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Skärvstenshögarna i Uppland har konstaterats vara en komplex fornlämningstyp och det har visat sig vara problematiskt att förklara dem som homogena i form och funktion över tid. En kategorisering av dem har skapats som har konstaterat att olika former av dem finns. Syftet med denna uppsats är sedermera att utgå från befintlig kategorisering och undersöka om fler kategorier och typer går att isolera ur tillgänglig empiri. Därefter för att beskriva deras form, läge, kronologi och förändring. Teoretiska ramverk som används för att begreppsliggöra skärvstensbrukets mer än tusenåriga användande är de om tradition, minne och ritual. Teorier som kan manifestera bruket som en kulturell process och dimension i tid och rum. Metoder som används för att identifiera fler kategorier och typer är dels multipel korrespondensanalys av 100 skärvstensförekomster för att generera mönster. Dels densitetsanalys av 100 C14-dateringar av detsamma för att utarbeta aspekter av tid i empirin. Slutligen används visibilitetsanalys för att generera belägg för kategoriernas olika lägen samt en kvalitativ genomgång av empirin för att skapa modeller av nya typer inom befintliga kategorier. / The burnt mounds of Uppland have been shown to be remains of a complex type and it has been proven problematic to explain them as homogeneous in form and function over time. A categorization of them has been created which has established that different forms exist. From that categorization the purpose of this essay is subsequently to investigate whether additional categories and types can be isolated from available empirical evidence. Also to include a description of their form, location, chronology, and change. Theoretical frameworks used to conceptualize the more than a thousand-year use of burnt stones are those of tradition, memory, and ritual. Theories that can manifest the practice as a cultural process and a dimension of time and space. Methods used to identify additional categories and types includes a multiple correspondence analysis of 100 burnt mounds to generate patterns. A density analysis of 100 C14 samples of the same deposits to work out aspects of time in the empirics. Finally, visibility analysis is used to ascertain the different positions of the categories as well as a qualitative review of the empirical evidence to create models of new types within existing categories.

[pt] O artesanato é praticado por uma grande parcela da população brasileira e desempenha importante papel ao promover a inclusão social por meio da geração de renda e também pelo resgate de valores culturais e regionais. Apesar de sua importância, essa atividade ainda é vista frequentemente com preconceito no país ao ser relacionado a uma feitura rudimentar, desprovida de sofisticação - um preconceito ao trabalho manual, que está enraizado em nossa cultura. A partir, principalmente, da década de 1990, iniciou-se um esforço de designers para promover a revitalização e valorização do artesanato, por meio de atividades como a preservação de técnicas produtivas e a incorporação de novos elementos formais e/ou técnicos aos objetos artesanais. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar os efeitos do encontro entre artesanato e design, por meio de dois estudos de casos: o Criqué Caiçara, em São Paulo, e o Gente de Fibra, em Minas Gerais. Buscou-se assim problematizar o papel desempenhado pelo artesão e pelo designer e suas inter-relações e refletir sobre a delicadeza desse encontro. / [en] Craftsmanship is practiced by a large part of the Brazilian population and the activity plays an important role in the promotion of social inclusion through income generation and also by the recovering of cultural and regional values. Despite its importance, crafts are still often seen with prejudice in the country. It is being related to a rudimentary work, devoid of sophistication - a prejudice to manual labor, which is rooted in our culture. Since the 1990s, an effort has been initiated by designers to promote the revitalization and valorization of handicrafts, with activities like the preservation of productive techniques and the incorporation of new formal and/or technical elements to local craft. The objective of this research is to analyze the effects of the encounter between crafts and design, through two case studies: the Criqué Caiçara, in São Paulo, and Gente de Fibra, in Minas Gerais. It was sought to problematize the role played by the craftsman, the designer and their interrelationship and also to reflect on the delicacy of this encounter.

Traditionally Latin prose letters have been classified in one of two ways: often they are seen as historical documents to be mined for political, historical and social information; otherwise they are viewed as literature, to be read with a consideration of the role of rhetoric and persuasion. These letters are only rarely approached as letters, and classical scholars have only just begun to discover the benefits of applying epistolary theory to these texts. My thesis examines epistolary exchange within the context of Roman power relations, offering a new interpretation of the correspondences between the most powerful political figure in a given period and one from among the senatorial class. Cicero, Pliny the Younger, Fronto and Symmachus each conducted an epistolary exchange with a powerful figure with whom he hoped to gain influence, and despite the significant differences between them in terms of political and social circumstances, each uses his letters in similar ways to that end. I approach these texts, never before treated together in a comparative study, with a consideration of epistolarity, ‘the use of the letter’s formal properties to create meaning’, a concept developed by J. G. Altman (1982). These properties are identified and examined by means of detailed stylistic analysis of the Latin text. The act of writing a letter is an act of self-definition; the sender constructs a self defined necessarily in relation to a particular addressee. Thus the letter also affords a sender the opportunity to define the You, to whom he addresses himself. In the context of power relations in Roman politics, the letter then becomes a flexible tool of self-fashioning, by which a senator may attempt to influence the emperor.

This longitudinal study tracks how 5- to 7-year-olds perform with early number skills. The aim of this study is to diagnose at-risk mathematics students by distinguishing the skills that, if not mastered by the end of Kindergarten, lead to greater difficulty in mathematics in 1st grade. This study’s methodology is mixed as it follows an exploratory and inductive path in light of its use of a hypothesis, an interpretive path in light of its interest in the individual student, and a positivist path in light of its focus on developing rules from analyzed data. An oral diagnostic test based on a comprehensive collection of early number skills was used to test students as Kindergarteners and again as 1st graders. The test results created benchmarks, revealing how the majority of the students performed with early number skills. The test results also revealed that each early number skill is highly, moderately, or minimally predictive in terms of student placement by the end of 1st grade. When comparing the individual skill scores of each Kindergarten student to his/her total test results of 1st grade, the predictive power of each skill emerged. Performing poorly with skills that are minimally predictive did not seem to have an impact on how the Kindergarten student finished in 1st grade; performing poorly with moderately predictive skills had a greater impact on 1st grade placement; performing poorly with highly predictive skills in Kindergarten increased the likelihood that the student would finish in the lower attaining group in 1st grade. A third result of the test showed that certain skills serve as preconditions for other skills; success with certain skills usually meant success with other skills. These connections between skills point to a learning model called in this study “simultaneous pathways,” indicating that there are connections between certain skills, and that students can be learning on several pathways simultaneously. The impact of the predictive power of early number skills is that diagnosis becomes more effective. Early diagnosis means early remediation which may prevent at-risk students from falling further behind their peers. The benchmarks developed by this research will help teachers assess their students because they will know the general skill level of Kindergarteners and 1st graders. This oral diagnostic test informs curriculum development. If test results show that students are missing the skills that are highly predictive, teachers can address those gaps in order to insure mastery.

A population survey was conducted from April through September 2002 on mosquito species occurring on the Ray Roberts Greenbelt, a riparian corridor used for public recreation on the Elm Fork of the Trinity River, in Denton County, Texas. ArcGIS software was used to set up a stratified random sampling design based on habitat parameters. Multivariate analyses of sampling data and climatic variables were used to describe spatial and temporal patterns of mosquito species. A total of 33 species were collected during this study belonging to the following genera: Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Culex, Mansonia, Ochlerotatus, Orthopodomyia, Psorophora, Toxorhynchites, and Uranotaenia. Seasonal distributions of the dominant species revealed population fluctuations. Aedes vexans was the primary species collected in April and May, occurring in low numbers throughout the rest of the sampling period. Psorophora columbiae reached its highest population density in June, with a smaller peak occurring in late July. Present from May through the end of September, Culex erraticus was the most abundant species collected with major peaks in mid-June and the end of July. Abundance of Culex salinarius followed the same general trend as that for Cx. erraticus, but with smaller numbers. The specimens were tested for a variety of arboviruses by the Texas Department of Health. One pool of Cx. erraticus and Cx. salinarius, collected in August 2002, tested positive for West Nile virus. Variables that were important factors for determining dominant species abundance were temperature, wind speed, rain accumulation occurring one-week and two-weeks prior to sampling, number of day since last rain event, dew point, and average canopy coverage.

Depuis les Lettres de Madame de Sévigné à sa fille, la pratique épistolaire permet à la mère et à la fille d’entretenir un lien à distance. Outre la valeur communicative à l’origine de ce lien, l’espace de la lettre fait intervenir le moi de l’épistolière dans le mouvement de l’écriture. Cette particularité est propice à l’élaboration d’une image propre aux buts recherchés de la correspondance en adoptant une rhétorique qui crée un effet sur la destinataire incitée à répondre, à prendre position, à construire une image de soi par le biais de l’échange épistolaire. Une forme de littérarité se manifeste dans ce genre de lettres comme nous le démontrons à propos des Lettres à sa fille (1916-1953) de Colette. L’étape de la maternité constitue une fatalité redoutée ou refusée pour certaines femmes qui connaissent un amour tardivement, voire jamais. Colette s’inscrit dans cette lignée de mères atypiques en refusant le rôle maternel pour consacrer sa vie à sa carrière d’écrivaine. Elle entretient néanmoins pendant trente-sept ans une correspondance avec sa fille, Colette de Jouvenel, afin de satisfaire à la représentation sociale voulant que la mère soit religieusement dévouée à son enfant. Mère physiquement absente la plupart du temps, Colette construit un éthos épistolaire qui oscille entre garder sa fille près d’elle grâce aux mots tout en maintenant la distance physique et sentimentale avec celle qui doit trouver sa place dans la correspondance. Colette se défile, mais s’impose aussi par son omniprésence dans l’univers de son enfant en témoignant d’une sévérité propre à sa posture d’auteure. Le déploiement de cette facette de l’écrivaine dans l’échange épistolaire à priori privé est rendu possible en raison du statut générique de la lettre : de fait, l’écriture épistolaire favorise, non seulement un rapport de soi à l’autre, mais également de soi à soi à travers divers effets spéculaires. L’étude de l’éthos maternel nous amène à nous interroger finalement sur l’éthos de la jeune fille contrainte de se construire dans une relation de dépendance avec l’image de la sur-mère. / Since the Letters of Madame de Sévigné to her daughter, the epistolary practice allows the mother and the daughter to maintain a bond from a distance. In addition to the communicative value at the origin of this bond, the space of the letter involves the self of the writer in the writing’s movement. This particularity is conducive to the development of an image which adapts itself to the goals of the correspondence, adopting a rhetoric that creates an effect on the recipient encouraged to respond, to take position, to build a self-image through the epistolary exchange. Literariness is manifested in this kind of letters, as we demonstrate in our study of Lettres à sa fille (1916-1953) from Colette. Motherhood step constitutes a fatality for some women who develop love tardily, if ever. Colette belongs to this line of atypical mothers refusing the maternal role in order to dedicate her life to her career as writer. Nevertheless, she maintains a thirty-seven years correspondence with her daughter, Colette de Jouvenel, to answer this social representation that requires the mother to be religiously devoted to her child. A physically absent mother most of the time, Colette builds an epistolary ethos that oscillates between keeping her daughter beside her through words, while maintaining a physical and a sentimental distance with the one who has to find her place in the correspondence. She slips away, but also imposes herself with her omnipresence in her child's world, demonstrating a severity that derives from her authorial posture. The deployment of this facet of the writer in the epistolary exchange, at first private, is possible because of the letter’s generic status: in fact, epistolary writing promotes a relationship from oneself to the other, but also to oneself through various specular effects. The study of the maternal ethos finally leads us to interrogating the ethos of the young girl forced to build herself in a relationship of dependency with the mother’s image.

Ce mémoire a pour objet d’étude les échanges épistolaires entre Robert Choquette et Louis Dantin, Alfred DesRochers et, dans une moindre mesure, Claude-Henri Grignon, Émile Coderre et Albert Pelletier. Les lettres en question, qui n'ont jamais été publiées, sont conservées pour l’essentiel dans le Fonds d'archives Robert-Choquette, qui n’est accessible aux chercheurs que depuis 2006. L'objectif de cette étude est de mesurer la voix et la part de Robert Choquette au sein des réseaux littéraires des années vingt et trente. La première partie du premier chapitre de ce mémoire est essentiellement théorique; la position de la lettre au sein de l'œuvre d'un écrivain, la constitution, par les lettres, d'un réseau littéraire ainsi que les rapports entre destinateur et destinataire y sont définis. Par la suite, les échanges épistolaires entre Choquette et ses correspondants sont examinés afin de mettre en lumière les rapports de force exploités dans ce réseau. Cette étude, qui se base sur un corpus de lettres rédigées entre 1927 et 1943, montre également l'évolution des ambitions poétiques du poète. Dans le but d'observer l'empreinte des correspondants de Choquette sur son projet littéraire, les deuxième et troisième chapitres du mémoire sont consacrés à l'analyse de ses recueils Metropolitan Museum et Suite marine. L'étude des échanges spécifiques portant sur ces deux œuvres expose une transformation quant au choix des images utilisées par Choquette pour se représenter, ainsi que l'évolution de ses attentes envers ses destinataires. / This thesis takes as its object the study of the correspondence between Robert Choquette and Louis Dantin, Alfred DesRochers and, to a lesser extent, Claude-Henri Grignon, Émile Coderre and Albert Pelletier. The letters in question were never published and are kept in the Robert-Choquette archival group, itself only made available to academics in 2006. The purpose of this study is to measure Robert Choquette's scope and influence as well as the role he played in literary circles during the 20s and 30s. The first part of the first chapter is essentially theoretical, and concerns itself with defining the importance of epistolary writing within the purview of a writer’s work, the constitution of a literary network by way of correspondence, and the relationship between sender and addressee. Then, the various letter exchanges between Choquette and his correspondents are examined so as to shed light on the interplay of influences within the network. The study, based on a corpus of letters written between 1927 and 1943, also displays the evolution of the author’s poetic ambitions. Aiming to highlight the impact Choquette’s correspondents had on his literary project, the second and third chapters of this thesis are dedicated to analyzing his collections of poems Metropolitan Museum and Suite marine. The study of specific exchanges bearing on these two books exhibits a transformation in the imagery Choquette employs to depict himself, as well as an evolution of the author’s expectations from his correspondents.

The diploma thesis is devoted to the analysis of inquiries sent to the language consulting centre of the Institute of the Czech Language of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, in which inquirers formulate the problems that arise during creation of administrative style texts. The primary source is the internal database of the language consulting centre from which the inquiries sent via e-mail in 2010 were chosen. Analysis seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the given issue and it is concentrated into three main points, namely classification of inquiries by language levels, classification of inquiries by function of the text and analysis of attitudes of inquirers. The aim of the thesis is to find out what the most frequent problems of the administrative style texts solved by interviewers are, what the nature of these problems is and whether attitudes of inquirers show any trends.

This thesis analyzes the Czech translations of Karel Havlíček's German family correspondence. The translations are from the turn of the 20th century, from the 1940s, and from the present day. In the introduction, the present-day situation concerning the publication of Havlíček's correspondence is outlined. After that, the thesis focuses on the skopos theory as the main theoretical base for the analysis. Then the thesis turns to the life of Karel Havlíček with a focus on his student years. In the analytical section, the individual translators and the origination of the translations are introduced. Selected translations are then analyzed. The primary objective of the thesis is the evaluation of translation strategies and methods used by the translators of Karel Havlíček's family correspondence with regard to translation conventions and social and historical changes.