本文是就有序變數的模型在 個不同“維度”的架構下做探討，主要可以區分成兩部份。 1.就兩個有序變數的二維列聯表，我們介紹ＲＣ（Ｍ）模型，並分別探討關聯性模型，相關性模型及對應分析模型。 2.就三個變數的三維列聯表，在給定一個變數的情形之下，我們討論了如何運用三變數的ＲＣ（Ｍ）關聯性模型來探討另外兩個有序變數間的關係。 / We examine statistical models for ordinal variables that allow for more then one“ dimension ”of association in this study. The focus are on the following two types of models: 1. RC(M) models for two ordinal variables, including RC(M) association model; RC(M) correlation model and RC(M) correspondence analysis model. 2. Conditional RC(M) association models which can be used to analyze a 3-way contingency table with at least two ordinal variables.

傳統的犯罪學在於研究犯罪者生理與心理的特性以及外在環境因素，藉以 尋求預防犯罪的策略。其實，預防犯罪的目的是要減少被害者數目。因此 ，吾人希望藉由探討被害者家庭形態的特質與社會犯罪的關係，使防範被 害的政策能夠落實到家庭層面。所以本研究的目的就是要利用統計方法， 透過數字及圖形上的表達，來描述住戶之家計負責人的特性(如性別、年 齡、教育程度)與住戶遭受侵害的事實(曾或否)及類型(如財物侵害、暴力 侵害、其他侵害)之間的關係，期為犯罪統計工作提供一些分析的工具。 在本篇論文，首先利用對數線性模式分析，選出最適合的模式，以解釋家 計負責人之性別、年齡、教育程度與住戶是否遭受侵害等四個變數之間的 關聯性。接著利用推理值模式分析探討家計負責人之性別，年齡，教育程 度這三個解釋變數各分級對住戶遭受侵害之影響的主效應及交互作用效應 。最後則是利用對應分析處理資料，透過對應分析的顯示圖形，可以用來 解釋家計負責人之性別、年齡、教育程度以及住戶遭受侵害的犯罪類型之 間的對應關係。

Bibliography: leaves 466-497. / x, 497 leaves : ill. (chiefly col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of English, 2001

In 1976, Springer defined a correspondence making a link between the irreducible ordinary (characteristic zero) representations of a Weyl group and the geometry of the associated nilpotent variety. In this thesis, we define a modular Springer correspondence (in positive characteristic), and we show that the decomposition numbers of a Weyl group (for example the symmetric group) are particular cases of decomposition numbers for equivariant perverse sheaves on the nilpotent variety. We calculate explicitly the decomposition numbers associated to the regular and subregular classes, and to the minimal and trivial classes. We determine the correspondence explicitly in the case of the symmetric group, and show that James's row and column removal rule is a consequence of a smooth equivalence of nilpotent singularities obtained by Kraft and Procesi. The first chapter contains generalities about perverse sheaves with Z_l and F_l coefficients.

<p>One of the still big problems in the Standard Model of particle physics is the problem of confinement. Quarks or other coloured particles have never been observed in isolation. Quarks are only observed in colour neutral bound states. The strong interactions are described using a Yang-Mills theory. These type of theories exhibits asymptotic freedom, i.e. the coupling is weak at high energies. This means that the theory is perturbative at high energies only. Understanding quark confinement requires knowledge of the non perturbative regime. One attempt has been to identify the proper order parameters for describing the low energy limit and then to write down effective actions in terms of these order parameters. We discuss one possible scenario for confinement and the effective models constructed with this as inspiration. Further we discuss solitons in these models and their properties.</p><p>Yang-Mills theory has also become important in the context of string theory. According to the AdS/CFT correspondence string theory in AdS₅×S⁵ is dual to four dimensional Yang-Mills with four supersymmetries. The duality relate the non perturbative regime of one of the theories to the perturbative regime of the other. This makes it in general hard to test this conjecture. For a special type of solutions it is however possible to use a perturbative expansion in both theories. We discuss this type of solutions and in particular we discuss a method, the Bethe ansatz, to find the solutions on the gauge theory side.</p>

<p>In this dissertation, I examine the correspondence of an upper middle-class family from the early part of the nineteenth century. My aim is to answer questions about correspondence and letter-writing as an everyday event and as a social activity. My principal theoretical framework has been ethnograpy of communication. </p><p>My main source is the Eurén-Snellman manuscript collection at Uppsala University Library (UUB, G65). The central figure of this collection is Axel Eurén (1803−1879), who was a clergyman in Dalarna and also a member of the Swedish parliament. The material expands over three generations and includes Axel, his mother, his sister, his wife and Axel’s and his wife Sophie’s three children. In each generation the letter-writing is reciprocal in nearly all relations.</p><p>By creating a database of the 2,267 letters that remain from the family correspondence and by extracting meta-commentary about letter-writing I have studied how the family organized their correspondence. From the total collection I have chosen 293 letters during the period 1825−1858. These letters constitute a digitalized corpus that consists of approximately 160,000 words. With this corpus as my principal source, I have examined two different aspects of language use: a structural analysis of each writer’s total sum of letters and a study on address. </p><p>Certain findings confirm that letter-writing was based on routine. Traits of orality appear less often in the latter part of the material, a result that is in line with earlier investigations.The dimension of formal−informal language has been interesting to examine in relation to gender. Whereas the women’s writing at a lexico-grammatical level is more informal and natural in style, their need to portray themselves in a virtuous Christian manner seems at the same time to promote a certain kind of formality in expression. The opposite seems to be true for the men. </p>

Woody invasion into grasslands has been reported world-wide and has affected both the magnitude and spatial heterogeneity of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Since grasslands cover a large portion of the Earth's land surface, invasion of woody plants could have impacts on regional and global biogeochemistry. To understand large-scale ecological and policy implications of woody invasion, it is critical to understand the spatial pattern and uncertainty of soil C and N and their relationship with vegetation and soil attributes, as well as develop effective approaches to estimate soil C and N over large landscapes and regions. The goal of this study was to improve our understanding of the spatial pattern of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) and their controlling factors in savanna landscapes and develop efficient sampling strategies for evaluating the effects of woody invasion. Specific objectives of this study were to: (1) Quantify the spatial pattern and uncertainty associated with SOC and develop efficient sampling strategies to estimate SOC storage; (2) Assess the influence of soil and vegetation factors on spatial distribution of SOC and TN; and (3) Determine the influence of physical variables related to landscape position and soil on woody vegetation structure. Conditional sequential indicator simulations indicated that woody encroachment into grassland increased both spatial heterogeneity and uncertainty of SOC, which increased errors in estimating SOC storage. Stratified random sampling with higher density in woody patches, plus structured sampling in cluster with strong spatial pattern, substantially increased estimation accuracy. Efficient sampling strategies for estimating SOC storage were developed based on these findings. Direct and spatial correlation and scaling analyses showed that SOC and TN were strongly correlated with litter and root biomass. Invaded woody vegetation has the most impact on spatial distribution of SOC and TN. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that variables related to landscape position were the primary factors determining the spatial distribution of woody species. These new insights will facilitate the estimation of soil C and N pools at landscape and regional scales, and will help evaluate the potential impacts of woody plant encroachment on the biogeochemistry of C and N.

One of the still big problems in the Standard Model of particle physics is the problem of confinement. Quarks or other coloured particles have never been observed in isolation. Quarks are only observed in colour neutral bound states. The strong interactions are described using a Yang-Mills theory. These type of theories exhibits asymptotic freedom, i.e. the coupling is weak at high energies. This means that the theory is perturbative at high energies only. Understanding quark confinement requires knowledge of the non perturbative regime. One attempt has been to identify the proper order parameters for describing the low energy limit and then to write down effective actions in terms of these order parameters. We discuss one possible scenario for confinement and the effective models constructed with this as inspiration. Further we discuss solitons in these models and their properties. Yang-Mills theory has also become important in the context of string theory. According to the AdS/CFT correspondence string theory in AdS5×S5 is dual to four dimensional Yang-Mills with four supersymmetries. The duality relate the non perturbative regime of one of the theories to the perturbative regime of the other. This makes it in general hard to test this conjecture. For a special type of solutions it is however possible to use a perturbative expansion in both theories. We discuss this type of solutions and in particular we discuss a method, the Bethe ansatz, to find the solutions on the gauge theory side.

In this dissertation, I examine the correspondence of an upper middle-class family from the early part of the nineteenth century. My aim is to answer questions about correspondence and letter-writing as an everyday event and as a social activity. My principal theoretical framework has been ethnograpy of communication. My main source is the Eurén-Snellman manuscript collection at Uppsala University Library (UUB, G65). The central figure of this collection is Axel Eurén (1803−1879), who was a clergyman in Dalarna and also a member of the Swedish parliament. The material expands over three generations and includes Axel, his mother, his sister, his wife and Axel’s and his wife Sophie’s three children. In each generation the letter-writing is reciprocal in nearly all relations. By creating a database of the 2,267 letters that remain from the family correspondence and by extracting meta-commentary about letter-writing I have studied how the family organized their correspondence. From the total collection I have chosen 293 letters during the period 1825−1858. These letters constitute a digitalized corpus that consists of approximately 160,000 words. With this corpus as my principal source, I have examined two different aspects of language use: a structural analysis of each writer’s total sum of letters and a study on address. Certain findings confirm that letter-writing was based on routine. Traits of orality appear less often in the latter part of the material, a result that is in line with earlier investigations.The dimension of formal−informal language has been interesting to examine in relation to gender. Whereas the women’s writing at a lexico-grammatical level is more informal and natural in style, their need to portray themselves in a virtuous Christian manner seems at the same time to promote a certain kind of formality in expression. The opposite seems to be true for the men.

Education is a neglected area within globalisation research, and, within educational research, very few studies have been devoted to transnational phenomena. In this study, transnational educational strategies are analysed as ingredients in social groups’ strategies, while the transnational investments of higher education institutions are understood primarily as resources in national educational field struggles. Three investigations are presented, two on Swedish students studying abroad – Paris and north-eastern USA – and one on transnational investments at educational establishments in Stockholm. The material consists of two surveys, interviews with Swedish students abroad and administrators at Swedish educational institutions, and analyses of statistics and documents. Central methods include those of geometrical data analysis, such as correspondence analysis and Euclidean classification, and interviews. The most significant concepts – field, capital and strategies – have been taken from Bourdieu’s sociological toolbox. The studies show that those who study in Paris constitute both a social and meritocratic elite, while the students in north-eastern USA have more social than meritocratic resources. Three types of transnational educational strategies appear. For one group of students, studies at prestigious higher education institutions constitute a complement to their main studies at leading Swedish counterparts. Another group has chosen to make nation-specific or international investments rather than invest in Swedish higher education. A third group comprises students lacking access to the Swedish system, and for whom studies abroad provide a second chance. One of the main results is that the most sought-after positions at foreign educational institutions are often attained through substantial investment in the Swedish educational system. The leading institutions have sufficient resources to ensure viability in a transnational educational market and take their place in exclusive networks. Those students who reach the top of the national hierarchies thus gain access to the most sought-after positions in a global educational market.