Depuis quelques années, avec l'émergence de larges bases d'images comme Google Street View, la capacité à traiter massivement et automatiquement des données, souvent très contaminées par les faux positifs et massivement ambiguës, devient un enjeu stratégique notamment pour la gestion de patrimoine et le diagnostic de l'état de façades de bâtiment. Sur le plan scientifique, ce souci est propre à faire avancer l'état de l'art dans des problèmes fondamentaux de vision par ordinateur. Notamment, nous traitons dans cette thèse les problèmes suivants: la mise en correspondance robuste, algorithmiquement efficace de caractéristiques visuelles et l'analyse d'images de façades par grammaire. L'enjeu est de développer des méthodes qui doivent également être adaptées à des problèmes de grande échelle. Tout d'abord, nous proposons une formalisation mathématique de la cohérence géométrique qui joue un rôle essentiel pour une mise en correspondance robuste de caractéristiques visuelles. A partir de cette formalisation, nous en dérivons un algorithme de mise en correspondance qui est algorithmiquement efficace, précise et robuste aux données fortement contaminées et massivement ambiguës. Expérimentalement, l'algorithme proposé se révèle bien adapté à des problèmes de mise en correspondance d'objets déformés, et à des problèmes de mise en correspondance précise à grande échelle pour la calibration de caméras. En s'appuyant sur notre algorithme de mise en correspondance, nous en dérivons ensuite une méthode de recherche d'éléments répétés, comme les fenêtres. Celle-ci s'avère expérimentalement très efficace et robuste face à des conditions difficiles comme la grande variabilité photométrique des éléments répétés et les occlusions. De plus, elle fait également peu d'hallucinations. Enfin, nous proposons des contributions méthodologiques qui exploitent efficacement les résultats de détections d'éléments répétés pour l'analyse de façades par grammaire, qui devient substantiellement plus précise et robuste / For a few years, with the emergence of large image database such as Google Street View, designing efficient, scalable, robust and accurate strategies have now become a critical issue to process very large data, which are also massively contaminated by false positives and massively ambiguous. Indeed, this is of particular interest for property management and diagnosing the health of building fac{c}ades. Scientifically speaking, this issue puts into question the current state-of-the-art methods in fundamental computer vision problems. More particularly, we address the following problems: (1) robust and scalable feature correspondence and (2) façade image parsing. First, we propose a mathematical formalization of the geometry consistency which plays a key role for a robust feature correspondence. From such a formalization, we derive a novel match propagation method. Our method is experimentally shown to be robust, efficient, scalable and accurate for highly contaminated and massively ambiguous sets of correspondences. Our experiments show that our method performs well in deformable object matching and large-scale and accurate matching problem instances arising in camera calibration. We build a novel repetitive pattern search upon our feature correspondence method. Our pattern search method is shown to be effective for accurate window localization and robust to the potentially great appearance variability of repeated patterns and occlusions. Furthermore, our pattern search method makes very few hallucinations. Finally, we propose methodological contributions that exploit our repeated pattern detection results, which results in a substantially more robust and more accurate façade image parsing

The thesis deals with the mutual correspondence (with its part from the years 16641667) of a Jesuit Bohuslav Balbín (16211688) and a Premonstratensian Johannes Alois Hackenschmidt (16261683), a canon of monastery of Teplá and a secretary of abbot Rajmund Wilfert (†1670). Preserved correspondence of that time consists of 41 Balbín's and 39 Hackenschmidt's letters. Hackenschmidt was sending information of the history of monasteries of Teplá and Chotěšov and transcripts and excerpts of charters found in archives of these monasteries; Balbín was informing Hackenschmidt about the past of the Lords of Guttenstein. The thesis brings information on the life of both correspondents, summarizes the content of their correspondence and comments on their relationship. Finally, eight Balbín's and six Hackenschmidt's letters, provided by a commentary, are edited in the final part of the work.

The thesis titled Neruda's love in novels is dealing with the so- called second life of Jan Neruda and his appearance in the biographical novels. The first part try to describe how (according his letters and poems) probably looked his emotional life and what character had his relations to Anna Holinová, Karolína Světlá, Terezie Marie Macháčková, Anna Tichá a Božena Vlachová. The second part examines how is their concept in the fictional world of four novels (Černý Honzík, Démantová spona, Blonďatá Kerolajn, Lásky Jana Nerudy). They were read and confronted with correspondence and biography of Jan Neruda and it was investigated, where and how authors draw their inspiration. The next question is how they represent main hero and the bond between them. Each novel has been analyzed and mutually they were compared. The author found that all writers in varying degrees familiar with Neruda leaves and leaves are also used in their books as a source of information and words in the dialogues. Parts of them they also publish. Démantová spona and Lásky Jana Nerudy are most based on the letters. Ivo Pelant and Jaromíra Kolárová also come from many other sources. View at the figure of Anna Holinová the most changed - she was unsympathetic in the Černý Honzík and worked best in the Lásky Jana Nerudy. Novels devote most...

In modern historiography, Henri Christophe, king of northern Haiti from 1816-1820, is generally given a negative persona due to his controlling nature and his absolutist regime, but in his correspondence, he engages in diplomatic collaborations with two British abolitionists, William Wilberforce and Thomas Clarkson, in order to improve his new policies and obtain international recognition. This paper argues that the Haitian king and the abolitionists engaged in a mutual collaboration in which each party benefitted from the correspondence. Christophe used the advice of the British abolitionists in order to increase the power of Haiti into a powerful black state, and Wilberforce and Clarkson helped the king position Haiti as a self-sufficient nation to fuel their abolitionist argument of the potential of post-emancipation societies.

O objetivo desse trabalho é estudar aplicações da correspondência AdS/CFT na descrição de plasmas fortemente acoplados similares ao plasma de quarks e glúons (PQG) produzido em colisões de íons pesados no RHIC e no LHC. O projeto está articulado em duas partes. Inicialmente estudamos como alguns observáveis, como a taxa de produção de fótons e diléptons, são afetados por anisotropias espaciais presentes no plasma. Isso é importante porque o PQG produzido em experimentos do mundo real tipicamente começa em configurações de alta anisotropia, que depois evoluem para configurações isotrópicas. Para modelar a anisotropia a acoplamento forte fizemos uso de uma solução de buraco negro de supergravidade do tipo IIB encontrada recentemente em arXiv:1105.3472/hep-th. Como segunda direção de pesquisa e novamente focando em aplicações da correspondência AdS/CFT na descrição do PQG, investigamos teorias de gravidade de Lovelock, que são generalizações naturais da teoria de relatividade geral de Einstein. Essas teorias contém termos com derivadas de ordem superior ao mesmo tempo que mantém equações do movimento de segunda ordem, e por isso constituem uma arena ideal para começar a entender como termos de derivada de ordem superior afetam vários observáveis físicos do plasma. / The aim of this work is to study applications of the AdS/CFT correspondence to strongly coupled plasmas similar to the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) produced in heavy ion collisions at RHIC and LHC. The project is articulated in two parts. Initially, we will study how some observables, such as photon and dilepton production rates, are affected by spatial anisotropies present in the plasma. This is important, since the QGP produced in real world experiments generically starts in highly anisotropic configurations, which later evolve towards isotropy. To model anisotropy at strong coupling we will make use of an anisotropic black hole solution of type IIB supergravity which has been recently obtained in arXiv:1105.3472/ hep-th. As a second direction of research and again focusing on applications of the AdS/CFT correspondence to the QGP, we will investigate Lovelock theories of gravity, which are natural generalizations of Einsteins general relativity. These theories contain higher derivative terms, while maintaining the equations of motion of second order, and constitute an ideal arena where to start understanding how higher derivative corrections affect various physical observables of the plasma.

A presente tese propõe um estudo pormenorizado da correspondência de Luís da Câmara Cascudo com Mário de Andrade, Joaquim Inojosa, Gilberto Freyre e José Américo de Almeida (de 1922 a 1984), tendo como objetivo ampliar o debate historiográfico travado em torno da tentativa de restringir a produção intelectual de Cascudo à sua filiação ao Movimento Modernista ou ao Movimento Regionalista Tradicionalista do Nordeste. Para tanto, trataremos do debate suscitado pela epistolografia cascudiana, com ênfase na correspondência ativa de Cascudo editada e publicada antes e depois da publicação do volume Cartas de Mário de Andrade a Luís da Câmara Cascudo (2000), organizado por Veríssimo de Melo. Por intermédio das cartas enviadas por Monteiro Lobato, Rocha Pombo, Pedro de Orleans e Bragança & Guilherme Auler, disponíveis no acervo do Ludovicus Instituto Câmara Cascudo, buscamos demonstrar que para além do debate sobre o Modernismo no campo da crítica literária, houve durante o período de correspondência com Mário de Andrade a aproximação e o interesse de Câmara Cascudo em relação ao campo historiográfico, como a associação ao pensamento conservador monárquico. Empenhamo-nos em reconstituir as redes de sociabilidades intelectuais estabelecidas através da correspondência, tomando-as como arquivos da criação das obras e ideias sobre os movimentos anteriormente referidos. Buscamos demonstrar de maneira circunstanciada as complexas relações existentes na historiografia do regionalismo e modernismo no contexto da modernização da região Nordeste do Brasil, analisando as atitudes dos atores envolvidos no processo, assim como as contradições que ele implica. / This thesis proposes a detailed study of the correspondence written by Luís da Câmara Cascudo along with Mário de Andrade, Joaquim Inojosa, Gilberto Freyre and José Américo de Almeida (1922 - 1984). The objective is to widen the historiographical discussion around the attempt to restrict Cascudos intellectual production and his affiliation to the Modernist Movement or to the Traditionalist Regionalist Movement from the Northeast. For this purpose, we will approach the debate caused by Cascudos epistolography giving emphasis to his active correspondence which was edited and published before and right after the publication of the volume Cartas de Mário de Andrade a Luís da Câmara Cascudo (2000), organized by Veríssimo de Melo. Based on letters written by Monteiro Lobato, Rocha Pombo, Pedro de Orleans, and Bragança & Guilherme Auler, available at the collection of Ludovicus Instituto Câmara Cascudo, we demonstrate that Cascudo goes beyond the debate on Modernism, on the field of literary criticism. In fact, during the period he and Mário de Andrade were corresponding, Cascudo showed interest and approached the field of historiography, relating to the monarchic conservative thought. We put effort to reconstruct the network of intellectual sociability established through the correspondence that was used as files for the creation of his work and ideas about the movements previously mentioned. We demonstrate in details the complex relations that exist in the historiography of the regionalism and modernism, in the context of the modernization in the Northeast Part of Brazil, analyzing the attitude of those who are involved in the process and the contradictions of the process itself.

A correspondência AdS/CFT é uma notável ferramenta no estudo de teorias de gauge fortemente acopladas que podem ser mapeadas em uma descrição gravitacional dual fracamente acoplada. A correspondência é melhor entendida no limite em que ambos $N$ e $\\lambda$, o rank do grupo de gauge e o acoplamento de \'t Hooft da teoria de gauge, respectivamente, são infinitos. Levar em consideração interações com termos de curvatura de ordem superior nos permite considerar correções de $\\lambda$ finito. Por exemplo, a primeira correção de acoplamento finito para supergravidade tipo IIB surge como um termo de curvatura com forma esquemática $\\alpha\'^3 R^4$. Neste trabalho investigamos correções de curvatura no contexto da gravidade de Lovelock, que é um cenário simples para investigar tais correções pois as suas equações de movimento ainda são de segunda ordem em derivadas. Esse cenário também é particularmente interessante do ponto de vista da correspondência AdS/CFT devido a sua grande classe de soluções de buracos negros assintoticamente AdS. Consideramos um sistema de gravidade AdS-axion-dilaton em cinco dimensões com um termo de Gauss-Bonnet e encontramos uma solução das equações de movimento, o que corresponde a uma black brane exibindo uma anisotropia espacial, onde a fonte da anisotropia é um campo escalar linear em uma das coordenadas espaciais. Estudamos suas propriedades termodinâmicas e realizamos a renormalização holográfica usando o método de Hamilton-Jacobi. Finalmente, usamos a solução obtida como dual gravitacional de um plasma anisotrópico fortemente acoplado com duas cargas centrais independentes, $a eq c$. Calculamos vários observáveis relevantes para o estudo do plasma, a saber, a viscosidade de cisalhamento sobre densidade de entropia, a força de arrasto, o parâmetro de jet quenching, o potencial entre um par quark-antiquark e a taxa de produção de fótons. / The AdS/CFT correspondence is a remarkable tool in the study of strongly coupled gauge theories which can be mapped to a dual, weakly coupled gravitational description. The correspondence is best understood in the limit in which both $N$ and $\\lambda$, the rank of the gauge group and the \'t Hooft coupling of the gauge theory, respectively, are infinite. Accounting for higher curvature interactions allows one to begin to consider finite $\\lambda$. For example, the leading finite coupling corrections to type IIB supergravity arise as stringy corrections with schematic form $\\alpha\'^3 R^4$. In this work we investigate higher curvature corrections in a simpler scenario, the Lovelock gravity. Lovelock gravity is a nice framework to investigate such corrections since its equations of motion are still second order in derivatives and is particularly interesting from the point of view of the AdS/CFT correspondence because a large class of asymptotically AdS black holes solutions are known. We consider five-dimensional AdS-axion-dilaton gravity with a Gauss-Bonnet term and find a solution of the equations of motion which corresponds to a black brane exhibiting a spatial anisotropy, with the source of the anisotropy being an axion field linear in one of the spatial coordinates. We study its thermodynamics and we carry out the holographic renormalization using the Hamilton-Jacobi approach. Finally, we use the solution as a gravity dual to a strongly coupled anisotropic plasma with two independent central charges, $a eq c$. We compute several observables relevant to the study of the plasma, namely, the shear viscosity over entropy density ratio, the drag force, the jet quenching parameter, the quarkonium potential and the thermal photon production.

This thesis consists in a self-contained study of gauge/gravity dualities in the line of the Klebanov-Witten model. Here we explore first the known Maldacena duality that relates N=4 SYM theory in four dimensions to type IIB supergravity on AdS_5×S^5 in reasonable detail, after some necessary preliminaries on supersymmetric gauge theories, where we display in detail the supersymmetry algebra and representations for N 1 supersymmetry. There we also construct the so-called superfields that will be helpful to write invariant lagrangians for gauge theoriesmreadily, and then useful to construct the gauge theory side of the Klebanov-Witten model. In the original AdS/CFT correspondence and its phenomenologically interesting extensions, Dp-branes as solutions of supergravity and nonperturbative objects in string theory where gauge theory lives are crucial. So, to preserve the self-contained nature of this work, we include a brief review of superstring theory addressed to understand the need to include this higher-dimensional objects by T-duality and, at low-energy limit of the string theory, as solutions of the Einstein equations. The first climax of this work occurs when we use all we learned to establish the Maldacena conjecture, N=4 SU(Nc) SYM theory we study in the supersymmetry chapter, living on the four-dimensional worldvolume of a stack of Nc D3-branes in a flat-space, corresponds exactly to type IIB supergravity on AdS_5×S^5 .In order to prove it, we match symmetries and operators with states in both sides. But actually this corresponds to the weak form of the correspondence, because it is not possible to handle neither string theory or gauge theory at strong coupling. The focus and main motive to have to learn the first hundred of pages here will be to extend the dual gauge theory we studied in AdS/CFT towards more realistic gauge theories as duals of some supergravity theory. The Klebanov-Witten model, consists in replacing the five-sphere in the gravity background of type IIB for a more interesting Einstein manifold X5 , a coset space called T^1,1 .The resulting dual gauge theory is expected to be less supersymmetric, and it is indeed N = 1 superconformal field theory with matter content in the bifundamental representation of the gauge group SU(N)×SU(N), and a quartic superpotential that exhibits SU(2)×SU(2)×U(1) global symmetry, which is precisely the symmetry of the coset space in the gravity side. This is not the end of the story, the Klebanov-Witten model extended the Maldacena correspondence and found as a dual gauge theory a less supersymmetric but still conformal theory. Breaking of the conformal theory, proposed by Klebanov, Nekrasov and Tseytlin, is achieved by introducing fractional M D3-branes in addition to the N regular D3-branes. The resulting theory is an SU(N+M)×SU(N) gauge theory with N = 1 supersymmetry, no longer conformal and then a little more interesting as a part of the crusade to find a QCD-like theory. This is still not the end, the last model suffers from a singularity in the deep IR, rendering the gravitational description invalid in that regime. It was conjectured that the strong dynamics of the gauge theory should somehow resolve this problem. Klebanov, again, and Strassler showed that this conjecture was correct, and argue that the RG flow is in fact an infinite series of Seiberg duality transformations- a cascade - in which the number of colors repeatedly drops from N NM , so the gaugegroup changes from SU(N+M)×SU(N) to SU(NM) ×SU(N). This process can be repeated until the IR limit where the gauge group simply becomes SU(M). So, at the end we get a N=1 SU(M) gauge theory, a QCD-like theory. We say that the standard model itself may lie at the base of a duality cascade. / Essa tese consiste num estudo autocontido das dualidades calibre/gravidade na linha do modelo do Klebanov-Witten. Aqui nos exploramos primeiro de um jeito razoavelmente detalhado,a conhecida dualidade do Maldacena que relaciona a teoria N=4 SYM em quatro dimensões com as supercordas tipo IIB no espaço AdS_5×S^5, depois de alguns preliminares necessários sobre teorias supersimétricas de calibre, onde nós mostramos em detalhe à algebra supersimétrica e as representações para N 1 supersimetria. Nós também construímos os conhecidos supercampos que são úteis para escrever lagrangianas invariantes para teorias de calibre facilmente, e então serão úteis para construir a teoría de calibre do modelo de Klebanov-Witten. Na correspondência AdS/CFT original e as suas extensões fenomenologicamente interessantes, as Dp-branas, como soluções de supergravidade e objetos não perturbativos na teoria de cordas onde as teorias de calibre moram, são essenciais. Assim ,a fim de preservar a natureza autocontida desse trabalho, nós incluímos uma breve revisão sobre teoria de supercordas dirigida a entender a necessidade de incluir esses objetos extra-dimensionais usando dualidade-T e, no limite de baixa-energia da teoria de cordas, como soluções das equações de Einstein. O primeiro clímax desse trabalho ocorre quando nós usamos tudo o que aprendemos para estabelecer a conjectura do Maldacena, a teoria de calibre N=4 SYM que nós estudamos no capítulo de supersimetria, morando no volume de mundo quadridimensional de uma pilha de Nc D3-branas (sim, o subscrito c significa cor!) em espaço plano, corresponde exatamente à teoria de supergravidade tipo IIB no espaço AdS_5×S^5 . A fim de testar ela, nós identificamos simetrias e operadores com estados em ambos lados da dualidade. Mas na verdade isto corresponde à forma fraca da correspondência, porque não é possível lidar nem com a teoria de cordas nem com a teoria de calibre no limite de acoplamento forte. O foco e motivo principal de porque nós temos que aprender as primeiras cem páginas aqui, será estender a teoria de calibre dual que estudamos em AdS/CFT, para teorias de calibre mais realisticas como duais de alguma teoria de supergravidade. O modelo do Klebanov-Witten, consiste em substituir a esfera de cinco dimensões no fundo de supergravidade da teoria de supercordas tipo IIB por um espaço que é mais interessante X5, um espaço coset chamado T^1,1. Nós esperamos que a teoria de calibre dual que resulta é menos supersimetrica, e na verdade é N =1 superconforme com um conteúdo de matéria na representação bifundamental do grupo de calibre SU(N)×SU(N), e um superpotencial quártico que tem simetria global SU(2)×SU(2)×U(1), que é precisamente a simetria do espaço coset no lado da gravidade. Mas isso não é tudo, o modelo do Klebanov-Witten estendeu a correspondência do Maldacena e encontrou como teoria dual uma teoria menos supersimetrica mas ainda conforme. A quebra da simetria conforme, proposta pelo Klebanov, Nekrasov e Tseytlin, é obtida introduzindo M D3-branas fracionais além das N D3-branas regulares. A teoria resultante é uma teoria de calibre SU(N+M)×SU(N) com N = 1 supersimetria, não mais conforme e então um pouco mais interessante como parte da nossa cruzada para encontrar uma teoria tipo-QCD. Isso ainda não é o final, o modelo anterior sofre de uma singularidade no IR profundo, tornando inválido a descrição gravitacional. Foi conjeturado então que a dinâmica do acoplamento forte na teoria de gauge deveria de algum jeito resolver esse problema. Klebanov, de novo, e Strassler mostraram que essa conjetura foi correta, e argumentaram que o fluxo do GR é de fato uma serie infinita de transformações de dualidade de Seiberg - uma cascata - onde o numero de cores cai repetidamente de NNM, e o grupo de calibre muda de SU(N+M)×SU(N) a SU(NM)×SU(N). O processo pode ser repetido até o limite IV onde o grupo de calibre simplesmente torna-se SU(M). Então, no final nós obtemos uma N = 1 teoria de calibre SU (M ), ou seja uma teoria tipo-QCD. Então, nós dissemos que o modelo padrão mesmo pode se situar na base da cascata de dualidade.

La télédermatologie présente plusieurs avantages par rapport aux consultations traditionnelles en cabinet avec un dermatologue. Elle est particulièrement utile pour faciliter l'accès aux soins dermatologiques pour les patients ayant des problèmes de mobilité ou habitant loin des secteurs géographiques médicalisés. Un schéma de mosaïquage automatique d’images dédié à la création des panoramas étendus des vidéo-séquences de peau est proposé pour surmonter les limitations posées par le champ de vue réduit des images stationnaires acquises par les dispositifs actuellement utilisés. Les vidéo-séquences utilisées à cet effet sont acquises en utilisant un dispositif spécialement conçu pour un rendu colorimétrique contrôlé de la surface de la peau. Après une étude des diverses méthodes de recalage d'images existantes, une approche optimale est proposée, avec un certain compromis entre la précision de recalage et le temps de calcul, pour la superposition des parties communes des images cutanées. En outre, une approche pour affiner la correspondance initiale des points caractéristiques extraits est présentée. L'étude présentée porte principalement sur la construction cohérente d’une mosaïque dans son ensemble. Pour atteindre cet objectif, un schéma de mosaïque capable de générer des panoramas cohérents à partir de vidéo-séquences longues est présenté. Ce schéma estime dynamiquement la topologie de la trajectoire des images dans le plan de mosaïquage. Cela permet de placer les images sur le plan panoramique avec un nombre réduit d'images sur le chemin suivi pour atteindre une image donnée à partir d'une image de référence, ce qui réduit non seulement l'accumulation des erreurs, mais permet également d'éviter les interruptions dans le mosaïquage en excluant les paires d'images dont le recalage ne serait pas réussi. L'approche proposée offre une robustesse vis-à-vis des recalages échoués en trouvant des trajets alternatifs. En outre, un mode d'ajustement global pour améliorer davantage la cohérence de la mosaïque est présenté / Teledermatology offers several advantages in comparison to the traditional in-place consultations with a dermatologist. It is particularly useful for easing the access to the dermatological care for patients with mobility or travel constraints. A dedicated mosaicing scheme for creating extended panoramas of skin video sequences is proposed to surmount the limitations posed by the small field of view of stationary images acquired by currently used devices. The video sequences used for this purpose are acquired using a specially designed device for a colorimetrically correct rendering of the skin surface. After a study of various image registration approaches, an approach optimally suited to skin image registration with some compromise between registration accuracy and computation time is selected. In addition, an approach for refining the initially detected key-point correspondence is presented. Central focus of this study is on the overall coherent construction of the mosaic. To achieve this objective, a mosaicing scheme capable of generating coherent panoramas from long video sequences is presented. This scheme dynamically estimates the topology of the image trajectory in the panoramic plane to mosaic the images by reducing the number of images over the path used for reaching a given image from a reference image in order to place it on the panoramic plane. A small number of images reduces the accumulated errors, thus improving the visual coherency of the overall mosaic. Besides, the proposed approach offers robustness against failed registrations, which would interrupt the mosaicing process in the absence of the alternative paths. Moreover, a global adjustment scheme for further improving the coherency of the mosaic is presented

Diese Doktorarbeit behandelt quantentheoretische Aspekte von Typ II Superstringtheorien in AdS5xS5- und AdS4xCP3-Hintergründen für die AdS/CFT Korrespondenz. Dabei werden perturbative Methoden und Verfahren der Gitterfeldtheorie benutzt. Die Konstruktion des Supercoset-Sigma-Modell für Strings im AdS5xS5wird skizziert, während die generelle Quantendynamik des Superstring in AdS4xCP3 mit Hilfe einer dimensionaler Reduktion der Supermembrane-Wirkung in AdS4xS7 beschrieben wird. Ein manifest kovarianter Formalismus zur semi-klassischen Quantisierung von Strings um beliebige Minimalflächen in AdS5xS5 wird präsentiert, der durch die Darstellung der Fluktuationsoperatoren in Form von intrinsischen und extrinsischen Varianten der Hintergrundgeometrie erreicht wird. Eine Verallgemeinerung der Lame-Differentialgleichung zur 4. Ordnungwird mit Hilfe der Spektralmethode exakt gelöst. Dadurch konnten in 1-Schleifennäherung die Energie des String im SU(2)-Sektor, im Grenzfall beschrieben durch ein Quantum-Landau-Lifshitz-Modell, und der bosonische Beitrag zur Energie des in AdS5 und S5 rotierenden String bestimmt werden. In ähnlicher Weise erhält man in 1-Schleifennäherung den ¼-BPS-Latitude Wilson-Loop in N=4-SYM-Theorie normiert durch den ½-BPS-Loop. Das Regularisierungsschema reproduziert die Vorhersage aus supersymmetrischer Lokalisierung bis auf einen Rest, welcher diskutiert wird. Außerdem wird die Wirkung des AdS4xCP3-String, entwickelt um den null-cusp Hintergrund, studiert und die Cusp-Anomalie in 2-Schleifennäherung berechnet. Das Ergebnis stimmt mit dem vermuteten exakten Ausdruck, der ABJM-Interpolationsfunktion, überein. Schließlich wird die AdS5xS5-Superstringtheorie in AdS-Lichtkegel-Eichung diskretisiert und mit Monte-Carlo-Algorithmen Gittersimulationen bei endlicher Kopplung durchgeführt. Dabei werden die Stringwirkung, aus der mit Hilfe von AdS/CFT die null-cusp anomale Dimension von N=4 SYM extrahiert werden kann, und die Masse einer AdS Anregung bestimmt. / This thesis discusses quantum aspects of type II superstring theories in AdS5xS5 and AdS4xCP3 backgrounds relevant for the AdS/CFT correspondence, using perturbative methods at large string tension and lattice field theory techniques inspired by a work of Roiban and McKeown. We review the construction of the supercoset sigma-model for strings in the AdS5xS5 background, whereas the general quantum dynamics of the superstring in AdS4xCP3 is described by a double dimensional reduction of the supermembrane action in AdS4xS7. We present a manifestly covariant formalism for semiclassical quantization of strings around arbitrary minimal-area surfaces in AdS5xS5, expressing the fluctuation operators in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic invariants of the background geometry. We exactly solve the spectral problem for a fourth-order generalization of the Lame'' differential equation with doubly periodic coefficients in a complex variable. This calculates the one-loop energy of the (J1,J2)-string in the SU(2) sector in the limit described by a quantum Landau-Lifshitz model and the bosonic contribution to the energy of the (S,J)-string rotating in AdS5 and S5. Similar techniques calculate the 1/4-BPS latitude Wilson loops in N=4 SYM theory at one loop, normalized to the 1/2-BPS circular loop. Our regularization scheme reproduces the next-to-leading order predicted by supersymmetric localization, up to a remainder function that we discuss upon. We also study the AdS4xCP3 string action expanded around the null cusp background and compute the cusp anomaly up to two loops. This agrees with an all-loop conjectured expression of the ABJM interpolating function. We finally discretize the AdS5xS5 superstring theory in the AdS light-cone gauge and perform lattice simulations at finite coupling with a Monte Carlo algorithm. We measure the string action, from which we extract the null cusp anomalous dimension of N=4 SYM as derived from AdS/CFT, as well as the mass of an AdS excitation.