O avanço no conhecimento, técnicas, dispositivos, arsenal terapêutico, aliados a regimes mais potentes de anticoagulação, tem gerado impacto na ocorrência de complicações vasculares em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos invasivos em Laboratório de Hemodinâmica. A despeito de escores de mortalidade, sangramento maior e risco de eventos cardiovasculares estarem disponíveis na literatura, não é do nosso conhecimento que exista um escore de risco para avaliar complicações vasculares em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos invasivos cardiológicos em Laboratórios de Hemodinâmica. Este estudo objetivou desenvolver e validar um escore de predição de complicações vasculares relacionadas à punção arterial em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cardiológicos. Delineou-se um estudo de Coorte, multicêntrico, realizado em três instituições com Laboratórios de Hemodinâmica do Rio Grande do Sul no período de outubro de 2012 a março de 2014. Foram incluídos pacientes adultos, que realizaram procedimento por punção arterial em caráter eletivo ou urgente. A coleta foi precedida da capacitação da equipe de pesquisa. Foram considerados como desfechos a presença de complicações vasculares: 1) hematoma no local da punção arterial; 2) sangramento maior e menor; 3) demanda de correção cirúrgica para hemorragia retroperitoneal, pseudoaneurisma ou formação de fístula arteriovenosa. A fim de derivar e validar o escore, após a coleta da totalidade dos dados, de modo randômico, 2/3 dos pacientes foram alocados para constituírem a coorte de derivação, enquanto o restante constituiu a coorte de validação. Para estabelecer o escore derivado do instrumento de avaliação dos pacientes, as variáveis identificadas na análise univariada com valor de p<0,25 foram incluídas em um modelo de Regressão Logística. Permaneceram no modelo final as variáveis com valor de p<0,05. Utilizando-se o valor arredondado de OR encontrado, foi elaborado o escore (coorte de derivação). Após, o desempenho preditivo deste escore foi avaliado na coorte de derivação, quando foi identificado o melhor ponto de equilíbrio entre sensibilidade e especificidade, plotada curva ROC e avaliada estatística-C. A confirmação da predição foi testada na coorte de validação através do Teste Qui-quadrado. O projeto foi aprovado quanto a seus aspectos éticos e metodológicos nos três centros. Dos 2696 pacientes incluídos, 237 apresentaram algum tipo de complicação vascular no sítio de punção arterial (8,8%). O escore derivado para predição de complicação constitui a seguinte equação: (Introdutor >6F x 4,0) + (Procedimento Intervenção x 2,5) + (Complicação Hemodinâmica Vascular prévia x 2,0) + Uso prévio de Anticoagulantes Warfarina® (Marevan®) ou Fenprocumon® (Marcoumar®) x 2,0) + (Sexo Feminino x 1,5) + (Idade ≥ 60 anos x 1,5). Após estabelecimento do ponto de coorte, o escore foi dicotomizado no valor ≥3, sendo sensibilidade de 0,66 (IC 95% 0,59-0,73) e especificidade 0,59 (IC 95% 0,56-0,61). Ao se comparar o risco para complicações, na totalidade dos pacientes (n=2696) identificou-se maior risco para complicações vasculares naqueles com escore ≥3 (OR: 2,95; IC95%: 2,22-3,91). Os resultados desse estudo mostram um escore capaz de predizer complicações vasculares, de fácil aplicação na prática clínica diária pelos profissionais que realizam o cuidado em Laboratórios de Hemodinâmica. / Advances in knowledge, techniques, devices, and therapeutic approaches, combined with more powerful systems for anticoagulation, have generated impact on the occurrence of vascular complications in patients undergoing invasive procedures in Hemodynamics Laboratory. Despite mortality scores, major bleeding, and risk of cardiovascular events are available in the literature, it is not of our knowledge that there is a risk score to assess vascular complications in patients undergoing cardiac invasive procedures in Hemodynamics Laboratories. Seeking to fill this gap, the aim of this study is to develop and to validate a predictive score of vascular complications related to arterial puncture in patients undergoing cardiac procedures. It was designed a cohort study, multicenter, developed in three institutions with Hemodynamics Laboratory of Rio Grande do Sul, from October 2012 to March 2014. We included adult patients who underwent arterial puncture procedure classified as elective or urgent. The data collection was preceded by the training of the research team. Endpoints were defined as the presence of vascular complications: 1) hematoma at the arterial puncture site; 2) major and minor bleeding; and 3) need for surgical correction of retroperitoneal hemorrhage, pseudo aneurysm, or arteriovenous fistula formation. In order to derive and validate the score after the entire data collection, 2/3 of the patients were randomly divided to compose the derivation cohort, while the remaining patients composed the validation cohort. To establish the derived score of the evaluation tool of the patients, the identified variables from the univariate analysis with p<0.25 were included in a logistic regression model. The final model included variables with p<0.05. Using the rounded values of OR, the score was built (derivation cohort). Subsequently, the predictive performance of the score was evaluated in the derivation cohort, when it was identified the best balance between sensitivity and specificity, plotted ROC curve, and evaluated using C-statistics. The predictive confirmation was tested in the validation cohort using the chi-square test. The project was ethically and methodologically approved across the three centers. Of the 2696 patients included, 237 had some type of vascular complication in the arterial puncture site (8.8%). The derived predictive score for complication is the following equation: (Introductor > 6F x 4.0) + (Therapeutic Procedure x 2.5) + (prior Vascular Hemodynamics Complication x 2.0) + (previous use of anticoagulants Warfarina® (Marevan ®) or Fenprocumon® (Marcoumar®) x 2.0) + (Females x 1.5) + (age ≥ 60 years x 1.5). After establishment of the cohort point, the score was dichotomized with the value of ≥3, with sensitivity of 0.66 (95% CI 0.59 to .73), and specificity of 0.59 (95% CI 0.56 to .61). When comparing the risk for complications in all patients (n = 2696), it was identified a higher risk for vascular complications in patients with a score ≥3 (OR: 2.95; 95% CI: 2.22 to 3.91). Results of this study show a predictive score of vascular complications, and of easy application in clinical practice by professionals involved in the patient care in the Hemodynamics Laboratory. / El avance en el conocimiento, técnicas, artificios, arsenal terapéutico, coligados a regímenes más potentes de anticoagulación, ha generado impacto en la ocurrencia de complicaciones vasculares en pacientes sometidos a procedimientos invasivos en el Laboratorio de Hemodinámica. Aunque disponibles en la literatura del área resultados sobre mortalidad, sangramiento mayor y riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares, no es de nuestro conocimiento que exista un resultado de riesgo para evaluar complicaciones vasculares en pacientes sometidos a procedimientos invasivos cardiológicos en Laboratorios de Hemodinámica. Con el objetivo de rellenar este vacío del conocimiento, este estudio busca desarrollar y validar un resultado de predicción de complicaciones vasculares relacionadas a la punción arterial en pacientes sometidos a procedimientos cardiológicos. Se ha hecho un estudio de Coorte, multicéntrico, ejecutado en tres instituciones con Laboratorios de Hemodinámica de Rio Grande del Sur, en el periodo de octubre de 2012 a marzo de 2014. Fueron inclusos pacientes adultos, que hicieron procedimientos por punción arterial en carácter electivo o urgente. La recolección fue antecedida por una capacitación del equipo de investigación. Fueron considerados como resultado final la presencia de complicaciones vasculares: 1) hematoma en el local de la punción arterial; 2) sangramiento mayor y menor; 3) solicitud de corrección quirúrgica para hemorragia retroperitoneal, pseudoaneurisma o formación de fístula arteriovenosa. Con la finalidad de derivar y validar el resultado, tras la recolección de la totalidad de los datos, de modo randómico, 2/3 de los pacientes fueron elegidos para constituir la Coorte de derivación, mientras los demás constituyeron la Coorte de validación. Para establecer el resultado derivado del instrumento de evaluación de los pacientes, las variables identificadas en el análisis univariado con valor de p<0,25 fueron incluidas en un modelo de Regresión Logística. Permanecieron en el modelo final las variables con valor de p<0,05. Usándose el valor arredondado de OR encontrado, fue dispuesto el resultado (Coorte de derivación). Tras el desempeño predictivo de este resultado fue evaluado en la Coorte de derivación, cuando fue identificado el mejor punto de equilibrio entre sensibilidad y especificidad, ploteada curva ROC y evaluada estadística-C. La confirmación de la predicción fue sometida a un control en la Coorte de validación a través del Test Qui-cuadrado. El proyecto fue aprobado con relación a sus aspectos éticos y metodológicos en los tres centros. De los 2696 pacientes incluídos, 237 presentaron algun tipo de complicación vascular en el lugar de la punción arterial (8,8%). El resultado derivado para predicción de complicación constituye la siguiente equación:(Introductor >6F x 4,0) + (Procedimiento Terapéutico x 2,5) + (Complicación Hemodinámica Vascular previa x 2,0) + Uso previo de Anticoagulantes Warfarina® (Marevan®) o Fenprocumon® (Marcoumar®) x 2,0) + (Sexo Femenino x 1,5) + (Edad ≥ 60 años x 1,5). Luego del estabelecimiento del punto de coorte, el resultado fue dividido en el valor ≥3, siendo sensibilidad de 0,66 (IC 95% 0,59-0,73) y especificidad 0,59 (IC 95% 0,56-0,61). Al compararse el riesgo para complicaciones, en la totalidad los pacientes (n=2696) se identificó mayor riesgo para complicaciones vasculares en aquellos con resultado ≥3 (OR: 2,95; IC95%: 2,22-3,91). Los resultados de ese estudio mostraron un riesgo capaz de anticipar complicaciones vasculares, de fácil aplicación en la práctica clínica diaria, por profesionales que realizan el cuidado en el Laboratorio de Hemodinámica.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death in the world. Included in this group, ischemic heart disease (IHD) is more frequent and responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates. Last two decades, a significant progress had happened to the recognition, management and treatment in patients with IHD, which determined a meaningful reduction in death rates, infarctions and recurrent ischemias. Despite technological advancement is increasing and its use of contemporary techniques, pain and anxiety cause a series of physiological repercussions that may impair the quality of clinical outcomes. Objectives: This study focused on identify in literature the music effect to pain, anxiety and hemodynamic parameters before and after percutaneous cardiac procedures. Method: This is a systematic review with meta-analysis that followed all recommendations of the Cochrane Collaboration and the verification items recommended by the tool Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA), as well as based on the Assessing the tool Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR). Results: 40 papers were found on a initial research, and 11 of them filled the inclusion criteria. These papers showed music is effective to reduce anxiety and hemodynamic parameters, and it was also confirmed in the meta-analysis which identified a meta-analytic estimate of difference among the average rates of 4.02 (95% HF: 2.48 to 6.68), even though it was chosen by the researcher. However, its effects on pain were inconclusive, which was also shown in the meta-analysis that identified a non-significant meta-analytic estimate of -0.01 (95% HF: -0.36 to 0.32) when VAS was used, although there is still a necessity for forthcoming studies. Due to the variability of genres and time of musical exposure, it was not possible to determine which music or for how long are the ideal to achieve more positive results on the outcomes of interest, but, it may presume soft, slow beats and instrumental songs show better results. Regarding how to execute it, the use of headphones is recommended as it allows the patient to focus its attention on the musical stimulus. Most of the studies obtained good methodological quality and low risk of bias. Whereas meta-analysis identified risk of publication bias for studies about anxiety. Conclusion: That systematic review identified music is effective to reduce anxiety and hemodynamic parameters. Nonetheless the results were inconclusive in order to determine association in pain reduction. These results may be useful in the development of recommendations for use of music in interventional cardiology. / Introdução: As doenças cardiovasculares são as principais causas de morte no mundo. Dentro desse grupo, as doenças isquêmicas do coração (DIC) são as mais frequentes e responsáveis por altos números de morbimortalidade. Nas últimas duas décadas ocorreram grandes avanços no reconhecimento, manejo e tratamento de pacientes com DIC, o que determinou significativa redução das taxas de óbito, infartos e isquemia recorrente. Apesar do crescente avanço tecnológico e da utilização de técnicas contemporâneas, a dor e ansiedade ocasionam uma série de repercussões fisiológicas que podem prejudicar a qualidade dos desfechos clínicos. Objetivos: Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar na literatura o efeito da música sob a dor, ansiedade e parâmetros hemodinâmicos antes e após procedimentos cardíacos percutâneos. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática com metanálise que seguiu todas as recomendações da Colaboração Cochrane e seguindo os itens de verificação preconizados pela ferramenta Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), bem como se baseou na ferramenta Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR). Resultados: Foram encontrados 40 artigos na busca inicial dos quais 11 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Estes demonstraram que a música é efetiva na redução da ansiedade e dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos, sendo ainda confirmada na metanálise que identificou uma estimativa metanalítica de diferença nas médias padronizadas de 4.02 (IC 95%: 2.48 a 6.68), mesmo sendo escolhida pelo pesquisador. Contudo, seus efeitos sobre a dor foram inconclusivos, o que também foi mostrado na metanálise que identificou uma estimativa metanalítica não significativa de -0,01 (IC 95%: -0,36 a 0,32) quando se utilizou a EVA, sendo necessário a realização de estudos futuros. Devido a variabilidade dos estilos e tempo de exposição musical, não se pôde determinar qual a música e o tempo de exposição ideais para alcançar resultados mais positivos sobre os desfechos de interesse, mas infere-se que aquelas de batidas suaves, sem letras e lentas presentem melhores efeitos. Quanto à forma de aplicação, a utilização de fones de ouvido é recomendada, pois permite que o paciente foque sua atenção no estimulo musical. A maior parte dos estudos obteve boa qualidade metodológica com baixo risco de viés. Já a metanálise identificou risco de viés de publicação para os estudos que abordaram ansiedade. Conclusão: Esta revisão sistemática identificou que a música é efetiva na redução da ansiedade e dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos. Entretanto, os resultados foram inconclusivos para determinar associação na redução da dor. Estes resultados podem ser úteis no desenvolvimento de recomendações para utilização da música na cardiologia intervencionista. / Aracaju, SE

INTRODUÇÃO: A estratificação de risco, pré intervenção coronária percutânea, é um elemento-chave para auxiliar na tomada de decisão oferecendo o nível de expectativas de resultados imediatos e tardios. Esta investigação tem como objetivo desenvolver o escore DESIRE para predizer o risco de ocorrência de eventos cardíacos maiores(ECM) em pacientes(P) submetidos ao implante de stents farmacológicos(SF) na prática clínica diária. MÉTODOS: Desde 2002 todos os pacientes consecutivos, tratados com 1 SF , foram incluídos no Registro DESIRE (Drug-Eluting Stents In REal world), não-randomizado. Desenvolvemos o escore DESIRE, a partir da análise retrospectiva dos dados dos P incluídos entre janeiro de 2007 e dezembro de 2012 uma vez que esta população representava melhor a prática contemporânea da cardiologia intervencionista. As associações das variáveis com os eventos foram testadas pelos testes chi-quadrado e t de Student. Devido às diferenças entre as fases analisadas, decidimos por dois modelos de predição de riscos: hospitalar (Regressão logística) e tardio (Cox) estimando o tempo até o primeiro evento. Após o desenvolvimento, o escore foi aplicado prospectivamente nos pacientes incluídos entre janeiro de 2013 e dezembro de 2014. As estimativas de risco obtidas foram comparadas às taxas de ECM observadas, validando o escore DESIRE nas duas fases. RESULTADOS: 4.061 P compõem a população do estudo sendo que destes, 2.863 P constituem a coorte B1 que foi utilizada para o desenvolvimento do escore e 1.198 P na coorte B2 na qual o escore foi aplicado e validado. As variáveis e seus respectivos pontos para o escore DESIRE hospitalar que variou de 0 a 37 pontos foram: idade em anos (<=49= 0; 50 - 59=1; 60 a 69=2; 70 a 79=4; <= 80=6); cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica prévia(1); doença vascular periférica (5); insuficiência renal (3); síndrome coronária aguda (3); doença multiarterial (3); ponte de safena (6); lesão com trombo (5) e lesão longa (5). Compuseram o escore DESIRE tardio (0 a 45 pontos) as seguintes variáveis: diabete melito com medicação oral (4) ou com insulina (9); cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica prévia (2); doença vascular periférica (6); síndrome coronária aguda (5); doença multiarterial (4); FE<40% (6); ponte de safena (8) e vaso de pequeno calibre (5). Definimos 3 faixas de risco para cada um dos escores categorizando os pacientes de acordo com a pontuação obtida em baixo, intermediário e alto risco para ECM sendo para a fase hospitalar. Ambos os escores apresentaram acurácia para predizer eventos próxima a 70%. CONCLUSÃO: Baseados em dados do Registro do \"mundo real\" foi possível desenvolver o Escore DESIRE que permitiu a adequada estratificação do risco de eventos cardíacos maiores após o implante de SF, nas fases hospitalar e tardia. A partir destas estimativas de risco é possível consubstanciar as escolhas terapêuticas. / BACKGROUND: Risk stratification before percutaneous coronary intervention is a key element to assist in decision making offering the level of expectations for immediate and late outcomes. This research aims to develop the DESIRE score to predict the risk of major cardiac events (MACE) in patients (P) who underwent drug-eluting stent implantation in daily clinical practice. METHODS: Since 2002 all consecutive patients treated with> 1 SF in a single center were included in the non-randomized DESIRE (Drug-Eluting Stents In the Real world) Registry. We developed the DESIRE score based on a retrospective analysis of the patients included between January 2007 and December 2012, since this population better represented the contemporary practice of interventional cardiology. The associations of the variables with the events were tested by chi-square and Student\'s t tests. Due to the differences between the analyzed phases, we decided on two models of risk prediction: hospital (Logistic Regression) and late (Cox) estimating the time until the first event. After the development, the score was applied prospectively in the patients included between January 2013 and December 2014. The risk estimates obtained were compared to the observed MACE rates, validating the DESIRE score in the two phases. RESULTS: A total of 4,061 patients were included in the study population. Of these, 2,863 P were the B1 cohort that was used for the development of the score and 1,198 P in the B2 cohort in which the score was applied and validated. The variables and their respective points for the hospital DESIRE score ranged from 0 to 37 points were: age in years <=49= 0; 50 - 59=1; 60 a 69=2; 70 a 79=4; <= 80=6); Previous myocardial revascularization surgery (1); Peripheral vascular disease (5); Cronic kidney dysfunction (3); Acute coronary syndrome (3); Multivessel disease (3) Saphenousvenous graft (6); lesion with thrombus (5) and Long lesion (5);The following variables composed the late DESIRE score (0 to 45 points): Diabetes mellitus with oral medication (4) or with insulin (9); previous myocardial revascularization surgery (2); Peripheral vascular disease (6); Acute coronary syndrome (5); Multivessel disease (4); ejection fraction <40% (6); saphenous vein graft (8) and small vessel (5). We defined 3 risk ranges for each of the scores by categorizing the patients according to the low, intermediate and high-risk scores for ECM being for the hospital phase. Both scores had accuracy to predict MACE close to 70%. CONCLUSION: Based on data from the \"real world\" registry, it was possible to develop the DESIRE score that allowed the adequate stratification of the risk of major cardiac events after the SF implantation in the hospital and late phases. From these risk estimates it is possible to substantiate the therapeutic choices.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os inúmeros avanços tecnológicos no tratamento percutâneo da doença coronariana aterosclerótica propiciaram que um crescente número de pacientes tratados previamente por angioplastia coronária transluminal percutânea (ACTP) seja referenciado à Cirurgia de Revascularização Miocárdica (CRM). Resultados de estudos a curto, médio e longo prazo confirmaram ou contestaram os efeitos negativos da angioplastia prévia com \"stent\" na mortalidade e morbidade da CRM. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da intervenção coronária prévia com \"stent\", na mortalidade e ocorrência de eventos cardiovasculares e cerebrais maiores em pacientes com insuficiência coronária, submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica, até cinco anos de seguimento. MÉTODO: Foi feito um levantamento retrospectivo a partir do banco de dados REVASC (Registro de reVAScularização mioCárdica) do Hospital Beneficência de São Paulo, dos pacientes consecutivos submetidos à CRM entre junho de 2009 a julho de 2010 e com seguimento em três fases: aos 30 dias, um ano e cinco anos. As características dos pacientes e os fatores de risco foram analisados, de acordo com as definições dadas às variáveis pelo EuroSCORE (\"The European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation\"). Para controlar eventual viés de seleção foi realizada análise agrupada com \"propensity score matching\". Todos os testes foram realizados considerando hipóteses bilaterais e assumindo um nível de significância alfa = 5%. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: CRM primária e com ACTP prévia. 261 (8,7%) de pacientes tiveram ACTP prévia. Na coorte original, no grupo com ACTP os pacientes são mais velhos (p=0,032) e têm mais doença arterial periférica (p < 0.001) e mais dislipidêmicos (p < 0,001) porem com o risco operatório EUROSCORE menor (p=0,031) e mais cirurgias não eletivas (=0,008). Após cinco anos, a mortalidade por causas cardiovasculares foi de 134 (5,6%) no grupo com ACTP prévia versus 13 (5,5%) no grupo de CRM primária; (p=0,946); a taxa de reinternação por causas cardiovasculares foi de 359 (15,0%) no grupo com ACTP prévia vs 47 (19,8%) no grupo de CRM primária; (p=0,048) e a taxa eventos combinados óbito/reinternação por causas cardiovasculares foi de 399 (16,7%) no grupo com ACTP prévia vs 51 (21,5%) no grupo de CRM primária; (p=0,057). Em seguida,foi realizada comparação na coorte pareada e em cinco anos a mortalidade por causas cardiovasculares foi de 17 (7,8%) no grupo com ACTP prévia vs 13 (5,5%) no grupo de CRM primária; (p=0,321); a taxa reinternação por causas cardiovasculares foi de 31 (14,2%) no grupo com ACTP prévia vs 47 (19,8%) no grupo de CRM primária; (p=0,113) e a taxa eventos combinados óbito/reinternação por causas cardiovasculares foi de 40 (18,4%) no grupo com ACTP prévia vs 51 (21,5%) grupo de CRM primária; (p=0,398). CONCLUSÃO: Em cinco anos de seguimento não houve diferença na mortalidade nos dois grupos, mas houve maior taxa readmissão por causas cardiovasculares no grupo com ACTP prévia. Essa diferença não foi confirmada na coorte pareada / BACKGROUND: several technological advances in percutaneous treatment of atherosclerotic coronary disease have led to an increasing number of patients treated with previous percutaneous intervention (PCI) referred to coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Results of short-term initial studies showed negative effects of PCI on CABG outcomes .. Neverthless, further studies with immediate and long term follow-up confirmed or contested the negative influence on mortality and morbidity of CABG. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of previous coronary intervention with stent in the mortality and occurrence of major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing myocardial revascularization surgery, up to 5 years of follow-up. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed in the REVASC (Registro de rEVAScularização mioCárdica) database of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting at the Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, operated between June 2009 and July 2010, and followed in three periods: at 30 days, 1 year and 5 years. Patient characteristics and risk factors were analyzed according to the definitions given to the variables by EuroSCORE (The European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation). In order to control eventual selection bias, a simultaneous analysis with propensity score matching was performed. All tests were performed considering bilateral hypothesis and assuming a significance level ? = 5%. RESULTS: Patients were divided into two groups: primary CABG , 2746 patients and previous PCI. 261 (8.7%) of patients had previous PCI. In the original cohort, in the PCI group, patients were older (p = 0.032) and had more peripheral arterial disease (p < 0.001) and more dyslipidemic (p < 0.001) but with lower EUROSCORE operative risk (p = 0.031) and more non-elective surgeries (= 0.008). After five years, the mortality due to cardiovascular causes was 134 (5.6%) in the previous PCI group versus 13 (5.5%) in the primary CABG group; (p = 0.946); the rate of rehospitalization for cardiovascular causes was 359 (15.0%) in the group with previous PCI vs 47 (19.8%) in the primary CABG group; (p = 0.048) and the combined death / rehospitalization event due to cardiovascular causes was 399 (16.7%) in the group with previous PCI vs 51 (21.5%) in the primary CABG group; (p = 0.057). Then, we performed a paired cohort and in 5 years the mortality from cardiovascular causes was 17 (7.8%) in the group with previous PCI vs 13 (5.5%) in the primary CABG group; (p = 0.321); the rehospitalization rate for cardiovascular causes was 31 (14.2%) in the group with previous PCI vs 47 (19.8%) in the primary CABG group; (p = 0.113) and the combined death / rehospitalization event due to cardiovascular causes was 40 (18.4%) in the previous PCI group vs 51 (21.5%) primary CABG group; (p = 0.398). CONCLUSION: There is no statistically demonstrable difference in mortality over five years in both groups, but there was more readmission for cardiovascular causes and combined outcomes in the previous PCI group. In the matched cohort we cannot find any diferences

Bakgrund: Kranskärlsröntgen eller perkutan koronar intervention är en av de mest avancerade diagnostiska och interventionella verktyg som har förbättrat livet för miljontals patienter med hjärt- och kärlsjukdom. Ingreppet är dock kopplat till en viss mängd komplikationer eller oönskade biverkningar. Trots att det är låg risk för dödlighet finns det betydande problematik kring psykologiska besvär både inför, under och efter ingreppen. Icke-farmalogiska interventioner som kan minska psykiskt lidande för patienter som genomgår Kranskärlsröntgen eller PCI är en viktig del i sjuksköterskans arbete.  Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva interventioner för patientinformation med syfte att minska ångest hos patienter som ska genomgå kranskärlsröntgen eller perkutan koronar intervention. Metod: En litteraturstudie, där artikelsökningar utfördes i databaserna PubMed, CINAHL, samt genom manuella sökningar från Google Scholar. Femton empiriska originalartiklar inkluderades. Dessa granskades och analyseras genom en integrerad analys. Resultat: Videobaserade informationsinterventioner visade sig vara effektiva för att minska ångestnivån i samband med kranskärlsröntgen eller perkutan koronar intervention i sex av studierna. Det fanns sju studier som använde multimodal utbildningsintervention och de minskade patientens ångestnivå före proceduren kranskärlsröntgen eller perkutan koronar intervention. Även erfarenhetsutbyte interventioner har visat statistisk signifikant skillnad på att minska ångest hos patienterna före proceduren. Slutsats: Litteraturöversikten visade att videobaserad och multimodal information och per-leed undervisning användes som interventioner för patientinformation med syfte att minska ångest hos patienter som genomgick kranskärlsröntgen och PCI. Vidare ger litteraturöversikten stöd för att användningen av interventioner för patientinformation i form av videobaserad information, stödd av broschyrer och muntlig diskussion med sjuksköterskeledda inlärningstillfällen har en betydande minskning av ångestnivån innan kranskärlsröntgen eller PCI procedurer. / Background: Coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention is one of the most advanced diagnostic and interventional tools that has improved the lives of millions of cardiovascular patients. However, the procedure is linked to a certain amount of complications or unwanted side effects. Even though there is a low risk of mortality due to the procedure, there are significant problems regarding psychological distress both before, during and after the intervention. Non-pharmacological interventions that can reduce this psychological distress for patients undergoing angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention are an important part of the nurse's duty.  Aim: The aim was to describe interventions for patient information with the aim of reducing anxiety in patients undergoing coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention.  Method: Three databases were chosen based on research by relevant scientific evidence identified during the pilot search test. PUBMED, CINAHL and Google Scholar are the databases used in the literature search. The selection resulted in a total of 15 articles on which this literature review is based.  Result: Video-based information interventions were found to be effective in reducing anxiety levels associated with coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention in six of the studies. There were seven studies that used multimodal educational intervention for patients who underwent coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention, which have shown a reduction in the anxiety level of patients prior to the procedure. Also, experience exchangeinterventions have shown statistically significant difference in reducing anxiety in patients prior to the procedure.  Conclusion: This literature review showed that video-based and multimodal information and per-leed instruction were used as interventions for patient information with the aim of reducing anxiety in patients who underwent coronary angiography and PCI. Furthermore, the literature review supports that the use of interventions for patient information in the form of video-based, supported by brochures and discussion with nurse-led learning opportunities has a significant reduction in anxiety levels before coronary angiography or PCI procedures.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this analysis was to assess the 7-year long-term safety and effectiveness of a randomized comparison of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) versus minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) surgery for the treatment of isolated proximal left anterior descending lesions. BACKGROUND Long-term follow-up data comparing PCI by SES and MIDCAB surgery for isolated proximal left anterior descending lesions are sparse. METHODS Patients were randomized either to PCI with SES (n ¼ 65) or MIDCAB (n ¼ 65). Follow-up data were obtained after 7 years with respect to the primary composite endpoint of death, myocardial infarction, and target vessel revas- cularization. Angina was assessed by the Canadian Cardiovascular Society classification and quality of life with Short Form 36 and MacNew quality of life questionnaires. RESULTS Follow-up was conducted in 129 patients at a median time of 7.3 years (interquartile range: 5.7, 8.3). There were no significant differences in the incidence of the primary composite endpoint between groups (22% PCI vs. 12% MIDCAB; p ¼ 0.17) or the endpoints death (14% vs. 17%; p ¼ 0.81) and myocardial infarction (6% vs. 9%, p ¼ 0.74). However, the target vessel revascularization rate was higher in the PCI group (20% vs. 1.5%; p < 0.001). Clinical symptoms and quality of life improved significantly from baseline with both interventions and were similar in magnitude between groups. CONCLUSIONS At 7-year follow-up, PCI by SES and MIDCAB in isolated proximal left anterior descending lesions yielded similar long-term outcomes regarding the primary composite clinical endpoint and quality of life. Target vessel revascularization was more frequent in the PCI group. (Randomied Comparison of Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Drug-Eluting Stents in Patients With Proximal Stenosis of the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery; NCT00299429) (J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 2014;-:-–-) © 2014 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) refers to a group of clinical conditions caused by myocardial ischemia including unstable angina, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST-segmcnt elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Appropriate and accurate diagnosis has life-saving implications and requires a quick but thorough evaluation of the patient's history, physical examination, electrocardiogram, radiographic studies, and cardiac biomarkers. The management of patients with suspected or confirmed ACS continues to evolve as new evidence from clinical trials is considered and as new technology becomes available to both primary care physicians and cardiologists. Low- and intermediate-risk patients have frequently been managed in a chest pain center or in the emergency department. While stress testing with or without radionuclide imaging is the most common evaluation method, a CT angiogram is sometimes substituted High-risk patients are often managed with an early invasive strategy involving left heart catheterization with a goal of prompt revascularization of at-risk, viable myocardium. With the increased availability of cardiac catheterization facilities, patients with STEMI are more commonly being managed with primary percutaneous coronary intervention, although thrombolysis is still used where such facilities are not immediately available. This article provides primary care physicians with a concise review of the pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, and management of ACS based on the best available evidence in 2008.

Purpose of Review: To review the clinical evidence on the use of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) revascularization options in left main (LM) disease in comparison with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Coronary artery disease (CAD) involving the LM is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Though CABG remains the gold standard for complex CAD involving the LM artery, recent trials have shown a trend towards non-inferiority of the LM PCI when compared with CABG in certain subset of patients. Recent Findings: Two recent major randomized trials compared the outcomes of PCI versus CABG in the LM and multi-vessel disease with LM involvement. The NOBLE trial included patients with all range of Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With TAXUS and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX) scores and utilized biolimus drug-eluting stent (DES). The trial concluded that MACCE (major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular event) was significantly higher with PCI (28%) when compared with CABG (18%) but overall stroke and motility were not different. EXCEL trial evaluated the same treatment option in low to intermediate SYNTAX score population with third-generation everolimus DES platform as PCI option. Results showed no significant differences in the composite primary endpoints of death, stroke, and myocardial infarction (MI) at the end of 30 days (22% versus 19.2%, p = 0.13), although repeat revascularization was higher in PCI group (16.9% versus 10%). Summary: Recent evidence suggests that PCI is an acceptable alternative to treat symptomatic LM stenosis in select group of patients. In low to medium SYNTAX score, particularly in patients without diabetes mellitus, PCI remains a viable option. Future trials focusing on evaluating subset of patients who would benefit from one particular revascularization option in comparison with other is warranted.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Patients receiving maintenance dialysis have higher mortality after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) than patients not receiving dialysis. Whether pPCI confers a benefit to patients receiving dialysis that is similar to that which occurs in lower-risk groups remains unknown. We compared the effect of pPCI on in-hospital outcomes among patients hospitalized for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and receiving maintenance dialysis with the effect among patients hospitalized for STEMI but not receiving dialysis. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: We used the National Inpatient Sample (2016-2018) and included all adult hospitalizations with a primary diagnosis of STEMI. PREDICTORS: Primary exposure was PCI. Confounders included dialysis status, demographics, insurance, household income, comorbidities, and the elective nature of the admission. OUTCOME: In-hospital mortality, stroke, acute kidney injury, new dialysis requirement, vascular complications, gastrointestinal bleeding, blood transfusion, mechanical ventilation, palliative care, and discharge destination. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: The average treatment effect (ATE) of pPCI was estimated using propensity score matching independently within the group receiving dialysis and the group not receiving dialysis to explore whether the effect is modified by dialysis status. Additionally, the average marginal effect (AME) was calculated accounting for the clustering within hospitals. RESULTS: Among hospitalizations, 4,220 (1.07%) out of 413,500 were for patients receiving dialysis. The dialysis cohort was older (65.2 ± 12.2 vs 63.4 ± 13.1, P < 0.001), had a higher proportion of women (42.4% vs 30.6%, P < 0.001) and more comorbidities, and had a lower proportion of White patients (41.1% vs 71.7%, P < 0.001). Patients receiving dialysis were less likely to undergo angiography (73.1% vs 85.4%, P < 0.001) or pPCI (57.5% vs 79.8%, P < 0.001). Primary PCI was associated with lower mortality in patients receiving dialysis (15.7% vs 27.1%, P < 0.001) as well as in those who were not (5.0% vs 17.4%, P < 0.001). The ATE on mortality did not differ significantly (P interaction = 0.9) between patients receiving dialysis (-8.6% [95% CI, -15.6% to -1.6%], P = 0.02) and those who were not (-8.2% [95% CI, -8.8% to -7.5%], P < 0.001). The AME method showed similar results among patients receiving dialysis (-9.4% [95% CI, -14.8% to -4.0%], P < 0.001) and those who were not (-7.9% [95% CI, -8.5% to -7.4%], P < 0.001) (P interaction = 0.6). Both the ATE and AME were comparable for other in-hospital outcomes in both groups. LIMITATIONS: Administrative data, lack of pharmacotherapy and long-term outcome data, and residual confounding. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with conservative management, pPCI for STEMI was associated with comparable reductions in short-term mortality among patients irrespective of their receipt of maintenance dialysis.

Perkutan koronarintervention är en behandlingsmetod vid ischemisk hjärtsjukdom vars syfte är att återställa ett nedsatt flöde i kranskärlen. Via en artär, med hjälp av en metalledare förs en ballong ut i kranskärlet där förträngningen eller ocklusionen sitter. Ballongen blåses upp och öppnar upp kärlet. Behandlingen kan ske akut, subakut eller planerat. När det kommer till information har patienten rättigheter som vården måste ta hänsyn till och genom att arbeta med ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt kan patientens möte med vården individanpassas. Syftet var att undersöka patienters upplevelser under hela händelseförloppet, av att ha genomgått en perkutan koronarintervention. Som metod användes litteraturöversikt med systematisk sökstrategi i enlighet med Polit och Becks niostegsmodell. 17 kvalitativa artiklar från nio olika länder samlades in och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet sorterades in i tre kategorier och tio underkategorier. Vikten av tidig och adekvat information inför en perkutan koronarintervention belystes. Många patienter kände sig oroliga och de som sökte akut upplevde att de fick livsavgörande vård. Oavsett om förloppet skedde akut eller planerat önskade patienterna att få vara delaktiga och medverka. Symtomen som beskrevs varierade. Tryckkänsla i bröstet, bröstsmärta och illamående förekom hos de som sökte akut medan trötthet och utmattning var vanligare hos de elektiva patienterna. Olika psykiska och fysiska upplevelser beskrevs på interventionssalen där även de flesta beskrev att de kände förtroende för vården. Vidare upplevde patienterna ett behov av fortsatt vård och många betonade frågor kring läkemedel och dess biverkningar. Upplevelsen av att återhämta sig beskrevs på olika sätt. De beskrev även information som saknades och hur de själva sökte den informationen. Anhörigas närvaro kunde påverka upplevelserna. En tacksamhet mot vården och metoden belystes. Slutsatsen var att patienter hade stort förtroende för hälso- och sjukvården. Personcentrerad vård med information på rätt nivå i rätt tid är nyckeln till en bra upplevelse för patienten. / Percutaneous coronary intervention is a treatment method for ischemic heart disease whose purpose is to restore impaired flow in the coronary arteries. Via an artery, with the help of a metal guide, a balloon is inserted into the coronary artery where the narrowing or occlusion is located. The balloon inflates and opens up the vessel. Treatment can be acute, subacute or planned. When it comes to information, the patient has rights that the healthcare system must take into account, and by working with a person-centered approach, the patient's encounter with healthcare can be individualized. The aim was to find out how the patients experienced undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention throughout the course of events. The method used was a literature review with a systematic search strategy in accordance with Polit and Beck's nine-step model. 17 qualitative articles from nine different countries were collected and analyzed with qualitative content analysis. The results were sorted into three categories and ten subcategories. The importance of early and adequate information prior to a percutaneous coronary intervention was highlighted. Many patients felt anxious and those who sought emergency care felt that they received lifesaving care. Regardless of whether the process took place acutely or planned, the patients wanted to be involved and participate. The symptoms described varied. Chest tightness, chest pain and nausea occurred in those who sought emergency care, while tiredness and exhaustion were more common in the elective patients. Different mental and physical experiences were described in the intervention room, where most of them also described that they felt confident in the care. Furthermore, the patients experienced a need for continued care and many emphasized questions about drugs and their side effects. The experience of recovery was described in different ways. They also described information that was missing and how they themselves searched for that information. The presence of relatives could affect the experiences. A gratitude towards the care and the method was highlighted. The conclusion was that patients had great confidence in the healthcare system. Personcentered care with information at the right level at the right time is the key to a good experience for the patient.