti ODI kod neoperativno lečenih pacijenata su: 51,5% / 36% / 22,5%; a kod pacijenata druge grupe: 56,1% / 38,9% / 23,7%. Najveće pobolj&scaron;anje je registrovano u prva tri meseca od početka rehabilitacionog tretmana kod druge grupe pacijenata. Postoje statistički značajne korelacije glavnih sumarnih skorova i domena SF-36 (SFS i SMS) i ODI skorova.<br />Zaključak: Kvalitet života i funkcionalni status i neoperativno i operativno lečenih pacijenata je značajno bolji u komparaciji stanja, na 3 meseca i na 6 meseci u odnosu na početak rehabilitacije, kao i na 6 meseci u odnosu na stanje na 3 meseca.</p> / <p>Introduction: The syndrome of lumbar radiculopathy involves dysfunction of nerve roots of the lumbar spine, caused by compression, resulting due to herniation (protrusion, prolapse) intervertebral disc, or due to inflammatory and degenerative changes (usually osteophytes) in foraminal opening. Quality of life is the modern concept of observing the outcome of disease and therapeutic procedures in performance in all areas of medicine, as well as the problems of lumbar radiculopathy.<br />Aim: Assess the quality of life for surgically and conservatively treated patients with lumbar radiculopathy at initiation of treatment and 3 months, and 6 months after conducting medical rehabilitation.<br />Methods: The study is a prospective clinical study, which analyzed the quality of life of patients with lumbar radiculopathy. Also included is randomized and stratified sample of patients with lumbar radiculopathy of discal genesis aged 20 to 65 years, of both sexes (n=100) treated at the Special Hospital for progressive muscular and neuromuscular diseases Novi Pazar. One group of patients (n=50) were treated exclusively non-surgical methods, while the second group of patients (n=50) treated with surgical and non-surgical methods. In all patients was conducted by applying the conservative treatment of physical procedures, kinesitherapy procedures, ergonomic education. Medication treatment is at all were identical. To assess the condition of patients, quality of life and the effect of rehabilitation treatment used two standardized questionnaires: a general health questionnaire Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF 36) and disease-specific questionnaire The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).<br />Results: Values SF-36 questionnaire presented summary physical (SFS) and mental (SMS) scores, with non-surgical treated subjects (FSFS=450.221, p&lt;0.001; FSMS=106.543, p&lt;0.001), but also at surgical treated (FSFS=490.721, p&lt;0.001; FSMS=72.055, p&lt;0.001) were significantly changed during the study. Values at SFS non-surgical treated patients (beginning of treatment, 3 months, 6 months): 35.5 / 44.7 / 50.8; at surgical treated: 28.8 / 42.8 / 49.2. Values SMS with the non-surgical treated patients: 40.6 / 44.8 / 52.6; with surgical treated: 37.8 / 45.2 / 52.5. The biggest improvement of SFS, in both groups of patients were registered in the first three months of the start of the rehabilitation treatment, while the biggest progress SMS is registered in the first three months of the start of treatment in other patient groups. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) values score, in patients of the first group (F=432.810, p&lt;0.001), and in second group of patients (F=1341.180, p&lt;0.001) were significantly changed during the study. ODI values at non-surgical treated patients were: 51.5% / 36% / 22.5%; the second group of patients: 56.1% / 38.9% / 23.7%. The bigest improvement was registered in the first three months of the start of treatment in second group patients. There are statistically significant correlations main summary scores and SF-36 domains (SFS and SMS) and ODI scores.<br />Conclusion: The quality of life and functional status of both groups patients was significantly better in comparison to the situation, at 3 months and 6 months compared to the beginning of rehabilitation, as well as at 6 months compared to 3 months.</p>

Aquesta tesi tracta de la Qualitat de vida dels adolescents amb Escoliosi idiopàtica (EIA) quan ese sotmeten a tractament conservador. Així mateix, concepte central és el de Qualitat de Vida relacionat amb la Salut (QVRS), dins del model biopsicosocial. Es tracta d'un model complex i multicausal, on ment i cos estan estrictament inter-relacionats. Per tant, considerem també: l'auto-imatge, l'estrès i la família. En l'EIA, definida com una desviació lateral de la columna associada a una rotació, es presenten dos factors importants: un possible deteriorament de l 'auto-imatge i una vivència de pèrdua de perfecció, per part dels pacients i dels seus pares. Potencials factors que poden dificultar l'elaboració d'aquest dol són la incertesa en relació a l'evolució de la corba i una possible herència genètica, normalment a càrrec de les mares. Els mètodes de intervencions, en relació a la gravetat de la deformació, comprenen: la simple observació, el tractament conservador amb corset i fisioteràpia, l'operació quirúrgica i/o la fisioteràpia. En relació a un interès sempre més fort per part d'investigadors i clínics, es van crear instruments de mesura que varien des dels genèrics als específics i als super-específics. Arran dels limitats estudis sobre els impactes de la fisioteràpia i del tractament “mixt” que inclou corset i fisioteràpia, hem dut a terme una investigació comptant amb una mostra d'adolescents provinents de dos centres, a Barcelona i a Milà. Els instruments utilitzats van ser: un qüestionari de dades soci-demogràfic, el test d'autoestima de Rosenberg, l'Autoconcepte Forma 5, l'Escala de satisfacció amb el propi cos, el SRS-22, el BSSQ (corset).es/it. Es van realitzar 4 estudis. El primer va ser un estudi de tipus descriptiu sobre la mostra. El segon, una comparació entre els dos grups de fisioteràpia de Milà i de Barcelona, va revelar un augment de la CVRS amb referència al Dolor en el grup de Milà; els dos Tractaments van tenir efectes diferents sobre l'AF-Emocional i el SRS-Autoimatge, amb puntuacions més altes en el grup de Barcelona. El tercer, una comparació entre el grup de fisioteràpia i el mixt en la mostra de Milà , va ensenyar una millora en CVRS quant a Dolor al llarg del temps en el grup de fisioteràpia en contra d'una reducció en el grup mixt. El quart, una comparació entre el grup de fisioteràpia i el sense tractament en la mostra de Barcelona, va indicar que independentment del tractament, hi va haver-una reducció de l'Auto concepte familiar. Tenint en compte el limitat nombre de la mostra, la seva composició heterogènia, les eines utilitzades, es plantegen investigacions més completes en el futur. / Esta tesis trata de la Calidad de vida de los adolescentes con Escoliosis idiopática (EIA) cuando se someten a tratamiento conservador. Asimismo, concepto central es el de Calidad de Vida relacionado con la salud (CVRS), dentro del modelo biopsicosocial. Se trata de un modelo complejo y multicausal, donde mente y cuerpo están estrictamente inter-relacionados. Por lo tanto, consideramos también: la autoimagen, el estrés y la familia. En la EIA, definida como una desviación lateral de la columna asociada a una rotación, se presentan dos factores importantes: un posible deterioro de la autoimagen y una vivencia de pérdida de perfección, por parte de los pacientes y de sus padres. Potenciales factores que pueden dificultar la elaboración de este duelo son la incertidumbre en relación a la evolución de la curva y una posible herencia genética, normalmente a cargo de las madres. Los métodos de intervenciones, en relación a la gravedad de la deformación, comprenden: la simple observación, el tratamiento conservador con corsé y fisioterapia, la operación quirúrgica y/o la fisioterapia. En relación a un interés siempre más fuerte por parte de investigadores y clínicos, se crearon instrumentos de medición que varían desde los genéricos a los específicos y a los superespecíficos. A raíz de los limitados estudios sobre los impactos de la fisioterapia y del tratamiento “mixto” que incluye corsé y fisioterapia, hemos llevado a cabo una investigación contando con una muestra de adolescentes provenientes de dos centros, en Barcelona y en Milán. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: un cuestionario de datos-socio-demográfico, el test de autoestima de Rosenberg, el Autoconcepto Forma 5, la Escala de satisfacción con el propio cuerpo, el SRS-22, el BSSQ (corsé).es/it. Se realizaron 4 estudios. El primero fue un estudio de tipo descriptivo sobre la muestra. El segundo, una comparación entre los dos grupos de fisioterapia de Milán y de Barcelona, reveló un aumento de la CVRS con referencia al Dolor en el grupo de Milán; los dos Tratamientos tuvieron efectos diferentes sobre el AF-Emocional y el SRS-Autoimagen, con puntuaciones más altas en el grupo español. El tercero, una comparación entre el grupo de fisioterapia y el mixto en la muestra de Milán, enseñó una mejora en CVRS en cuanto a Dolor a lo largo del tiempo en el grupo de fisioterapia en contra de una reducción en el grupo mixto. El cuarto, una comparación entre el grupo de fisioterapia y el sin tratamiento en la muestra de Barcelona, indicó que indiferentemente de l tratamiento, hubo una reducción del Autoconcepto familiar. Teniendo en cuenta el limitado numero de la muestra, su composición heterogénea, las herramientas utilizadas, se plantean investigaciones más completas en futuro. / The present thesis deals with the quality of life of adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis (EIA) when subjected to conservative treatment. Besides, the main concept is the quality of life related to health (HRQOL), within the biopsychosocial model. This is a complex and multi-causal model, where mind and body are strictly interrelated. Therefore, we consider the following elements: self-image, stress and family. In the EIA, defined as a lateral deviation of the spine associated with a rotation, there are two important factors: a possible deterioration of the self-image and a feeling of the lost perfection perceived by the patients and their parents. Potential factors that may hinder the development of this grief are the uncertainty regarding the evolution of the curve and the possible genetic inheritance, usually from maternal side. The methods of intervention in relation to the severity of the deformity may be listed as follows: the simple observation, the conservative treatment with braces and physiotherapy, surgery and / or physiotherapy. With regard to the ever-stronger interest shown by researchers and clinicians, measurement tools ranging from generic to specific and super-specific have been created. Because of the limited studies on the impacts of the physiotherapy treatment and the "mixed" one, including brace and physical therapy, we investigated a sample of adolescents from two centres, in Barcelona and in Milan. The instruments used were a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Rosenberg self-esteem test, the Self-concept Form 5, the Scale of satisfaction with one's body, the SRS-22, BSSQ (brace). The following four studies were conducted . The first was a description of the sample. The second, a comparison between the two groups – from Milan and from Barcelona-, showed an increase of “pain referred HRQOL” in the Milan group; the two treatments had different effects on the AF-Emotional and SRS-Self-image, with higher scores in the Spanish group. The third, a comparison between the physiotherapy group and the mixed one in the sample from Milan, showed an improved “pain referred HRQOL” with the passing of time in the physiotherapy group against a reduction in the mixed group. The fourth, a comparison between the physiotherapy group and the untreated one in the sample from Barcelona, indicated that regardless of the treatment, there was a reduction of the family self-concept. Given the limited sample numbers, its heterogeneous composition, the tools used, the present study requires a more extensive investigation in the future.

Title: Acquired flatfoot in adults Background: Flatfoot deformity is one of the common diagnoses in the orthopedic field and physiotherapy, its common in adults as acquired, there is still a large incidence of flatfoot in adolescence and many cases of adult flatfoot are frequently presented as residual pediatric flatfoot. The treatment also has wide field according to type of cause. Aims: The aim of this literature review was to enhance knowledge on the persistence of the acquired flatfoot condition in adult's population by determining the causes of flatfoot with contributing factors that affect the medial longitudinal arch and progression of the deformity, and review of the most common treatment. Method: An electronic database search was conducted to obtain articles from relevant journals (from early 1990 to end 2015). The information was collected also from textbooks. Results: Regarding the causes of acquired flatfoot in adult, a good base of evidence stems from a number of articles review, the posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction is the most cause of acquired flatfoot. The sensory motor stimulation technique is not the most treatment used to treat acquired flatfoot in adults and the most used treatment is the surgical procedure. Conclusion: Regarding the causes of adults acquired flatfoot in...

Abstract Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) conservative treatment result usually good clinical outcome, but despite the treatment method calf muscle strength deficit persist. Recent evidence suggests that surgery might surpass conservative treatment in restoring strength after ATR, but structural explanations for surgery-related improved strength remain uncertain. The purposes of this thesis were to compare calf muscle isokinetic strength recovery, calf muscle volume, fatty degeneration and AT elongation after conservative treatment or after open surgical repair of ATR. An additional aim was to assess the role of fascial augmentation in terms of calf muscle isokinetic strength recovery, AT elongation, calf muscle volume atrophy and fatty degeneration, and their relationship with calf muscle isokinetic strength in long-term follow-up after ATR surgery. Surgery resulted in 10% to 18% greater plantar flexion strength (P = 0.037) compared to conservative treatment. The mean differences between affected and healthy soleus muscle volumes were -18% after surgery and -25% after conservative treatment (P = 0.042). At 18 months, AT were, on average 19 mm longer in patients treated conservatively compared to surgery (P &#60; 0.001). At 18 months, patients with greater (2–3) fatty degeneration had lower soleus muscle volumes and plantar flexion strength in the healthy leg. In long term, augmentation did not affect any of the strength variables, but the injured side showed 12% to 18% strength deficit compared with the healthy side (P &#60; 0.001). The AT was, on average, 12 mm longer in the affected leg than in the healthy leg (P &#60; 0.001). The mean soleus muscle volume was 13% lower in the affected leg than in the healthy leg (P &#60; 0.001). The mean volumes of the medial- and lateral gastrocnemius muscles were 12% and 11% lower in the affected leg than in the healthy leg, respectively (P &#60; 0.001). AT elongation correlated substantially with plantar strength deficit (ρ = 0.51, P &#60; 0.001) and with both gastrocnemius (ρ = 0.46, P = 0.001) and soleus muscle atrophy (ρ = 0.42, P = 0.002). Calf muscle fatty degeneration was more common in the affected leg compared healthy leg (P &#8804; 0.018). In conclusion, surgery of ATR restored calf muscle isokinetic strength earlier and more completely than conservative treatment. Conservative treatment resulted in greater soleus muscle atrophy and AT elongation compared surgery, which may partly explain the surgery related better strength results. Augmentation provided no long-term benefits compared with simple suturation, and a 12 to 18% plantar flexion strength deficit compared to the healthy side persisted. AT elongation may explain the smaller calf muscle volumes, greater fatty degeneration, and plantar flexion strength deficit observed in long-term follow-up after surgical repair of ATR. / Tiivistelmä Akillesjännerepeämän (ATR) konservatiivisella ja leikkaushoidolla hoidolla saavutetaan hyvät kliiniset tulokset. Viimeisimmät tutkimukset kuitenkin viittaavat leikkaushoidolla saavutettavan paremmat voimat kuin konservatiivisella hoidolla, mutta rakenteelliset selitykset leikkaushoidon paremmalle pohjelihaksen voimille ovat epäselviä. Työn tarkoituksena oli verrata pohjelihaksen isokineettisten voimien palautumista, pohjelihastilavuuksia, rasvadegeneraatiota ja akillesjänteen (AT) pidentymistä ATR:n konservatiivisen- ja leikkaushoidon jälkeen. Tarkoituksena oli arvioida lihaskalvovahvikkeen merkitystä pohjelihaksen isokineettisten voimien palautumisessa pitkäaikaisseurannassa. Lisäksi tutkimme AT pidentymisen, pohjelihastilavuuksien ja rasvadegeneraation suhdetta pohjelihaksen isokineettisiin voimiin ATR:n leikkaushoidon jälkeen 14 v seurannassa. Leikkaushoidolla saavutettiin 10–18 % paremmat pohjelihaksen voimat verrattuna konservatiiviseen hoitoon. Leikkaushoidon jälkeen soleuslihasten tilavuuksien puoliero terveen jalan hyväksi oli 18 % ja konservatiivisen hoidon jälkeen 25 %. 18 kk kohdalla konservatiivisesti hoidettujen AT oli 19 mm pidempi verrattuna leikkauksella hoidettuihin. 18 kk kohdalla potilaat, joilla vamma jalan soleuslihaksen rasva-degeneraatio oli korkea (2–3), kärsivät suuremmasta soleuslihaksen atrofiasta ja pohjelihaksen voima puolierosta. Voimat eivät muuttuneet 12 kk ja 14 v kontrollien välillä. Lihaskalvovahvikkeella ei ollut merkitystä voimien palautumisessa pelkkään suoraan ompeluun verrattuna, mutta vammapuoli jäi 10–18 % heikommaksi verrattuna terveeseen jalkaan. Vammajalan akillesjänne oli 12 mm pidempi terveeseen jalkaan verrattuna. Vammajalan kolmipäisen pohjelihaksen tilavuus oli 11–13 % pienempi verrattuna terveeseen jalkaan. Akillesjänteen pituus korreloi pohjelihaksen voimapuolieron sekä pohjelihasatrofian kanssa. Akillesjännerepeämän leikkaushoidolla pohjelihaksen isokineettiset voimat palautuvat nopeammin ja täydellisemmin kuin konservatiivisella hoidolla. Leikkaushoitoon verrattuna konservatiivinen hoito johtaa suurempaan soleuslihaksen atrofiaan ja akillesjänteen pidentymään, mikä selittää osittain leikkaushoidon paremmat voimatulokset. 14 v seurannassa lihaskalvovahvikkeesta ei ole etua akillesjännerepeämän leikkaushoidossa. Akillesjännerepeämän leikkaushoidosta huolimatta potilaalle jää terveeseen jalkaan verrattuna 10–18 % pohjelihasten voimapuoliero. Akillesjänteen pidentyminen mahdollisesti selittää pohjelihasten atrofian, rasvadegeneraation ja pysyvän pohjelihasten voimapuolieron akillesjännerepeämän leikkaushoidon jälkeen 14 v seurannassa.