Current cemetery practices can be harmful to public health and local ecologies and be intensive users of resources such as water and energy. However, given their spiritual benefits to mourners and community members, I believe that cemeteries are still justified in their construction for societies that wish to have a relationship with their dead. With a growing and aging population, more spaces will be used to house the dead; I examined how these could spaces benefit the living as well. Cemeteries can be designed within natural systems, both in landscaping and in burial, as well as spaces for communities and explorations of new forms of art and architecture. Using research and my own experiences, I identified and analyzed exemplary cemeteries that benefit their contexts ecologically, socially, and artistically and architecturally. Ultimately, this paper exists as a guide for the development or retrofitting of cemeteries into active, lively spaces.

The thesis traces the history of colonial Virginia in an attempt to uncover the origins of several peculiarities in Virginia death-ways. Elite Virginians buried at home more often than not (where they could protect the dead from animal desecration), while avoided death’s heads, reapers, and bone based tomb and mourning jewelry iconography even though such was popular throughout the British Atlantic. Research done for this thesis reveals a fear on the part of elite Virginias regarding questions of both corpse desecration and natural putrefaction. The cause of this cultural obsession lie in two facts: The blackening of the early colony’s reputation by warfare with Native Americans and the cannibalism associated with the Starving Times, and later the casual violence inherent in the slave system. Virginia’s elite disregarded images of decay and death and embraced symbols of stability both the legitimize Virginia as a place for Europeans to settle, and to disguise the barbarity of their economic system.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:55:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla de Alcantara Ferreira Queiroz.pdf: 4083525 bytes, checksum: c99259afc69f02509f1d4f4a20678eaf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03-14 / Biological sciences progress has occured through the improvement of scientific techniques which has caused great advance concerning researches and teaching issues. Man has become part of experiments and his corpse got great importance among the living people, which has caused society to question in the social, moral, law, religious and medical fields, mainly regarding the use of human body or part of it in such experiments. Human Anatomy is the science which studies the human body structures and for many centuries has been using corpses as a teaching material. Dealing with death in Anatomy classes many times causes fear, dogmas, and taboos. In the past, the anatomists job was limited by the church rules, today, this study is threatened by legal, religious, and moral problems, and the lack of society awareness about the importance of donating corpses for research and studying purposes. In the face of the techical scientific discoveries in many areas, Bioethics appears rising new matters related to ethical values, concerning people´s millennial beliefs, in human sciences related to human life and death, political community, and the relationship between man and nature. This paper is concerned about showing and discussing, through a historical synthesis, the importance of corpses in building knowledge, in research and teaching, noting scientific, religious, cultural, and legal aspects which regulate the scientific progress despite all technological development. For such, we have applied 739 questionaries to both students and teachers from health field courses in the various private universities located in Anápolis and Goiânia. The results shown by the research support the assumption that both students and teachers are in favor of using human corpes for teaching and research purposes, although they do not know well the legislation regulating the use of bodies from both indigent people and those who died but had not been seeked by their respective families. This study shows the need of programs to explain and make the population aware of what spontaneous corpse donation is concerned and its importance to studies and research as well as reeducational programs or modification of those values unfit to the effective exercise of health-related professions. The starting point is in the Anatomy teaching, since the human corpse makes us rethink about human values, today due to technological advance, so much forgotten. / O progresso das ciências biológicas se deu através do aprimoramento das técnicas científicas ocorrendo com isto grandes avanços nas pesquisas e no ensino. O homem passou a fazer parte dos experimentos e o seu cadáver ganhou grande importância entre os vivos, o que levou a sociedade a inúmeros questionamentos nos campos: social, moral, jurídico, religioso e médico, principalmente no que se refere ao uso do cadáver humano ou parte dele nestes experimentos. Anatomia Humana é a ciência que estuda as estruturas do corpo humano e há séculos vem utilizando o cadáver humano como material de ensino. Lidar diretamente com a morte nas aulas de anatomia causa muitas vezes medo, dogmas, tabus. No passado, o trabalho dos anatomistas era limitado pelas normas da Igreja, sendo hoje, este estudo ameaçado por problemas jurídicos, religiosos, morais e pela falta de conscientização da sociedade sobre a importância da doação de cadáveres para o estudo e a pesquisa. Diante das descobertas tecnocientíficas nas diversas áreas, a bioética surge levantando novas temáticas relacionadas aos valores éticos, em relação às convicções milenares das pessoas, nas ciências humanas relacionadas com a vida humana e a morte, da convivência política e da relação da natureza com o homem. A preocupação desse trabalho é apresentar e discutir, através de uma síntese histórica, a importância do cadáver na construção do conhecimento do ensino e pesquisa, observando aspectos científico, religioso, cultural e legal que ditam regras as quais controlam o progresso das ciências apesar de toda tecnologia desenvolvida. Para isso foram aplicados 739 questionários, os quais foram respondidos por alunos e professores dos cursos da área da saúde das diversas Universidades privadas dos municípios de Goiânia e Anápolis. Os resultados obtidos pela pesquisa apóiam a concepção de que os alunos e professores são favoráveis ao uso de corpos humanos no ensino e pesquisa, porém não conhecem bem a legislação a qual regulamenta a utilização de corpos de indigentes e de mortos não reclamados pelas respectivas famílias. Este trabalho demonstra a necessidade de programas de esclarecimento e de conscientização da população no que diz respeito à doação espontânea de corpos para o estudo e a pesquisa e também programas de reeducação ou modificação daqueles valores que não condizem com o efetivo exercício das profissões da área da saúde. E o ponto de partida se encontra no ensino da anatomia, pois o cadáver humano nos leva a repensar os valores humanos, hoje em decorrência dos avanços tecnológicos, tão esquecidos.

The subject of corpses from mass violence is surprisingly unexplored, even though the materiality of the corpse carries strong symbolic capital in conflicts. The aim of my PhD research is to create new knowledge about the implications of unburied corpses that stem from intergroup conflicts, and subsequently to add knowledge concerning how intergroup violence is organised to achieve desired social agendas. In the licentiate thesis presented here, I research the conditions for postmortem agency and how treatment of corpses can be studied in prehistory, specifically through the material remains of unburied corpses from the Sandby borg massacre. The Sandby borg case study is explored through a bioarchaeological perspective. Inside the Iron Age ringfort, the remains of at least 26 individuals have been recovered hitherto. Several of the dead display traces of lethal intergroup violence. By integrating osteology, archaeology, taphonomy and social theories, I show how bioarchaeological research can contribute to the understanding of past postmortem agency in relation to intergroup violence as a social process. The thesis is comprised of four articles.

Entre les personnes et les choses, les embryons et les cadavres sont souvent représentés comme des objets juridiques non-identifiés. Cependant, une analyse détaillée du travail de la jurisprudence et du législateur dans l’élaboration de leur de leur régime montre que la qualification des corps n’est pas tant imprécise qu’éludée. L’extrême sensibilité politique de la question conduit à la construction d’un droit fractionné, proposant des solutions ponctuelles à des questions précises, sans véritable souci de cohérence catégorielle.Pourtant, présentant la qualification comme une véritable question de connaissance du droit, une partie de la doctrine semble parfois éluder la dimension politique de cette construction. Recourant , pour identifier la nature des corps, à des disciplines extérieures au droit (biologie, psychanalyse, philosophie…) sans toujours mettre en lumière les difficultés épistémologiques liées à cette démarche, les auteurs renouvellent en la matière une approche jusnaturaliste prescriptive qui ne dit pas toujours son nom.Or, l’étude de l’évolution des qualifications et des régimes appliqués aux embryons et aux cadavres montre que le véritable problème est surtout que les catégories établies entre les corps par le droit sont avant tout des classements. Tous les corps ne bénéficient pas de la même protection du droit et le statut des embryons et des cadavres reflète bien souvent les hiérarchies existant entre les personnes : distinctions sociales, religieuses, genrées, racialisées etc.. Se pose alors la question des remèdes possibles à ces multiples catégorisations des corps : assouplissements ponctuels ou transformation radicale du droit ? / Embryos and corpses are often presented as unidentified legal objects, in between people and things. However, a detailed analysis of French case law and statute law shows that the classification of bodies is not unclear, but eluded. The extreme political sensitivity of the matter leads to the construction of a subdivided law, offering one-time solutions to specific questions, without due regard to categorical coherence. Most of the doctrine seems to elude the political dimension of this construction and presents classification as an actual question of legal knowledge. Resorting to extraneous disciplines (biology, psychoanalysis, philosophy…) in order to identify the nature of the bodies, authors seem to repeat a prescriptive approach based on natural law theory even if they often deny it.In contrast, a historical approach of classification and legal systems applied to embryos and corpses reveals that the main issue is that the bodies’ categories induced by law are above all hierarchization. All bodies do not benefit from the same legal protection and the status of embryos and corpses very often reflects existing hierarchies between individuals – distinctions based on social level, religion, gender, ethnicity… Hence a question arises as to possible solutions to this manifold categorization of bodies : should the law be relaxed in isolated cases or should a more radical transformation of the law be considered ?

No description available.

Equipamentos urbanos, como hospitais, apresentam uma dinâmica de renovação espacial acelerada. A operação diária de vazão dos diversos fluxos (pessoas, material, equipamentos e cadáveres) ali existentes é bastante complexa sob vários aspectos, e sua organização passa pela competência e excelência de suas instituições. A questão fundamental é eleger quais aspectos notáveis que emergem da análise da arquitetura dos hospitais verticalizados, selecionados de grande porte pela abordagem da Avaliação Pós-Ocupação, quanto ao aspecto do fluxo de usuários, material, equipamentos e cadáveres, objetivando subsidiar eventuais rearranjos de configurações internas desses hospitais. A pesquisa está centrada, por meio de estudo de caso, na comprovação ou não de que o estudo antecipado dos fluxos em hospitais-núcleo, isto é, aqueles que sofrerão ganho de área por expansões futuras, na fase de pré-projeto, definem o partido arquitetônico de suas ampliações, transformando seus ambientes em mais amigáveis com seus usuários. A fase de pré-projeto é a primeira etapa no processo do projeto arquitetônico e contempla o levantamento de dados, o programa de necessidades e o estudo de viabilidade arquitetônica. Para tanto, foram considerados referenciais teóricos e discutidos os fluxos tendo, como exemplos, projetos hospitalares verticalizados brasileiros e internacionais. Elaborou-se uma aplicação pautada nesse arcabouço teórico e metodológico, utilizando alguns instrumentos da Avaliação Pós-Ocupação (APO) no decorrer do uso desses hospitais complexos. Os hospitais-núcleo de crescimento espontâneo foram estudados do ponto de vista de seu projeto, construção, modificações e uso, e os hospitais-núcleo com estudo antecipado dos fluxos foram estudados também do ponto de vista de seus pré-projetos. Observou-se de que modo ocorre o uso dos ambientes pelos seus usuários, levando-se em conta seus aspectos satisfatórios e aqueles a serem melhorados. Objetivou-se demonstrar como o estudo dos fluxos pode contribuir em diversos temas na elaboração de projetos hospitalares verticalizados complexos e ser adotado na gestão da qualidade desse tipo de ambiente da saúde. / Urban equipment, such as hospitals, has an accelerated spatial renewal dynamic. The daily flow of the various streams (people, material, equipment and corpses) there is quite complex in several aspects, and its organization passes through the competence and excellence of its institutions. The fundamental question is to select the remarkable aspects that emerge from the analysis of the architecture of the verticalized hospitals, selected in large measure by the post-occupation evaluation approach, regarding the flow aspect of users, material, equipment and corpses, aiming to subsidize possible rearrangements of configurations Hospitals. The research is centered, through a case study, on whether or not the anticipated study of the flows in core hospitals, that is, those that will gain area gain by future expansions, in the pre-project phase, define the Architectonic of its enlargements, transforming its environments in more friendly with its users. The pre-design phase is the first step in the architectural design process and includes data collection, the needs program and the architectural feasibility study. In order to do so, we considered the theoretical references and discussed the flows having, as examples, Brazilian and international vertical hospital projects. An application based on this theoretical and methodological framework was developed, using some instruments of the Post-Occupational Assessment (APO) in the course of the use of these complex hospitals. Spontaneous growth core hospitals were studied from the point of view of their design, construction, modifications and use, and core hospitals with early flow studies were also studied from the standpoint of their pre-projects. It was observed how the use of the environments occurs by its users, taking into account its satisfactory aspects and those to be improved. The objective of this study was to demonstrate how the study of the flows can contribute in several subjects in the elaboration of complex vertical hospital projects and be adopted in the quality management of this type of health environment.

Equipamentos urbanos, como hospitais, apresentam uma dinâmica de renovação espacial acelerada. A operação diária de vazão dos diversos fluxos (pessoas, material, equipamentos e cadáveres) ali existentes é bastante complexa sob vários aspectos, e sua organização passa pela competência e excelência de suas instituições. A questão fundamental é eleger quais aspectos notáveis que emergem da análise da arquitetura dos hospitais verticalizados, selecionados de grande porte pela abordagem da Avaliação Pós-Ocupação, quanto ao aspecto do fluxo de usuários, material, equipamentos e cadáveres, objetivando subsidiar eventuais rearranjos de configurações internas desses hospitais. A pesquisa está centrada, por meio de estudo de caso, na comprovação ou não de que o estudo antecipado dos fluxos em hospitais-núcleo, isto é, aqueles que sofrerão ganho de área por expansões futuras, na fase de pré-projeto, definem o partido arquitetônico de suas ampliações, transformando seus ambientes em mais amigáveis com seus usuários. A fase de pré-projeto é a primeira etapa no processo do projeto arquitetônico e contempla o levantamento de dados, o programa de necessidades e o estudo de viabilidade arquitetônica. Para tanto, foram considerados referenciais teóricos e discutidos os fluxos tendo, como exemplos, projetos hospitalares verticalizados brasileiros e internacionais. Elaborou-se uma aplicação pautada nesse arcabouço teórico e metodológico, utilizando alguns instrumentos da Avaliação Pós-Ocupação (APO) no decorrer do uso desses hospitais complexos. Os hospitais-núcleo de crescimento espontâneo foram estudados do ponto de vista de seu projeto, construção, modificações e uso, e os hospitais-núcleo com estudo antecipado dos fluxos foram estudados também do ponto de vista de seus pré-projetos. Observou-se de que modo ocorre o uso dos ambientes pelos seus usuários, levando-se em conta seus aspectos satisfatórios e aqueles a serem melhorados. Objetivou-se demonstrar como o estudo dos fluxos pode contribuir em diversos temas na elaboração de projetos hospitalares verticalizados complexos e ser adotado na gestão da qualidade desse tipo de ambiente da saúde. / Urban equipment, such as hospitals, has an accelerated spatial renewal dynamic. The daily flow of the various streams (people, material, equipment and corpses) there is quite complex in several aspects, and its organization passes through the competence and excellence of its institutions. The fundamental question is to select the remarkable aspects that emerge from the analysis of the architecture of the verticalized hospitals, selected in large measure by the post-occupation evaluation approach, regarding the flow aspect of users, material, equipment and corpses, aiming to subsidize possible rearrangements of configurations Hospitals. The research is centered, through a case study, on whether or not the anticipated study of the flows in core hospitals, that is, those that will gain area gain by future expansions, in the pre-project phase, define the Architectonic of its enlargements, transforming its environments in more friendly with its users. The pre-design phase is the first step in the architectural design process and includes data collection, the needs program and the architectural feasibility study. In order to do so, we considered the theoretical references and discussed the flows having, as examples, Brazilian and international vertical hospital projects. An application based on this theoretical and methodological framework was developed, using some instruments of the Post-Occupational Assessment (APO) in the course of the use of these complex hospitals. Spontaneous growth core hospitals were studied from the point of view of their design, construction, modifications and use, and core hospitals with early flow studies were also studied from the standpoint of their pre-projects. It was observed how the use of the environments occurs by its users, taking into account its satisfactory aspects and those to be improved. The objective of this study was to demonstrate how the study of the flows can contribute in several subjects in the elaboration of complex vertical hospital projects and be adopted in the quality management of this type of health environment.

Facteur clé du développement des nations, la médecine et son organisation se trouvèrent au centre des préoccupations des autorités politiques qui se sont succédées en Argentine et en Uruguay dès que ces territoires ont été conquis par l’Espagne. Pourtant, une fois l'indépendance acquise, des crises économiques répétées et une situation politique chaotique ont fait que, dans les deux rives de la Plata, la médecine a peiné à s’éveiller et à se consolider. Tandis qu’en Uruguay l’érection de la faculté de médecine ne fût possible qu’en 1875, celle de Buenos Aires, érigée en 1821, fonctionna de manière chancelante jusqu’en 1852, à cause de la situation politique troublée que connut le pays avec la dictature de Juan Manuel de Rosas. De ce fait, bon nombre d'Uruguayens et Argentins sont partis entamer ou parfaire leur formation médicale à la Faculté de Paris. En même temps, et en dépit des agitations politiques et de l’instabilité économique de la région, de nombreux médecins français ont, dès la première moitié du 19ème siècle, décidé de s’établir dans les rives de la Plata. Ce travail se penche sur les liens que les médecins séjournant de part et d’autre de l’Atlantique entre 1828 et 1886 ont noués, entretenus et renforcés au fil du siècle. Cette dynamique circulatoire des savoirs, des pratiques et des techniques médicaux, énergique et permanente, bénéficia à la médecine de part et d’autre de l’Atlantique. Cette circulation est abordée, en particulier, par l’analyse de la gestion effectuée, par le corps médical de Montevideo et Buenos Aires, des épidémies de choléra et de fièvre jaune lorsqu’elles firent irruption dans ces villes et des connaissances qui, à leur sujet, ont circulé dans la région avant et après leur apparition. Nous étudions également l’accueil accordé par les membres des sphères médicales française et rioplatense aux discours liés à la crémation des cadavres - système qui provoqua l’engouement du corps médical européen au tournant des années 1860 - et à sa mise en place. Nous montrons que la médecine de part et d’autre de l’Atlantique s’est vue enrichie par le contact et les échanges réciproques que ces médecins ont entretenus. En effet, si la médecine de la Plata a connu dans une grande mesure son éveil par la contribution des acteurs médicaux français qui ont amené dans la région leurs connaissances et leur savoir-faire, la médecine française a été, à son tour, alimentée par le séjour des médecins de l’Hexagone dans les rives de la Plata. Indépendamment de la durée de leurs séjours dans la région, les diverses explorations qu’ils ont effectuées et leur confrontation directe à la pathologie locale ont permis aux médecins français d'accroître leurs connaissances et d’acquérir une expérience singulière. Cette expérience a eu un impact significatif, non seulement dans leur pratique quotidienne, mais aussi dans l’adoption de pratiques innovantes indispensables au progrès médical français dans le dernier quart du 19ème siècle. / As a key factor in the development of nations, medicine and its organization were at the center of the preoccupations of the political authorities who succeeded one another in Argentina and Uruguay as soon as these territories were conquered by Spain. Yet, once independence has been achieved, repeated economic crises and a chaotic political situation have meant that medicine on both sides of the Plata has struggled to awaken and consolidate. While in Uruguay the erection of a faculty of medicine was not possible until 1875, that of Buenos Aires, erected in 1821, functioned in an intermittent manner until 1852, because of the troubled political situation in the country with the Juan Manuel de Rosas's dictatorship. As a result, many Uruguayans and Argentines have gone to begin or perfect their medical training at the Faculty of Paris. At the same time, in spite of the political unrest and the economic instability of the region, many French doctors decided to establish themselves on the banks of the Plata in the first half of the 19th century.This work examines the links that physicians living on both sides of the Atlantic between 1828 and 1886 developed, maintained and strengthened over the course of the century. This dynamic circulation of knowledge and medical techniques, energetic and permanent, benefited the medicine on both sides of the Atlantic. More specifically, we approach these exchanges by an analysis of the management carried out by the medical corps of Montevideo and Buenos Aires of the epidemics of cholera and yellow fever when they broke out in these towns and of the knowledge that circulated in the area before and after their appearance. We also study the reception given by the members of the French and Rioplatense medical spheres to the speeches related to the crematist system and its establishment, a system that excited the European medical profession at the turn of the 1860s. We show that medicine on both sides of the Atlantic has been enriched by the contact and reciprocal exchanges that these doctors have maintained. Indeed, while Plata's medicine has to a large extent been awakened by the contribution of the French medical actors who brought their knowledge and know-how to the region, French medicine was in turn fueled by the stay of doctors of the Hexagon in the banks of the Plata. Regardless of the length of their stay in the region, the various explorations they have carried out and their direct confrontation with the local pathology have allowed French physicians to increase their knowledge and acquire a singular experience. This experience had a significant impact, not only in their daily practice, but also in the adoption of innovative practices essential to French medical progress in the last quarter of the 19th century. / Factor esencial para el desarrollo de las naciones, la medicina y su organización se encontraron en el centro de las preocupaciones de las autoridades políticas del Río de la Plata (Argentina y Uruguay) desde el momento mismo de la conquista española. Sin embargo, una vez adquirida la Independencia, las crisis éconómicas y la inestabilidad política fueron permanentes en los dos países, En consecuencia, el despliegue y la consolidación de la medicina de parte y parte de la Plata se vieron fuertemente comprometidos. Mientras que en Uruguay la facultad de medicina fue creada apenas en 1875, la facultad de Buenos Aires, instalada desde 1821, funcionó de manera irregular hasta 1852, puesto que el régimen dictatorial de Juan Manuel de Rosas entorpeció la enseñanza y puso freno al movimiento científico establecido desde principios de siglo 19. Fue por eso que, con el objetivo de formarse o especializarse en la facultad de medicina de París, numerosos uruguayos y argentinos viajaron a Francia. Paralelamente, y a pesar de las múltiples agitaciones políticas y de la economía vacilante de la Plata, varios médicos franceses decidieron establecerse en la región desde la primera mitad del siglo. Este trabajo explora las relaciones establecidas y consolidadas con el paso del tiempo entre los médicos y estudiantes en medicina rioplatenses y franceses que viajaban entre el viejo continente y la Plata, y que dieron paso a la instauración de una circulación énergica y permanente de saberes, de prácticas y de técnicas médicas, que benefició tanto a la medicina rioplatense como a la medicina francesa. Dicha circulación es ejemplificada a través de la actuación concreta de los cuerpos médicos de Buenos Aires y Montevideo en los momentos en que el cólera y la fiebre amarilla irrumpieron en estas ciudades de forma epidémica, asi como también de la circulación de saberes que, sobre estas enfermedades exóticas, tuvo lugar en la región antes y después de su aparición en la Plata. Asimismo, se analiza la recepción de los discursos y la puesta en práctica de la cremación de cadáveres – sistema que provocó el entusiasmo del cuerpo médico europeo desde finales de los años 1860 – en las esferas médicas francesa y rioplatense. Se espera así recalcar que la medicina de parte y parte del Atlántico se vió enriquecida por el contacto y los intercambios científicos enfectuados entre los médicos franceses y rioplatenses. En efecto, si los médicos franceses, llevando sus conocimientos y su experiencia a la Plata, jugaron un rol clave y estimularon el desarrollo de la medicina rioplatense, la medicina francesa fue, a su turno, alimentada por la estadía de los médicos franceses en la región. En efecto, sin importar el tiempo pasado en la Plata, las múltiples exploraciones geográficas y la confrontación directa avec la patología local enriquecieron los conocimentos de esos médicos y les aportaron una experiencia singular cuyo impacto, altamente significativo en el ejercicio cotidiano de su profesión, repercutió igualmente en el desarrollo de la médicina nacional, estimulando la adopción de prácticas innovantes indispensables al progreso médico francés en el último cuarto del siglo 19.