La thèse propose d'abolir, pour les besoins du droit international privé, les différents cloisonnements de la phase précontractuelle en retenant une approche unitaire du processus de formation du contrat. Dans cette perspective, il est proposé de dépasser la distinction entre les relations précontractuelles informelles et celles qui sont formalisées par un contrat préparatoire, de même que la distinction entre la phase précontractuelle et le contrat définitif. L'attraction du contrat projeté conduit à emprunter le rattachement de ce dernier pour désigner la loi applicable aux relations précontractuelles. Cette solution pourrait, dans la mesure du possible, être transposée dans le domaine des conflits de juridictions en retenant la compétence du juge du contrat projeté. / The doctoral dissertation proposes to abolish, for the purpose of private international law, the compartmentalisation of the pre-contractual phase by adopting a unitary approach to the contract formation process. In this perspective, it is proposed to overcome the distinction between unformal pre-contractual relations and pre-contractual relations formalized by a preparatory contract, as well as the distinction between the pre-contractual phase and the final contract. The attraction of the intended contract leads to use its connecting factor in order to determine the law applicable to pre-contractual relations. This option could, whenever possible, be extended to conflicts of jurisdictions by considering that the competent judge is the judge of the intended contract.

<p>Uppsatsen skall utreda och analysera en byggherres rätt till ersättning från en vårdslös underentreprenör när det föreligger samordnad generalentreprenad med AB 92 som avtalsvillkor mellan byggherren och generalentreprenören. Uppsatsens utgångspunkt är Bravidadomen, där en byggherre inte gavs rätt att utfå ersättning från en vårdslös underentreprenör. Flera frågor blir aktuella, t ex om det föreligger något avtalsförhållande mellan en byggherre och en underentreprenör och vilka avtalsvillkor som i så fall skulle vara tillämpliga dem emellan. Vidare undersöks om en underentreprenör kan hållas ansvarig gentemot en byggherre på utomobligatorisk grund, samt huruvida en skadelidande kan välja att utfå ersättning från skadevållaren på kontraktsrättslig eller på utomobligatorisk grund.</p>

Uppsatsen skall utreda och analysera en byggherres rätt till ersättning från en vårdslös underentreprenör när det föreligger samordnad generalentreprenad med AB 92 som avtalsvillkor mellan byggherren och generalentreprenören. Uppsatsens utgångspunkt är Bravidadomen, där en byggherre inte gavs rätt att utfå ersättning från en vårdslös underentreprenör. Flera frågor blir aktuella, t ex om det föreligger något avtalsförhållande mellan en byggherre och en underentreprenör och vilka avtalsvillkor som i så fall skulle vara tillämpliga dem emellan. Vidare undersöks om en underentreprenör kan hållas ansvarig gentemot en byggherre på utomobligatorisk grund, samt huruvida en skadelidande kan välja att utfå ersättning från skadevållaren på kontraktsrättslig eller på utomobligatorisk grund.

Wind energy accounts for 9.1% of the total energy capacity in Europe. Recent studies have raised critical questions regarding the dependability of current wind turbines. The statistical data reveals that gear box is the most critical component reducing dependability caused by increased failure rate, downtime, and high repair cost (J. Ribrant and L. Bertling, 2007). Gear box failures in wind farms reveal a staggering 19.4 % of downtime of operation (J. Ribrant and L. Bertling, 2007). A significant reduction in the failure rate has been observed in the recent years, but downtime of operation and high repair investment still remains a bottleneck. Wear is the most critical failure mode and a number of theories have been proposed in order to understand the system behavior of wear mechanism. The empirical and historical incident data shows that the lubrication system has the largest share of contribution of gearbox failures and wear rate. On other hand, a number of commercial lubrication system have developed to cope with wear mechanism, however, these systems have different capabilities and characteristics and needed to be assessed in a new life cycle perspective. The purpose of the thesis is to analyze the influence of lubrication system on the current problem of wear in Wind Turbine Gearbox and improve the existing lubrication system architecture. The research methodology adopted is System Engineering approach with architecture assessment tools. The expected result of the thesis is effective and efficient wind turbine gearbox lubrication system architecture and an efficient contractual process between lubrication system provider and purchaser.

Leading up to the time just before the economic and global meltdown of 2008, economist and theorist forecasted as early as 2005 about and impending financial crisis that would affect every sector of the business and financial community. As we discover in more dramatic detail that family firms are occupying a big percentage in small to medium size enterprises, we wondered how they would be affected by such a high degree of uncertainty and volatility in the financial markets during the economic crisis. With these factors in mind, we would like to see it in a more day–to–day, practical application within family firms. In the supply chain or procurement life-cycle, firms need to receive products and services from the supplier and the supplier will in turn offer those same services to the customer. The firm will tend to structure this tradeoff with a contractual structure to guarantee achievement of mutual benefit and economic objectives of the firm. On the other hand, family firms are famous for being distinguish from non-family firms in their non-economic objective they persuade along their businesses. Considering these two different logics that affects the decision of the firm in structuring contractual governance with the exchanging party. We ask the following questions in our purpose.

Abstract R&D investment differs from general investments due to more and greater uncertainties. Once the R&D technique is selected and the investment turns into sunk cost, a path dependence of the R&D investment will occur that locks in the involved parties in the R&D cooperation relationship and the determined cost path. Due to information asymmetry, whether the executer honestly provides information about the project type will be critical to the profit or loss of the R&D investment. If a high cost type project be confesses, the financier can immediately terminate the project to avoid more losses. On the contrary, if the cost type is concealed, the financier will sink more costs into it. Thus, soft budget constraint should be seriously considered in R&D investments. First, we capture the intrinsic uncertainty in R&D investment by introducing both cost and outcome uncertainties of R&D investment. Furthermore, we introduce the financier type and the executor¡¦s expectation of the probability that a high cost project would be refinanced ex post to establish a dynamic game of incomplete information. With this setup, we develop reputation effects from repeated R&D games. The incentive for the financier to avoid executor¡¦s opportunism by establishing reputation makes the commitment to hard budget constraint credible. Second, we attempt to develop a foundation for the concept of the SBC and to extend the analysis of SBCs to the contractual relationship of R&D investment. Information asymmetry is one important cause for contractual incompleteness, and the only one cause makes two legal contract theories unhelpful. Instead of relying on court enforcement, it is possible for the financier to leave contract terms unspecified and rely on a private self-enforcement mechanism. Writing down explicit contract terms can define the self-enforcing range by imposing a private sanction on the executer perceived to be violating the contract understanding. Such a self-enforcing relationship is a useful framework in which to analyze the SBC of R&D investment. In Chapter 5, we describe industrial R&D activities in China and uses statistics to calculate the softness of budget constraint. The main point of the R&D investment model is that the incentive for the financier to establish reputation increases as the probability of success decreases. With this point of view, given the probability of success for R&D projects in high-tech industries being lower than that in conventional industries, refinancing should be relatively more common in conventional industries than in high-tech industries. Statistics of R&D activities in China confirm the above proposition in that the computer-related industry has the hardest budget constraint compared to other industries within the state-controlled sector.

This document investigates the relationship between the usage of relational forms of governance and the completeness of contractual documents. It further examines howthis relationship is presided by the development of social norms between contracting parties. A case study was conducted within Company X, a top European company in the Energy Sector, where interviews to managers and contractual documents were inspected for aqualitative analysis of the aforementioned relationship. The results indicate that the employment of relational governance mechanisms does affect contractual completeness on one of its two dimensions: contingency adaptability. This aspect is enhanced as relational norms are interwoven in the exchange agreement. A clear connection with the second dimension, term specificity, could not be identified, and is instead attributed to contextual idiosyncrasies such as industry type andgovernance structure design. A theoretical model depicting this phenomenon was developed, including mediating effects by situational variables.

Auganti draudimo rinka ir draudimo reikšmė visuomenėje verčia valstybę pradėti reguliuoti santykius tarp draudikų ir draudėjų. Valdžios institucijos siekia apriboti draudiko galimybes piktnaudžiauti savo pranašumu sutartiniuose santykiuose. Yra stengiamasi, kad draudimo išmokos būtų išmokamos kaip įmanoma dažniau. Pažymėtina, kad tam tikrais atvejais prioritetinis draudėjo teisių gynimas draudiko ir draudėjo ginčuose pasireiškia nepagrįstu draudimo apsaugos išplėtimu ir draudėjo nebaudžiamumu. Draudikai gali bandyti pasinaudoti draudėjų silpnumu. Draudikai sudarydami draudimo taisykles, dažnai įtraukia neaiškias ir klaidinančias sąlygas. Bando įtvirtinti draudėjo pareigas draudimo sutartyje tokiu būdu, kad jų pažeidimas sudarytų sąlygas taikyti griežčiausias pasekmes. Naudodamiesi draudėjo ribotu teisiniu išsilavinimu, draudikai aiškina teises normas sau naudinga linkme. Tokia draudėjo padėtis kelia susirūpinimą. Darbo objektas – draudėjo pareigų pagal draudimo sutartį pažeidimo teisinės pasekmės. Yra analizuojamos bendrų prievolinių pažeistų teisių gynybos būdų ir specialių draudimo teisėje įtvirtintų gynybos būdų ryšys, jų taikymo galimybės, draudėjui pažeidus sutartį. Nagrinėjamos už draudimo sutarties pažeidimą skiriamų sankcijų taikymo sąlygos ir jų griežtumo nustatymo kriterijai. Draudimo sutarties pažeidimo teisinės pasekmės turi būti subalansuotas. Iš vienos pusės, jis turi sudaryti galimybes draudikui nubausti draudėją už sutartinių santykių nevykdymą ir efektyviai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Legal Consequences of Breach of the Insured’s Obligations under an Insurance Contract Insurers can try to exploit policyholders’ lack of information on insurance. They incorporate ambiguous and misleading clauses in the insurance policy. Insurers try to imbed insured’s contractual obligations in such manner that their breach would evoke the strictest legal consequences. By using limited policyholder’s understanding of insurance contract law, insurers interpret terms of insurance contracts lucratively. Such abuse causes concern. Insurers are private enterprises. Insurers by seeking to increase their profits can attempt to impose stricter sanctions than it would be just on the insured for breach of his contractual obligations. Jeopardy arises that the insurer will impose sanctions on the policyholder in an abusive manner. The subject matter of this writing is legal consequences of the insured’s obligations under an insurance contract. Provisions of the Civil Code on breach of contractual duties and civil liability are being analyzed together with special provisions of insurance contract law. Their comprehensive and systematic study reveals the scope of sanctions available for insurer’s use and the conditions that must be met before applying the sanctions. At the present the number of disputes between insurers and policyholders is increasing. The reason behind the disputes often is lack of clearness in legal regulation. Insurers abuse the lack of clearness by abusively... [to full text]

Šio darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti ir atskleisti nenugalimos jėgos (force majeure) koncepciją, jos esmę, turinį, įvertinti nenugalimos jėgos reglamentavimą bei taikymą sutartinėje ir deliktinėje atsakomybėje, lyginant šio instituto reglamentavimą Lietuvos ir užsienio valstybių teisėje bei interpretavimą teismų praktikoje. Šiam tikslui pasiekti darbe visų pirma aptariami bendrieji teoriniai nenugalimos jėgos klausimai, pateikiama Lietuvos, užsienio valstybių teisės aktuose bei tarptautinės komercinės teisės dokumentuose įtvirtinta nenugalimos jėgos samprata, analizuojami jos reglamentavimo šiuose dokumentuose ypatumai. Antrajame šio darbo skyriuje aptariami įvykiai, galintys sudaryti nenugalimos jėgos institutą, atskleidžiami teisės doktrinoje susiformavę du požiūriai į nenugalima jėga pripažįstamas faktines aplinkybes. Remiantis Lietuvos bei užsienio valstybių teisės doktrina ir teismų praktika, skyriuje taip pat analizuojamos nenugalimos jėgos taikymo sąlygos sutartinėje ir deliktinėje atsakomybėje, jų pagrindu nenugalimos jėgos institutas atribojamas nuo jam giminingų frustracijos bei pasikeitusių aplinkybių institutų. Trečiajame skyriuje pateikiama nenugalimos jėgos teisinių pasekmių analizė, atribojamos nenugalimos jėgos aplinkybių sukeliamos teisinės pasekmės sutartinės ir deliktinės atsakomybės atvejais. Ketvirtasis šio darbo skyrius skirtas sutartinių nenugalimos jėgos sąlygų bei jų įtraukimo į sutartis problematikai atskleisti. Jame aptariama šalių galimybė sutartyje... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this paper is to analyse and reveal the concept of force majeure, the core of this concept and its matter, to evaluate the regulation and application of force majeure theory with regard to contractual and delictual liability comparing the regulation of this concept in Lithuanian and other foreign countries statutory law and interpretation in those countries case law. For the attainment of this purpose primarily in this paper are considered the general questions of force majeure doctrine, there is proposed the conception of force majeure, which is included in statutory provisions of Lithuania and other foreign countries as well as in documents of international commercial law, there are analysing the peculiarities of regulation of force majeure conception in aforementioned documents. In the second chapter of this paper are considered the events, which may constitute force majeure, by describing two academic approaches to factual circumstances, which may be acknowledged as force majeure events. With reference to jurisprudence and case law of Lithuania and other foreign countries in this chapter are also analysed the conditions of application of force majeure doctrine in contractual and delictual liability by setting limits on force majeure and other related doctrines as frustration and hardship. In the third chapter of this paper is proposed the analysis of legal consequences of application of force majeure doctrine by limiting effects of force majeure events in... [to full text]

Lietuvos viešojo ir privataus sektoriaus subjektai įgyvendina Europos Sąjungos struktūrinių fondų finansuojamus projektus, kurių įgyvendinimas yra sudėtingas administracinis procesas, ir kuriame santykiai tarp ES struktūrinės paramos įsisavinimo proceso dalyvių reguliuojami kontraktais. Šio proceso dalyvių sąveika kontraktų pagrindu yra probleminė ir sąlygoja tam tikrus neigiamus reiškinius. Oportunizmas kontraktiniuose santykiuose gali paveikti galutinius projektų rezultatus. Viešųjų pirkimų pažeidimai sudarant kontraktus, netinkamai parengtas kontraktas, kontrakto įsipareigojimų nevykdymas gali nulemti ES struktūrinių fondų lėšų pripažinimą netinkamomis, dalies ES struktūrinės paramos grąžinimą, ES struktūrinių fondų lėšų mokėjimo sustabdymą. Pastarasis procesas 2012 m. pradžioje buvo pradėtas taikyti Europos Komisijos Lietuvai. Taigi, darbo tikslas – išstudijuoti kontraktinių santykių įgyvendinant ES struktūrinių fondų finansuojamus projektus Lietuvoje problematiką. Darbo pradžioje analizuojami kontraktų taikymo įgyvendinant ES struktūrinių fondų finansuojamus projektus Lietuvoje teoriniai pagrindai: kontraktų sąvokos, tipai ir jų taikymo viešajame sektoriuje teorija. Taip pat analizuojama užsakovo – vykdytojo teorija, kurios sąvokos pritaikomos kontraktinių santykių įgyvendinant ES struktūrinių fondų finansuojamus projektus Lietuvoje analizei, ir kuri puikiai atskleidžia kontraktiniuose santykiuose dažniausiai pasitaikančias problemas. Sekančios darbo dalys (2, 3 ir 4)... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The private and public entities in Lithuania implement projects financed by the European Union Structural Funds. This action is a complex administrative process, in which the relationship between its participants is based on contracts. The interaction among the participants of this process, which is contract based, is problematic and leads to certain negative phenomena. The opportunism in contractual relationship may affect the final results of the project, moreover certain irregularities in public procurement while negotiating the contract, improper contracting, the violation of the contract may result in recognition expenses of the EU Structural Funds as ineligible. In addition, the returning of the EU structural support and the suspension of the funding of the EU Structural Funds is also undeclinable. The latter process was started in Lithuania by the European Commission at the beginning of 2012. Therefore, the main objective of the final thesis is to analyze the contractual relations in the implementation process of projects financed by the EU Structural Funds in Lithuania. The theoretical part of the paper deals with the application of the contracts in the implementation process of projects financed by the EU Structural Funds in Lithuania. For this reason, the concept and types of the contract, the theory of application contract in a public sector are analyzed. Additionally, the analysis of the principal – agent theory is presented, which concepts are perfectly adjusted... [to full text]