Land contaminated with arsenic is a major problem as arsenic is toxic and poses a major health risk to both humans and animals. There are several remediation methods, both in-situ and ex-situ, to prevent and deal with pollution problems in different ways. In Hjältevad, Eksjö municipality, a leak occurred in an impregnation tank in 1968, in a facility belonging to atelephone company. As a result, the groundwater was contaminated with chromium, copper andarsenic and despite several major remediation measures, arsenic concentrations are still highand new measures are required, of which this study is a part.Previous laboratory tests with soil samples from Hjätevad, both batch and then column tests,showed that zero-valent iron particles (ZVI) in nano and micro-scale proved to be most effectiveunder given conditions to immobilize arsenic. In the present study results from a pilot scaleexperiment with micro-scale ZVI (mZVI) are presented. Before the pilot scale experiment,dynamic groundwater sampling was carried out in Hjältevad, to characterize the aquifer. Also,initial distribution tests with mZVI were conducted. Trial injections were carried out with a slurryof water, mZVI and guar. The latter was added to increased viscosity. The distribution of mZVIwas followed up with measurements of e.g., conductivity and imaging with OPI-VIS. The spreadof mZVI ranged between 0.5–1.5 meters.In the pilot scale experiment, five injection points were used 2 meters apart from each other andsix new groundwater wells were installed after the injection to monitor the effect of mZVI ongroundwater chemistry. Injections were made at 11 different depths in 0.5-meter intervals. Forfour months, measurements of different groundwater parameters were conducted. Smallreductions in arsenic levels were found in two groundwater wells downstream from the injectionpoints, but no reduction in the remaining wells.One reason for the small effect on arsenic concentration could be slow kinetics of the reactionbetween mZVI and water, due to low groundwater temperatures (7–8 °C). Another reason couldbe that the mZVI was not dispersed well enough in the soil due to either the aggregation ofmZVI particles or the heterogeneity of the soil. / Arsenikförorenad mark är ett stort problem då arsenik är toxisk och utgör en stor hälsorisk förbåde människor och djur och bör därför saneras. Det finns flertalet saneringsmetoder både in-situoch ex-situ för att på olika sätt både förebygga och ta itu med en föroreningsproblematik. IHjältevad, Eksjö kommun, skedde ett läckage i en impregneringstank år 1968, i dåvarandeTeleverkets anläggning. Detta förorenade grundvattnet med krom, koppar och arsenik och trotsflera stora saneringsåtgärder var arsenikkoncentrationerna höga och nya åtgärder undersöktes,vilket denna studie är en del av.I ett tidigare arbete genomfördes laborationsförsök med jordprover från Hjätevad, först skak- ochsedan kolonnförsök med lovande resultat där ickesulfiderat mikrojärn visade sig mest verksamtunder givna förutsättningar. I detta examensarbete undersöktes möjligheten att fastlägga arsenik igrundvattenzonen genom att injektera nollvärt järn i mikroskala (mZVI) i ett pilotskaleförsök.Innan pilotskaleförsöket genomfördes även på plats i Hjältevad både dynamiskgrundvattenprovtagning för att få en djupprofil på grundvattenkemin. I ett inledandedistrubitionstest genomfördes provinjektioner av en slurry med mZVI blandad med guar för attge ökad viskositet, vars spridning följdes upp med mätningar av bl.a. konduktivitet och bildermed OPI-VIS. Spridnigen blev mellan 0,5-1,5 meter.I pilotskaleförsöket användes fem injekeringspunkter och sex nya grundvattenrör installeradesefter injekteringen för att följa upp effekten i grundvattnet. Injekteringarna gjordes på 11 olikadjup med ett intervall på 0,5 meter. Effekterna i grundvattnet följdes upp under fyra månadergenom mätningar av pH, EH, As(III), total As och Fe. Små minskningar av arsenikhalterna kundekonstateras i de två provbrunnarna på störst avstånd nedströms från injekteringarna, men ingenminskning i övriga provbrunnar. En orskak att minskningen av arsenikkoncentrationen inte blevstörre kan vara långsam kinetik i reaktionen mellan vatten och mZVI, vilken potentiellt ärtemperaturberoende. När mZVI reagerar med vatten bildas olika järn(hydr)oxider, vilka kanbinda löst arsenik. En annan är orsak kan vara att mZVI inte har spridits tillräckligt bra i markenpå grund av antingen att mZVI-partiklarna klumpat ihop sig eller heterogeniteten i marken.

No description available.

Les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) sont des polluants organiques, ubiquistes, potentiellement toxiques et cancérigènes. Dans les sols, la dégradation des HAP est principalement due à l'activité microbienne. Certaines études ont montré que la biodégradation des HAP pouvait être augmentée dans la rhizosphère des plantes où le nombre et l'activité microbienne sont stimulés, grâce aux exsudats racinaires. Cependant les bénéfices des plantes ne sont pas toujours observés, et les exsudats pourraient aussi modifier la biodisponibilité des HAP. Les objectifs de ce travail ont été de mieux comprendre ces interactions sol-plante-microorganismes qui conditionnent le devenir des HAP dans la rhizosphère en suivant notamment (i) les bactéries possédant les gènes codant une HAP-dioxygènase, (ii) les espèces bactériennes impliquées dans la dégradation du phénanthrène, et (iii) la disponibilité et la biodégradation des HAP dans des terres industrielles historiquement contaminées.Les expériences ont été conduites dans des dispositifs à compartiments, lesquels permettent une diffusion des exsudats racinaires dans le sol tout en retenant physiquement les racines, puis en microcosmes avec un ajout d'exsudats racinaires naturels produits à partir d'une culture hydroponique de ray-grass (Lolium perenne, L). Les expériences ont été réalisées dans un premier temps avec du sable en ajoutant du phénanthrène (PHE) et un inoculum bactérien issu d'un sol d'une ancienne cokerie puis directement avec des sols historiquement contaminés en HAP. Les nombres de copies de gènes codant pour l'ADNr 16S et pour des HAP-dioxygènases ont été quantifiés par PCR en temps réel pour estimer la proportion de bactéries dégradantes. Les structures des communautés ont été comparées par électrophorèses (TTGE). En plus de l'analyse des 16 HAP totaux, une extraction non exhaustive des HAP a été réalisée à la cyclodextrine pour en estimer la disponibilité. L'utilisation de la méthode SIP (stable isotope probing) avec du 13C-phénanthrène a permis d'identifier les bactéries directement impliqués sa dégradation dans un sol historiquement contaminé. Les expériences en dispositifs à compartiments ont confirmé que la dissipation du phénanthrène est plus importante lorsque la distance aux racines est plus faible, et montrent que le nombre de copies de gène 16S et de gène de HAP-dioxygénase varie avec l'âge des plantes et du temps de contact des compartiments latéraux avec le tapis racinaire. Mais elles montrent aussi que la dissipation du phénanthrène n'est pas plus importante dans les pots plantés, tandis que dans les expériences en microcosmes une inhibition de la dissipation du PHE a même été observée en présence d'exsudats. La présence d'exsudats racinaires a profondément modifié la structure des communautés dégradant les HAP, et l'expérience SIP a permis d'identifier les bactéries directement impliquées dans la dégradation du 13C-phénanthrène et de montrer qu'elles étaient différentes en présence ou non d'exsudats. En présence d'exsudats, la proportion des bactéries dégradantes dans la population totale est passée de 1 % dans la terre d'origine et dans les traitements sans exsudats à plus de 10 %. Même si les exsudats racinaires ralentissent la dissipation du phénanthrène, en fournissant une source de carbone plus facilement métabolisable, ils ont augmenté la quantité de HAP extractibles à la cyclodextrine dans deux des trois sols historiquement contaminés, suggérant un effet de ceux-ci sur la biodisponibilité des HAP / Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) are organics pollutants, ubiquitous, toxics and potentially carcinogenic. In soil, PAH degradation is mainly attributed to microbial organism. Several studies have thus reported enhanced PAH degradation in soil in the presence of plants. Rhizospheric soil increase the number et the activity of microorganisms in soil by the release of roots exudates. However, bene?cial effects of plants in the remediation are not always observed and roots exudates could be limited PAH biodegradation. The object of this study was to investigate the fate of PAHs in rhizosphere, following (i) the PAH-dioxygenase genes DNA to quantify the PAH-degrading bacteria, (ii) species implicated in phenanthrene biodegradation, and (iii) PAH availability and biodegradation from industrial soils.Different experimental devices have been designed to study detailed processes in the rhizosphere. First is a compartments devices were a nylon mesh permits diffusion of plant soluble substances towards the adjacent root free compartment as a rhizosphere. Secondly microcosms were enriched with natural roots exudates from hydroponic culture of ray-grass (Lolium perenne L.). In first time, experiments were conducted using sand and bacterial inoculum from an industrially PAH-contaminated soil and then directly with a soil historically contaminated by PAH. The Real-Time PCR quantification of 16S rRNA gene copy and of functional PAH-RHD? genes permitted to assess the proportion of a degrading bacteria. Bacterial community structure was approached from Temporal Thermal Gradient gel Electrophoresis (TTGE) fingerprinting, and bands sequencing. Nonexhaustive cyclodextrin-based extraction technique provided a estimate of the ?labile? or available pool of PAH in soil. Use of stable isotope probing (SIP) technique with [13C]phenanthrene allowed a bacterial identification of directly implicated in industrial soil.The presence of exudates modified microbial community of PAH-degrading bacteria. SIP experiment showed that 13C-labelled PHE-degrading bacteria was different depending on the exudates input. Many species having to degrade phenanthrene were able to use exudates. Presence of root exudates increased the proportion of PAH-RHD? genes compared to the bulk soil at the beginning and in microcosms without exudates (respectively 10% and 1 %). However, phenanthene dissipation in sand or soil were weaker with root exudates and aged PAH concentrations has not shifted during incubation time. Nevertheless, the root exudates increased the PAH labile fraction extract with cyclodextrin solution into two in three soils historically contaminated

Mixtures of chlorinated organic pollutants can be found in the soils at chlorophenol-contaminated sawmill, including (inter alia) polychlorinated phenols (CPs), phenoxyphenols (PCPPs), diphenyl ethers (PCDEs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxins (PCDDs). These hydrophobic compounds have low water solubility and hence low mobility as truly dissolved compounds. However, they may migrate through the soil at significant rates via co-transport with dissolved organic matter (DOM) and colloids of fine, waterborne particulate matter. In the work underlying this thesis the distribution of chlorinated hydrophobic pollutants between these two mobile fractions in soil samples from five sawmill sites was studied Soils at five sites at which CPs were formerly used were characterized, and found to have complex profiles of chlorinated hydrophobic pollutants. CPs, PCPPs, PCDEs and PCDD/Fs were present at up to ppm-levels. Furthermore, the relative proportions of the pollutants differed from their relative proportions in the preservatives used at the sites, indicating that they have been transported from, and/or degraded in, the soil at different rates. These organic pollutants have low water solubility and strong affinity for soil organic matter (SOM). The importance of SOM for the fate of CPs, PCPPs, PCDEs, PCDFs and PCDDs in soil was investigated by examining the distribution of compounds between the mobile DOM and the immobile particulate organic matter (POM). The partitioning of CPs between DOM and POM was found to be approximately equal. However, the relative strength of association with POM of groups of chlorinated organic pollutants was positively correlated with their hydrophobicity, and thus increased in the order CP < PCPP < PCDE < PCDF < PCDD. Despite the weak association of PCDD/Fs with DOM our investigations found that considerable concentrations of these pollutants were bound to mobile fractions (DOM and colloids, >0.2 µm) in both a groundwater analysis and a leaching test. CPs and PCPP were present at up to ppm- and ppb-levels, respectively, and PCDEs and PCDD/Fs at up to ppt-levels. The importance of transport in association with the mobile fraction (DOM and colloids) increased with increasing hydrophobicity e.g. PCDDs were almost entirely associated with fine particulate matter, while CPs were largely found in the water phase and only minor proportions were associated with colloids.

The hypothesis for this study was that phenanthrene degrading bacterial inoculants, in combination with grass species able to tolerate petroleum hydrocarbon contamination, will result in increased degradation, as compared to natural rates of hydrocarbon degradation, or to rates of degradation attributed to bacteria or plants alone. Three experiments were performed to examine this hypothesis: i) assessment of the effect of phenanthrene degrading bacteria (<i>Sphingomonas yanoikuyae</i>, <i>Rahnella aquatilis</i>, and <i>Arthrobacter globiformis</i>) on seed germination, location of attachment on seeds and roots, and inoculant survival on selected grass species, ii) determination of the inoculant survival in contaminated soil in the absence of plants and the ability to degrade target compounds, and iii) degradation potential and survival of selected grass species and bacterial inoculants in soil. In general, all applied inoculants were able to effectively colonize the seeds and had a neutral or positive effect on seed germination and seedling growth. Possible plant and bacteria pairs were chosen based on positive influence of the inoculant and are as follows: perennial ryegrass (<i>Lolium perenne</i>) or creeping red fescue (<i>Festuca rubra</i>) with <i>A. globiformis</i> or <i>S. yanoikuyae</i>, or slender wheatgrass (<i>Elymus trachycaulus</i>) with <i>A. globiformis</i> or <i>R. aquatilis</i>. Soil-based assessment of the survival and degradation of hydrocarbons by the selected inoculants was examined with or without a manure nutrient amendment. The addition of the inoculants had a positive impact on the efficacy of hydrocarbon removal in the soil. The manure-amended soil, or <i>A. globiformis</i> inoculated non-amended soil treatments reduced total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration by ~45%, whereas the non-amended control only resulted in a ~20% reduction. When soils were amended with manure and inoculated with any of the phenanthrene degrading bacteria, contaminant concentration decreased in soil by ~33%. <i>Sphingomonas yanoikuyae</i> survived the longest in soil in the absence of plants. A growth chamber experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of plant and bacteria pairs for hydrocarbon removal in recalcitrant contamination found in soil from Bruderheim, Alberta. Additional replicates containing this soil were spiked with hexadecane, phenanthrene, and pyrene so the effectiveness of the plant and bacteria pairs at higher levels of fresh contamination could be assessed. In the spiked treatment, inoculation with <i>S. yanoikuyae</i> increased creeping red fescue root biomass. In the non-spiked treatment, <i>S. yanoikuyae</i> application increased creeping red fescue root and shoot biomass. Perennial ryegrass root and shoot biomass did not increase when inoculated with <i>S. yanoikuyae</i>, although root biomass values were observably higher in non-spiked soils. Creeping red fescue inoculated with <i>S. yanoikuyae</i> resulted in the greatest decrease in hydrocarbon concentration as compared to other treatments (~61%). The perennial ryegrass treatment, when inoculated with <i>S. yanoikuyae</i> increased percent hydrocarbon removal (~10%) above that obtained with perennial ryegrass alone. The addition of plants and <i>S. yanoikuyae</i> increased hydrocarbon degradation relative to control soils, although the addition of vegetation alone had a comparable effect. A critical benefit of inoculation was the increase in creeping red fescue root biomass at higher concentrations of contamination. This is important because the larger the root biomass the larger the volume of soil that can be remediated. The results indicate that the use of specific plant-bacterial inoculants can enhance remediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils.

The hypothesis for this study was that phenanthrene degrading bacterial inoculants, in combination with grass species able to tolerate petroleum hydrocarbon contamination, will result in increased degradation, as compared to natural rates of hydrocarbon degradation, or to rates of degradation attributed to bacteria or plants alone. Three experiments were performed to examine this hypothesis: i) assessment of the effect of phenanthrene degrading bacteria (<i>Sphingomonas yanoikuyae</i>, <i>Rahnella aquatilis</i>, and <i>Arthrobacter globiformis</i>) on seed germination, location of attachment on seeds and roots, and inoculant survival on selected grass species, ii) determination of the inoculant survival in contaminated soil in the absence of plants and the ability to degrade target compounds, and iii) degradation potential and survival of selected grass species and bacterial inoculants in soil. In general, all applied inoculants were able to effectively colonize the seeds and had a neutral or positive effect on seed germination and seedling growth. Possible plant and bacteria pairs were chosen based on positive influence of the inoculant and are as follows: perennial ryegrass (<i>Lolium perenne</i>) or creeping red fescue (<i>Festuca rubra</i>) with <i>A. globiformis</i> or <i>S. yanoikuyae</i>, or slender wheatgrass (<i>Elymus trachycaulus</i>) with <i>A. globiformis</i> or <i>R. aquatilis</i>. Soil-based assessment of the survival and degradation of hydrocarbons by the selected inoculants was examined with or without a manure nutrient amendment. The addition of the inoculants had a positive impact on the efficacy of hydrocarbon removal in the soil. The manure-amended soil, or <i>A. globiformis</i> inoculated non-amended soil treatments reduced total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration by ~45%, whereas the non-amended control only resulted in a ~20% reduction. When soils were amended with manure and inoculated with any of the phenanthrene degrading bacteria, contaminant concentration decreased in soil by ~33%. <i>Sphingomonas yanoikuyae</i> survived the longest in soil in the absence of plants. A growth chamber experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of plant and bacteria pairs for hydrocarbon removal in recalcitrant contamination found in soil from Bruderheim, Alberta. Additional replicates containing this soil were spiked with hexadecane, phenanthrene, and pyrene so the effectiveness of the plant and bacteria pairs at higher levels of fresh contamination could be assessed. In the spiked treatment, inoculation with <i>S. yanoikuyae</i> increased creeping red fescue root biomass. In the non-spiked treatment, <i>S. yanoikuyae</i> application increased creeping red fescue root and shoot biomass. Perennial ryegrass root and shoot biomass did not increase when inoculated with <i>S. yanoikuyae</i>, although root biomass values were observably higher in non-spiked soils. Creeping red fescue inoculated with <i>S. yanoikuyae</i> resulted in the greatest decrease in hydrocarbon concentration as compared to other treatments (~61%). The perennial ryegrass treatment, when inoculated with <i>S. yanoikuyae</i> increased percent hydrocarbon removal (~10%) above that obtained with perennial ryegrass alone. The addition of plants and <i>S. yanoikuyae</i> increased hydrocarbon degradation relative to control soils, although the addition of vegetation alone had a comparable effect. A critical benefit of inoculation was the increase in creeping red fescue root biomass at higher concentrations of contamination. This is important because the larger the root biomass the larger the volume of soil that can be remediated. The results indicate that the use of specific plant-bacterial inoculants can enhance remediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:27:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1452427 bytes, checksum: ad89ed1f2acb1864018bdd4b54b3fc9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research addressed the application of electrokinetic phenomena in soil remediation, considering the application of electroosmosis in the decontamination of three soils from the Zona da Mata Norte, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, contaminated with the element-trace cadmium. This work followed a line of research previously developed at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, including the evaluation of the electroosmotic process in the chemical and mineralogical parameters of a larger gamma of soils, as well as evaluating the effect of testing parameters in the efficiency of the decontamination process. The tested soils were residual products from gneiss, as follow: (i) soil 1, a mature residual soil, pedologically classified as Red Yellow Latosol, presenting lateritic geotechnical behavior and silty-sandy-clayey texture; (ii) soil 2, saprolitic, presenting non lateritic geotechnical behavior and clayey-silty-sandy texture; e (iii) soil 3, also a mature residual soil, pedologically classified as Red yellow Podzol (Argisol), presenting non- lateritic geotechnical behavior and sandy-siltyclayey texture. Cadmium was the element- trace used in the experiment because it is a usual polluting source in daily use objects and presents adsorption-desorption intermediate behavior. The study program was directed to the analysis of soil behavior before and after their contamination with cadmium, encompassing the following steps: (i) X-rays analysis; (ii) physical and chemical routine tests; (iii) determination of CEC and ZPC; (iv) evaluation of the influence of the applied compaction effort and, therefore, of structure, in the soils eletrosmotic conductivity coefficient; (v) evaluation of the influence of the applied electrical potential difference (ddp) of 5, 15 and 30 V in the electrokinetic decontamination process; (vi) analysis of the influence of the contaminant incubation time (periods of 1, 10 and 20 days) and of ddp (5, 15 and 30 V) in the decontamination process. The results had shown that: (i) quartz predominated in the soils sand fraction, whereas kaolinite predominated in the soils silt and clay fractions; however, it was observed significant presence of hematite and gibbsite in the clay fraction of soil 1 and of goethite in the clay fraction of soil 3; (ii) electrochemically, soils 1 and 3 revealed more active behavior, presenting higher specific cation adsorption capacity; (iii) the parameter ZPC was a determinant factor in all the analyzed soils chemical properties, as well as in the electrokinetic decontamination process, governing the direction of the eletrosmotic flow and influencing in the results of the decontamination applied technique; (iv) the addition of the contaminant to soils was responsible for significant changes in the routine analysis and in the CEC and ZPC parameters, specially regarding soils 1 and 3, which are the most active ones; (v) except for soil 3, the values of the electroosmotic conductivity coefficient of soil was not significantly influenced by the application of different electric potentials and different compaction efforts; (vi) for all tested soils, cadmium soils removal through electrokinetic phenomena increased significantly with the increase of the incubation time and with the increase of the applied electric potential difference. / O presente trabalho abordou a aplicação de fenômenos eletrocinéticos na remediação de solos, com um direcionamento ao emprego da eletrosmose na descontaminação de três solos da Zona da Mata Norte, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, contaminados com o elemento- traço cádmio. Buscou-se ampliar o horizonte de pesquisas já desenvolvidas na Universidade Federal de Viçosa, com a inclusão da avaliação do processo eletrosmótico em parâmetros químicos e mineralógicos de uma gama maior de solos, bem como avaliar o efeito de diferentes vairáveis na eficiência do processo de descontaminação. Trabalhou-se com solos residuais de gnaisse, como se segue: (i) solo 1, um residual maduro, pedologicamente classificado como Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, de comportamento geotécnico laterítico e textura argilo-areno-siltosa; (ii) solo 2, saprolítico, de comportamento geotécnico não laterítico e textura areno- silto-argilosa; e (iii) solo 3, também, residual maduro, pedologicamente classificado como Argissolo Vermelho- Amarelo, de comportamento geotécnico não laterítico e textura argilo-areno-siltosa. O elemento-traço empregado foi o cádmio, fonte poluidora presente em objetos de uso diário e que apresenta comportamento adsorção-dessorção intermediário. O programa de estudo foi dirigido aos solos antes e após contaminação com cádmio e abrangeu a realização de: (i) análises de difração de raios-X; (ii) análises de laboratório para determinação de propriedades física e química; (iii) determinações de CTC e PCZ; (iv) avaliação da influência da energia de compactação e, portanto, da estrutura, no coeficiente de condutividade eletrosmótica dos solos; (v) avaliação da influência da diferença de potencial elétrico aplicado (ddp) no processo de descontaminação eletrocinética, trabalhando-se com valores de 5, 15 e 30 V; (vi) análise da influência do tempo de incubação do contaminante (períodos de 1, 10 e 20 dias) e da ddp (5, 15 e 30 V) na descontaminação dos solos. Os resultados mostraram que: (i) na fração areia dos solos estudados, havia predomínio de quartzo, enquanto que nas frações argila e silte, havia dominância de caulinita; no entanto, observou-se presença expressiva de hematita e gibbsita, no solo 1, e de goethita, no solo 3; (ii) os solos 1 e 3, do ponto de vista eletroquímico e ambiental, mostraram-se mais ativos, podendo apresentar alta adsorção específica de cátions; (iii) o PCZ foi um fator determinante em todas as propriedades dos solos estudados, bem como no processo de descontaminação eletrocinética, mostrando-se associado o sentido do fluxo eletrosmótico aos resultados dos ensaios de descontaminação; (iv) a adição do contaminante aos solos produziu variações significativas nos seus parâmetros químicos obtidos via análises de rotina, CTC e PCZ, em especial no caso dos solos 1 e 3, mais ativos; (v) os valores do coeficiente de condutividade eletrosmótica não variaram significativamente com a aplicação de diferentes potenciais elétricos e de diferentes energias de compactação, exceto para o solo 3, provavelmente devido a fatores mineralógicos dos solos; (vi) a remoção de cádmio dos solos, através dos fenômenos eletrocinéticos, aumentou significativamente com o aumento do período de incubação e com o aumento da diferença de potencial elétrico aplicado, para todos os solos estudados.

Pollution of soil by trace metals has become one of the biggest global environmental challenges resulting from anthropogenic activities, therefore, restoration of metal contaminated sites needs due attention. The use of phytoremediation technologies as nature-based solution to pollution, could support successful implementation of green economic development strategies; with economically affordable and environmentally friendly benefits. The present investigation employed an exploratory study on the phytoremediation potentials of three selected native plants; Phytolacca dodecandra (L’Herit), Adhatoda schimperiana (Hochst) and Solanum incanum L, dominating areas close to heavy metal contamination sources; in metropolitan centers of Addis Ababa. In this work, concentration of six heavy metals of interest chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were examined in soil and in different tissues (leaves, stems and roots) of selected plants (both seedlings and mature plants), in dry and rainy seasons using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Efficiency of phytoremediation is discussed based on calculated values of Bio-concentration Factor (BCF), Translocation Factors (TF) and Bioaccumulation Coefficient (BAC). Phytolacca dodecandra showed BCF, TF and BAC > 1 for Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu and Cd Adhatoda schimperiana gave BCF, TF and BAC > 1 for Zn, Cu, Ni and Cr; likewise, BCF, BAC and TF values of > 1 were noted in Solanum incanum for Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni. Based on these scenarios, the three plants could be utilized for phytoextraction of contaminated soil. Conversely, BCF and BAC for Cr levels in tissues of Phytolacca dodecandra were all < 1, which indicates unsuitability for phytoremediation of Cr in contaminated soils. Besides, Adhatoda schimperiana retained Pb and Cd in their roots showing root BCF > 1, while BAC and TF < 1, which highlights its suitability for phytostabilization. Moreover, BCF, TF and BAC values of < 1 noted for Cr and Cd in Solanum incanum reveal that Solanum incanum may not be a good candidate for remediation of Cr and Cd contaminated environments. In conclusion, results from this study revealed that the selected plants can accumulate substantial amounts of the above trace metals in their tissues and can serve as prospective phytoremediators of most of these metals. Phytoextraction and phytostabilization were the main mechanisms of remediation in this study. / Environmental Sciences / Ph. D. (Environmental Sciences)

Neun Fachbeiträge dokumentieren die Ergebnisse der aktuellen Projekt- und Forschungsarbeit des Landesamtes in den Themenbereichen Grundwasser, Altlasten und Boden.

Purpose: In Sweden, there are area that are polluted and in need of remediation. However, soil remediation processes have a negative secondary impact on the climate. There are various soil remediation methods to apply, of which dig and dump are the most frequently used. The method involves although high emissions of carbon dioxide. By increased use of alternative soil remediation methods, such as biological soil remediation methods, can lead to reduced impact on the climate. When choosing a remediation method, sustainability is increasingly integrated, but most decisions are still based on other factors. Psychological, social and institutional barriers are considered to have counteracted the assumption of a sustainable behaviour. Therefore, further research on stakeholder attitudes may promote the implementation of such behaviour. The aim of the work is to present suggestions for improvement on how the climate impact can be reduced in soil remediation projects. Method: The study was performed as a qualitative survey. Empirical data was obtained in verbal form through the methods literature review, document analysis and interview. From an available group, six respondents were selected who represent significant stakeholders in soil remediation projects. Stakeholders were private and public clients, contractors, consultants and regulators. Analysed documents were reports from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency that is about the post-treatment of contaminated areas in Sweden. Findings: The study indicates that biological soil remediation methods have a lower impact on the climate than dig and dump. Furthermore, it appeared that the main factors in choosing a soil remediation method was type of contamination, time for remediation and when contamination is detected in projects. According to this background, biological methods are less applied than dig and dump. However, the study presents suggestions for improvements of how biological alternatives can be encouraged, for instance are more reference objects needed where biological soil remediation methods have been applied. Implications: One conclusion from the study is that existing regulations should be changed to make landfill more difficult and to facilitate re-use of polluted masses, and the fees for landfill should be increased. In addition, more reference objects need to be generated in Sweden that validate that biological soil remediation methods achieve acceptable levels of pollution. Furthermore, stakeholders in soil remediation projects should cooperate more, even across national borders, and together venture to try biological soil remediation methods. Limitations: The result is only valid for biological soil remediation methods and dig and dump for organic pollutants in soil. The study includes few respondents from av geographic limited available group, which means that the result cannot be generalized with certainty. Therefore, the study should be regarded as exploratory and the results thereafter. / Syfte: I Sverige återfinns områden som är förorenade och i behov av efterbehandling, dock har marksaneringsprocesser en negativ sekundär påverkan på klimatet. Det finns olika markasaneringsmetoder att tillämpa varav schakt och deponering är den mest frekvent använda. Emellertid innebär metoden höga utsläpp av koldioxid. Tillämpning av alternativa åtgärder, såsom biologiska marksaneringsmetoder, kan bidra till lägre koldioxidutsläpp. Vid val av saneringsmetod integreras hållbarhet alltmer, men de flesta besluten baseras ändå på andra faktorer. Psykologiska, sociala och institutionella hinder anses ha motverkat antagandet av ett hållbart beteende. Därför kan fortsatt forskning om intressenters inställning främja implementering av ett sådant beteende. Målet med arbetet är att presentera förbättringsförslag på hur klimatpåverkan kan minskas vid marksaneringsprojekt. Metod: Arbetet utfördes i form av en kvalitativ kartläggning. Insamling av empiri skedde i verbal form genom datainsamlingsmetoderna litteraturstudie, dokumentanalys och intervju. Ur en tillgänglig grupp valdes sex stycken respondenter som representerar betydande intressenter vid marksaneringsprojekt. Intressenterna var privat- och offentlig beställare, entreprenör, konsult samt tillsynsmyndigheter. Dokument som analyserades var rapporter från Naturvårdsverket som behandlar efterbehandling av förorenade områden i Sverige.  Resultat: Studien indikerar att biologiska marksaneringsmetoder har lägre klimat-påverkan än schakt och deponering. Vidare framgick att de främsta faktorerna vid val av marksaneringsmetod var typ av förorening, saneringstid och när föroreningen upptäcks i projekt. Med denna bakgrund tillämpas biologiska åtgärder mer sällan än schakt och deponering. Emellertid presenterar studien förbättringsförslag till hur tillämpning av biologiska alternativ kan främjas, bland annat behövs fler referensobjekt där biologiska marksaneringsmetoder tillämpats.  Konsekvenser: En slutsats från studien är att gällande regelverk bör förändras för att försvåra deponering och underlätta återanvändning av förorenade massor samt bör avgifterna för deponering höjas. Dessutom behöver fler referensobjekt genereras i Sverige som påvisar att biologiska marksaneringsmetoder uppnår godkända föroreningshalter. Vidare bör intressenterna vid marksaneringsprojekt samarbeta mer, även över nationella gränser, för att tillsammans våga tillämpa biologiska mark-saneringsmetoder.  Begränsningar: Resultatet är endast giltigt för biologiska marksaneringsmetoder samt schakt och deponering av organiska föroreningar i mark. Studien inkluderar få respondenter ur en geografiskt begränsad tillgänglig grupp, vilket gör att resultatet inte med säkerhet kan generaliseras. Därmed bör studien betraktas som utforskande och resultatet därefter.