Diese Promotion befasst sich in drei unterschiedlichen Studien mit der Vorhersage schulischer Leistungen in der chinesischen Kultur. Die Arbeit befasst sich demzufolge sowohl mit Konstrukten der fluiden Intelligenz (Gf), den Persönlichkeitsdomänen (Big Five), schmaler gefassten Persönlichkeitskonstrukten (Glaube an sich Selbst, Lernstrategien) sowie dem komplexen Zusammenspiel dieser Konstrukte als Prädiktoren für schulische Leistungen. Nach einer generellen Einführung und der Herleitung des Big Five Narrow Trait (B5NT) Modells werden die drei Studien dargestellt. Studie 1 untersucht bei chinesischen Sekundarschülern figurale Verarbeitungsfähigkeit als Indikator für Gf und Persönlichkeitseigenschaften als Indikatoren für Schulnoten in den Fächern Mathematik, Chinesisch und Englisch sowie mögliche Interaktionen. Die zweite Studie integriert diese Ergebnisse in das B5NT Modell, das zudem mit anderen Modellen, wie etwa dem Double Mediation model (DM), verglichen wird. Der Glaube an sich selbst sowie Lernstrategien werden in den Analysen als wichtige Mediatoren betrachtet. Studie 3 überprüft die Ergebnisse in einem längsschnittlichen Design. Während bereits in Studie 2 starke Evidenz für das B5NT Modell gefunden werden konnte, kann dies auch in Studie 3 repliziert werden. Zudem können in einem Revisionsmodell reziproke Effekte von Performanz auf Persönlichkeitsdomänen angenommen werden. Die Promotion stellt daher ein theoretisches Modell zur Verfügung, das den Einfluss von den Big Five Domänen auf die schulischen Leistungen erklärt und durch querschnittliche sowie längsschnittliche Daten gestützt wird / This dissertation deals with the prediction of scholastic performance in Chinese culture. The thesis uses the constructs of fluid intelligence (Gf), broad personality traits (Big Five), narrow personality traits (i.e., self-beliefs and learning approaches), and their complex interplay as predictors of scholastic performance. Following a general introduction summarizing the theoretical foundations as well as outlining the derivation of the Big Five Narrow Trait (B5NT) Model, three papers are presented. In the context of Chinese secondary school students, Paper 1 examined the predictive power of figural reasoning as an indicator of Gf and personality traits on school grades in three subjects (i.e., Mathematics, Chinese, and English), and further investigated their potential interactions. Paper 2 integrated the findings of Paper 1 with the aforementioned B5NT. Within the study, the B5NT is empirically tested and compared to an alternative model proposed in earlier work, the Double Mediation model [DM]. Self-beliefs and learning approaches were considered as relevant mediators within those analyses. In this cross-sectional study, the B5NT model was strongly supported, whereas the DM model did not find strong empirical support. In order to empirically verify the underlying processes from a longitudinal perspective, Paper 3 expanded on the B5NT related findings in a three-wave longitudinal panel design. The findings supported the B5NT model and further warranted a revision model in which reciprocal effects from performance to big traits are suggested. Thus, the presented thesis provides a theoretical model explaining the influence of the Big Five on scholastic performance. Moreover, empirical support for the proposed model from cross-sectional and longitudinal data was found. Finally, integrating interactions with cognitive ability rounds off the perspective.

Zeit ist ein fundamentaler Aspekt menschlichen Verhaltens. Während Untersuchungen bislang meist nur auf einem der drei Hauptaspekte der Zeit: Dauer, Zeitfolge und individuelle zeitliche Orientierung fokussierten, untersucht diese Dissertation Zusammenhänge zwischen der individuellen zeitlichen Orientierung und der Zeitfolge. Zeit ist nicht direkt wahrnehmbar, sondern an kognitive Abstraktionsprozesse gebunden. Diese benötigen kognitive Ressourcen und werden kognitiven Fähigkeiten beeinflusst. Daher wurden Zusammenhänge zwischen individueller zeitlicher Orientierung und allgemeinen kognitiven Fähigkeiten ebenfalls untersucht. Studie 1 analysiert, wie verschiedene Aspekte individueller zeitlicher Orientierung korreliert sind, und diese Korrelationen von Alter und Geschlecht beeinflusst sind. Studien 2 und 3a analysieren Zusammenhänge zwischen individueller zeitlicher Orientierung und der Zeitfolge. Studie 3b untersucht mittels einer geometrischen Analogieanforderung Korrelationen zwischen individueller zeitlicher Orientierung und höheren fluiden Intelligenzleistungen. Befunde zu Zeitperspektive-Chronotyp- Relationen sowie Zeithorizont-Chronotyp-Relationen werden berichtet, ebenso Zusammenhänge zwischen Zeitperspektive, Zeithorizont und der Zeitfolge. Ausgehend von diesen und früheren Befunden wird ein kognitives Modell vorgestellt, welches alle drei Aspekte psychologischer Zeit (Zeitdauer; Zeitfolge; individuelle zeitliche Orientierung) integriert. Ferner werden als Ergebnis der Studien Zusammenhänge zwischen der Zukunftsperspektive und fluider Intelligenz sowie Chronotyp und verbaler Intelligenz berichtet. Verhaltensdaten und psychophysiologische Daten (Pupillendilation) zeigen ferner Zusammenhänge zwischen individueller zeitlicher Orientierung, analogem Denken, exekutiven Funktionen und Konfliktverarbeitung. So scheinen Zukunftsperspektive und Morgentyp eng mit Konfliktverarbeitung verbunden, der Zeithorizont hingegen eng mit inhibierenden Kontrollprozessen. / Time is a fundamental aspect of human experience. Whilst most research investigated major aspects of psychological time - time duration, time succession, individual temporal orientation - in isolation, this dissertation investigates interrelations between individual temporal orientation and time succession. Since psychological time is bound to cognitive abstraction processes that rely on cognitive resources and functions, interrelations between individual temporal orientation and cognitive capacities were also investigated. Study 1 explored how different levels of individuals’ temporal orientation may be interrelated, and how interrelations may be influenced by age and sex. Interrelations between individual temporal orientation and time succession were explored in a task predominantly requiring crystallized intelligence (Study 2) and in a semantic analogy task requiring crystallized and fluid intelligence (Study 3a). Study 3b investigated interrelations between individual temporal orientation and higher-level fluid intelligence measures by applying a geometric analogy task. Interrelations between time perspective and chronotype as well as between chronotype and temporal depth are reported. Further, both future time perspective and temporal depth are interrelated with time succession. A testable global working memory model of time perception integrating all three aspects of psychological time is proposed. Further, interrelations between individual temporal orientation and cognitive capacities are reported. Future time perspective was related to fluid intelligence, chronotype to verbal intelligence. Behavioral as well as pupillary data suggest that individual temporal orientation is related to analogical reasoning, executive functions and goal management. Whereas future time perspective and morningness appear interrelated with conflict detection, temporal depth appears interrelated with inhibitory control.

Wir untersuchten die Verarbeitung sozial relevanter visueller Reize während “continuous flash suppression” (CFS), einer besonders wirkungsvollen Technik der interokularen Unterdrückung, die benutzt wird um Reize unsichtbar zu machen. In den Studien 1–6 maßen wir die Dauer der perzeptuellen Unterdrückung während CFS um zu testen, ob sozial relevante Reize bevorzugten Zugang zum visuellen Bewusstsein haben. Studie 1 zeigte, dass die Detektion von Gesichtern bei Erwachsenen durch Gesichtsmerkmale beeinflusst wird, welche auch Blickpräferenzen von Neugeborenen beeinflussen. Studie 2 zeigte, dass Gesichtsdetektion durch die Ethnie und Altersgruppe des zu detektierenden Gesichtes beeinflusst wird. In Studie 3 fanden wir größere Effekte der Inversion auf die Detektion von menschlichen Gesichtern und Körpern als auf andere vertraute Objekte. In Studie 4 fanden wir, dass Gesichter mit direktem Blick schneller detektiert werden als Gesichter mit abgewandtem Blick. Studie 5 deckte einen konfundieren Faktor in schematischen emotionalen Gesichtern auf. In Studie 6 fanden wir, dass die schnellere Detektion von furchtsamen im Vergleich zu neutralen Gesichtern auf hohen Raumfrequenzen beruht. Studie 7 zeigte, dass die Messung der visuellen Detektion während CFS keinen eindeutigen Nachweis für unbewusste Verarbeitung unter CFS erbringen kann. In den Studien 8 und 9 maßen wir deshalb Adaptations-Nacheffekte von Reizen, die durch CFS dauerhaft unsichtbar gemacht wurden. Studie 8 zeigte, dass lediglich monokulare Komponenten der Gesichtsform-Adaptation unbewusst ablaufen können, während komplexere Komponenten auf visuelles Bewusstsein angewiesen sind. Studie 9 zeigte, dass nur größenabhängige Komponenten von Blickrichtungen unbewusst repräsentiert werden können, während objektzentrierte Repräsentationen von Blickrichtungen visuelles Bewusstsein benötigen. / We studied the processing of socially relevant visual stimuli during continuous flash suppression (CFS), a potent interocular suppression technique that we used to render stimuli invisible. In Studies 1–6, we measured the duration of perceptual suppression during CFS to test whether socially relevant stimuli have privileged access to visual awareness. Study 1 demonstrated that face detection in adult observers is modulated by facial properties previously shown to modulate looking preferences in newborns. Study 2 revealed own-race and own-age biases in face detection, indicating that visual awareness of faces is shaped by visual experience with one’s own social group. In Study 3, we found larger effects of stimulus inversion on the detection of human faces and bodies than for other familiar objects, suggesting that detection mechanisms are preferentially tuned to conspecifics. Study 4 showed that faces with direct gaze are detected more quickly than faces with averted gaze. Study 5 revealed a confounding factor in schematic emotional faces that are considered to be well-controlled visual stimuli. In Study 6, we found that faster detection of fearful compared to neutral faces relies on high spatial frequencies, arguing against a functional role of a subcortical pathway to the amygdala. Study 7 showed that measures of visual detection during CFS cannot provide unequivocal evidence for unconscious processing under CFS. In Studies 8 and 9 we therefore measured adaptation aftereffects from stimuli rendered permanently invisible by CFS. In Study 8, we measured face shape aftereffects and found that only low-level monocular components of face shape adaptation can proceed unconsciously, whereas higher-level components depend on visual awareness. Study 9 revealed that only size-dependent low-level components of eye gaze can be represented unconsciously, while object-centered higher-level representations of eye gaze directions require visual awareness.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T11:22:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SEGISMUNDA SAMPAIO DA SILVA NETA.pdf: 5715008 bytes, checksum: 6a6f8193b88019126d4ff96239e95d49 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-27 / This study sets out to investigate how the theme History and Afro-Brazilian and African Culture is discussed in the History textbooks indicated by the National Textbook Program - PNLD-2013. These books were intended for the use of federal, state, municipal and district network teachers over the triennium 2013-2015. The study was based on the principles of bibliographical and documentary research. Law 10.639-2003, the Report of the National Education Council (CNE-CP 003-2004), the National Curriculum Guidelines for Education in Ethnic-Racial Relations and for the Teaching of History and Afro-Brazilian and African Culture drawn up by Resolution CNE-CP No. 1-2004, and the Implementation Plan for these Guidelines were all analyzed. Dialogue was established between these documents, the text of the review of textbooks indicated by the National Textbook Program, referring to the subject of History, and the thematic content of History and Afro-Brazilian and African Culture. The research analyzed eleven collections, and a regional textbook for the State of Goiás. It was found that all the collections analyzed and the regional textbookdealt with slavery in Colonial and Imperial Brazil. This content is presented in the form of texts and activities usually accompanied by the classic images of slavery - classical iconography. It was found that the discussion of these images in the textbooks analyzed deals with the content of the scene represented, but neglects the context which produced it: the view of the European traveler, between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, which records the differences and confirms the supremacy of the white European identity. As a result, it was considered that, although the content of Law 10.639-2003 is addressed in the textbooks analyzed, the recurrence of such images without the historicity of the context of their production, limits the possibilities for a critical reading of representations on blacks in the period in question. Thus the objectives set out in the Report, which is the basis for the National Curriculum Guidelines for Education in Ethnic-Racial Relations and for the Teaching of Afro- Brazilian and African Culture, aimed at combating racism and racial prejudice, are not met. / Neste trabalho teve-se por objetivo investigar como a temática História e Cultura Afro-Brasileira e Africana é abordada nos livros didáticos de História indicados pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Didático PNLD-2013. Esses livros foram destinados à escolha pelos professores das redes de ensino federal, estadual, municipal e distrital para uso no triênio 2013, 2014 e 2015. Desenvolveu-se este estudo com base nos fundamentos da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Para tanto, analisaram-se os seguintes documentos: a Lei 10.639-2003, o Parecer do Conselho Nacional de Educação (CNE-CP 003-2004), as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Educação das Relações Étnico-Raciais e para o Ensino de História e Cultura Afro- Brasileira e Africana, instituídas pela Resolução CNE-CP Nº 1-2004, e o Plano de Implementação dessas Diretrizes. Estabeleceu-se o diálogo entre esses documentos, o texto das resenhas do Guia de Livros Didáticos indicados pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Didático, referentes à disciplina História, e o conteúdo da temática História e Cultura Afro-Brasileira e Africana. Na investigação analisaramse onze coleções e um livro didático regional destinado ao Estado de Goiás. Constatou-se que a escravidão no Brasil Colônia e Império é o conteúdo comum a todas as coleções analisadas e ao livro regional. O mencionado conteúdo é apresentado em forma de textos e atividades que, geralmente, vêm acompanhados de imagens clássicas da escravidão iconografia clássica. Verificouse que a abordagem dessas imagens nos livros didáticos analisados se ocupa do conteúdo da cena representada, mas negligencia o seu contexto de produção: o olhar do viajante europeu, entre os séculos XVI e XIX, que registra as diferenças que convêm à confirmação da supremacia da identidade branca europeia. Em virtude disso, considerou-se que, embora o conteúdo da Lei 10.639-2003 seja abordado nos livros didáticos analisados, a recorrência a essas imagens, sem a historicidade de seu contexto de produção, restringe as possibilidades de leitura crítica das representações sobre o negro no período em questão. Assim, os objetivos expostos no Parecer, que fundamenta as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Educação das Relações Étnico-Raciais e para o Ensino de História e Cultura Afro-brasileira e Africana, que visa o combate ao racismo e ao preconceito racial, não são atendidos.

O presente trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um microcomputador de 8 bits. O projeto inclui além dos circuitos básicos, lógica adicional para extender a memória contornando o limite normal de endereçamento. Um disco virtual uma interface em RAM e uma interface para \"Winchester\" foram desenvolvidas para extender a capacidade de armazenamento secundário e a velocidade de execução. Suporte para o coprocessador AM9511 é fornecido para freqüentes cálculos em ponto flutuante. Rotinas para operações básicas de E/,. manipulação da memória e \"Caching\" de disco, foram desenvolvidas para suportar o sistema operacional CP/M. Um monitor residente com montador, desmontador e funções de E/S de alto nível, foi construído para ajudar no desenvolvimento de aplicações dedicadas. / The present works describes the development of an 8 bits microcomputer system. The project includes, besides the basic circuity, additional logic for memory extension behind the regular address limit. A virtual RAM disk and a Winchester interface were developed to extend secondary storage and execution speed. For floating point intensive calculations support for an AM9511 coprocessor is given. Routines for basic I/O operations, memory management and disk \"Caching\" were developed to support the CP/M operating system. A resident monitor with assembly, disassembly and high level I/O functions was constructed to aid the development of dedicated application.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar por métodos microbiológicos e microscópia eletrônica de varredura a aderência bacteriana sobre superfície lisa e rugosa (modificada por irradiação a laser) de titânio comercialmente puro (\'Ti\' cp). Os corpos-de-prova eram em forma de discos (12,0 mm x 2,0 mm). Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 e Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 RP 62A foram às bactérias selecionadas. A topografia das superfícies foram avaliadas por meio de microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). As medidas do ângulo de contato permitiram conhecer a molhabilidade (hidrofobicidade) das superfícies. Os discos de \'Ti\' cp foram incubados em meio de cultura caldo Mueller Hinton inoculado com suspensão bacteriana da ordem de \'10 POT.8\' (UFC)/mL, durante 1, 6, 24, 48 e 72 horas. A cada intervalo de tempo, os discos foram retirados, lavados em solução salina fisiológica e após este procedimento foram colocados em novos tubos contendo 5,0 mL de solução salina fisiológica esterilizada e submetidos ao banho ultrassônico de 40 kHz por oito minutos. A seguir, da suspensão bacteriana resultante foram realizadas diluições seriadas (\'10 POT.-1\'-\'10 POT.-6\'), semeadas em ágar Mueller Hinton e as placas incubadas em estufa bacteriológica a 37 graus Celsius para aguardar o desenvolvimento bacteriano. As colônias crescidas foram contadas, enumeradas e o valor expresso em UFC/mL para cada diluição. Os discos removidos do banho ultrassônico foram preparados para observação por MEV. A medida do ângulo de contato foi realizada em equipamento denominado goniômetro. O resultado da avaliação da viabilidade das células de biofilme de S. mutans sobre superfície lisa em média foi de 1,66 \'+ OU -\' 1,67 x \'10 POT.6\' e sobre superfície rugosa 1,06 \'+ OU -\' 1,07 x \'10 POT.6\' a nível 0,05 as médias não são significantemente diferentes. Em média as células viáveis do biofilme de S. epidermidis sobre superfície lisa foram de 6,68 \'+ OU -\' ) 5,83 x \'10 POT.6\' a nível 0,05 as médias não são significativamente diferentes. As células viáveis do biofilme de S. epidermidis, recuperadas em vários intervalos de tempo (1, 6, 24, 48 e 72h) da superfície rugosa 7,16 \'+ OU -\' 2,34 x \'10 POT.6\' a nível 0,05 são significantemente diferentes. Em relação à molhabilidade a superfície lisa é hidrofóbica, com um ângulo de 75 graus e a superfície rugosa hidrofílica, com um ângulo < 7 graus. Apesar da superfície lisa ser hidrofóbica e a superfície rugosa hidrofílica ambas as superfícies permitiram a aderência bacteriana e formação de biofilme, fato comprovado por MEV e por cultura. Comparando-se as superfícies lisa e rugosa - modificada por meio físico (aplicação de feixe de laser de alta intensidade \'Nd\':YAG) não foi observada redução significante no número de bactérias aderidas à superfície rugosa, o que permite concluir que a modificação de superfície por laser de alta intensidade cria superfície favorável para aderência de S. mutans e S. epidermidis, sem reduzir a aderência bacteriana, o que pode ser fator de risco para adquirir infecção. / The objective of this study was assessed by microbiological methods and the scanning electron microscope on bacterial adhesion to smooth and rough (modified by laser irradiation) of commercially pure titanium (\'Ti\' cp). The bodies-of-proof was in the form of discs (12,0 mm x 2,0 mm). Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 RP62A were selected bacteria. The topography of the areas were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Measures the angle of contact allowed to know the wettability (hydrophobicity) of the areas. Of \'Ti\' cp discs were incubated in culture media Mueller Hinton broth inoculated with bacterial suspension of approximately \'10 POT.8\' (CFU)/mL, for 1, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Each time, the discs were removed, washed in saline solution and after this procedure were placed into new tubes containing 5.0 mL of sterile saline solution and submitted to the ultrasonic bath for eight minutes of 40 kHz. Then, the resulting bacterial suspension were serially diluted (\'10 POT.-1\'-\'10 POT.-6\'), grown in Mueller Hinton agar plates and incubated in bacteriological incubator at 37 Celsius degrees to await the development blight. The grown colonies were counted, listed and the value expressed in CFU/mL for each dilution. Discs removed from the ultrasonic bath were prepared for observation by SEM. The measure of the angle of contact was made in equipment called goniometer. The result of evaluating the viability biofilm cells of S. mutans on smooth surface was on average of 1,66 \'+ OU -\' 1,67 x \'10 POT.6\' at the 0,05 and on area rugosa 1,06 \'+ OU -\' 1,07 x \'10 POT.6\' at the 0,05 average is not significantly different. On average the cells of the biofilm of S. epidermidis on smooth 6,68 \'+ OU -\' 5,83 x \'10 POT.6\' at the 0,05 average is not significantly surface were different. The cells of the biofilm of S. epidermidis, recovered at various at intervals of time (1, 6, 24, 48 and 72h) of the area rugosa 7,16 \'+ OU -\' 2,34 x \'10 POT.6\' 0,05 are significantly different. In relation to the smooth surface wettability is hydrophobic, with an angle of 75 degrees and the hydrophilic surface rough, with an angle < 7 degrees. Despite the smooth surface is rough hydrophobic and hydrophilic surface areas have both the adhesion and formation of bacterial biofilm, a fact evidenced by SEM and by culture. Comparing the smooth and rough surfaces - modified by the physical environment (application of the laser beam of high intensity \'Nd\': YAG) was not observed a significant reduction in the number of bacteria adhered to the surface rough, which indicates that the modification of surface by high-intensity laser creates favorable surface for adhesion of S. mutans and S. epidermidis, without reducing the bacterial adhesion, which may be a risk factor for acquiring infection.

Le travail présenté dans ce document est dédié à l’étude des désintégrations faibles de deux baryons beaux, Λ0b (|udb>) et Ξ0b (|usb>), et utilise des échantillons de données enregistrés par l’expérience LHCb en 2011 et en 2012. La production abondante des baryons Λ0b et Ξ0b dans les collisions proton-proton ainsi que la grande probabilité pour un quark b d’hadroniser en un baryon beau au Large Hadron Collider (LHC), donne à l’expérience LHCb l’opportunité d’étudier les désintégrations multicorps sans charme de baryons beaux. Une part significative de cette étude est dédiée aux mesures des rapports d’embranchements des désintégrations sans charme à quatre corps des baryons Λ0b et Ξ0b . Dans le Modèle Standard, ces désintégrations procèdent simultanément via les transitions de quarks b→u (à l’arbre) et b→d,s (transitions à courant neutre de type pingouin). La différence de phase faible induite par cette interférence est a priori une opportunité de rechercher la violation CP dans ces désintégrations de baryons beaux. De plus, ces désintégrations sans charme à quatre corps contiennent des structures résonantes, simultanément dans la région non-baryonique de basse masse à deux corps (i.e. les masses invariantes de π+π- , K± π∓ , K+ K- ) ainsi que dans la region baryonique de basse masse (i.e. les masses invariantes de pK, pπ). Par conséquent, la différence de phases fortes induite par l’interférence de ces amplitudes peut augmenter l’effet d’une asymétrie CP . Des mesures d’asymétries CP (∆ACP ) dans les modes de désintégrations discutés plus haut sont présentées dans ce document. Certaines sont produites dans des régions de l’espace des phases afin de favoriser la présence de structures résonantes. Ainsi, sept désintégrations inclusives de Λ0b et Ξ0b sont simultanément étudiées: Λ0b→pπππ, Λ0b→pKππ, Λ0b→pKKπ , Λ0b → pKKK, Ξ0b→ pKππ, Ξ0b→pKπK et Ξ0b→ pKKK ainsi que des désintégrations spécifiques qui incluent plusieurs résonances intermédiaires comme, par exemple, Λ0b → pa1 , Λ0b→∆++ K- π- ou Λ0b → Λ∗ (1520)0 φ0 . Six modes de désintégrations sont observés, parmi lesquels quatre sont établis pour la première fois. Six mesures de rapports d’embranchements sont réalisées, et des limites à 90% et 95% degré de confiance sont placées sur le rapport d’embranchement du mode Ξ0b→ pKKK pour lequel seul un indice de son existence est obtenu. Pour les mesures de ∆ACP réalisées, aucun signe significatif de violation de CP n’est observé. / The work presented in this document is focused on the study of weak decays of two b-baryons, Λ0b (|udb>) and Ξ0b (|usb>) , by making use of data samples recorded by the LHCb experiment in 2011 and 2012. The abundant production of Λ0b and Ξ0b baryons in proton-proton collisions as well as the large probability of the hadronisation of the b quark into b-flavoured baryons at the Large Hadron Collider gives the LHCb experiment the opportunity to study multibody charmless decays of b-baryons. A significant part of the study is dedicated to the measurements of the branching fractions of Λ0b and Ξ0b in 4-body fully-charged charmless decays. They proceed in the Standard Model simultaneously through b → u transition or Flavour Changing Neutral Current (FCNC) penguin transition b → s,d. The weak-phase difference induced by this interference pattern is a priori a good opportunity to search for CP violation in these very same baryons decays. Furthermore, these charmless multibobdy decays of b baryons contain rich resonance structures, both in the low-mass two-body nonbaryonic resonances (i.e. the π+π- , K± π∓ , K+ K- invariant mass) and the low-mass baryonic resonances (i.e. the pK, pπ invariant mass). Consequently, CP asymmetries might receive significant enhancement from the strong-phase differences coming from the interference of these amplitudes. Measurements of ∆ACP in the decay modes of interest are presented in this document, including measurements in specific phase space regions (that are meant to favour resonance structures). Henceforth, seven inclusive decays of Λ0b and Ξ0b are simultaneously studied, namely Λ0b→pπππ, Λ0b→pKππ, Λ0b→pKKπ , Λ0b → pKKK, Ξ0b→ pKππ, Ξ0b→pKπK and Ξ0b→ pKKK as well as additional specific decays that include intermediate resonances, such as, for instance, Λ0b → pa1 , Λ0b→∆++ K- π- or Λ0b → Λ∗ (1520)0 φ0. Six decay modes are observed, among which four are established for the first time. Six branching fractions measurements are thus performed, and 90% and 95% confidence level intervals, based on the Feldman-Cousins confidence belt inference described are placed on the branching fraction for the Ξ0b → pKKK decay mode, for which only a hint of its existence is obtained. No significant CP -violation effect is observed in any of the ∆ACP measurement performed.

Kommunikation och interaktion är viktigt för att utveckla både språklig och social kompetens. Barn som använder alternativ och kompletterande kommunikation (AKK) får dock inte alltid samma möjligheter som talande barn att kommunicera. Speciellt svårt kan det vara att interagera och därigenom skapa relationer med jämnåriga. Det övergripande syftet med denna studie var att studera samtal mellan jämnåriga, speciellt hur de bygger upp och upprätthåller gemensam förståelse i samtal. Studien innefattade två unga pojkar som på grund av cerebral pares (CP) saknade talförmåga och därför använde bliss som AKK. De filmades under ett samtal med varsin klasskamrat. En samtalsanalytisk metod (conversation analysis, CA) användes för att identifiera mönster i interaktionen och analysera deltagarnas strategier för att etablera gemensam förståelse. De strategier som användes visade sig vara tolkningsförslag, följdfrågor, formuleringar och reparationer. Strategierna användes främst vid responspunkter efter blissyttranden, men reparationer förekom även under konstruktionen av yttranden. Analysen visade också att förståelsestrategier ibland saknades i det ena samtalet vilket då ledde till att samtalet stannade av. De talande tog större delen av ansvaret för förståelsearbetet i båda samtalen, men även de blissande pojkarna var delaktiga. Sammantaget visade analysen att samtal med AKK kan se mycket olika ut. Vilka strategier deltagarna använde sig av för att etablera gemensam förståelse var av stor betydelse i båda samtalen. Det krävdes att alla samtalsdeltagare var engagerade i förståelsearbetet för att samtalet inte skulle avstanna. / Communication and interaction are important parts in developing both linguistic and social skills. Children who uses augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) may not always have the same opportunities as talking children to communicate. It can be especially difficult to interact and thereby create relationships with peers. The aim of this study was to explore conversations between peers, more specifically in which ways they establish and maintain common understanding in the conversation. Participants in the study were two young boys with cerebral palsy (CP) causing non-intelligible speech, and therefore using blissymbolics as their AAC. The boys were videotaped during a conversation with a classmate. A Conversation Analysis method (CA) were used to identify patterns in the interaction, and to analyze the participants' strategies to establish common understanding. Strategies used were suggestions of interpretation, following up-questions, formulations and reparations. The strategies were most used in transition-relevance places, but reparations could also be found during the creation of blissymbolic utterances. The analysis also found that understanding-oriented strategies sometimes were missing in one of the conversations, which led to breakdown in the conversation. The talking individuals were responsible for establishing common understanding in the major part of both conversations, but the boys using blissymbolics did not leave the responsibility entirely to them. In total the analysis showed that conversations with AAC can differ in many ways. Which strategies the participants used to establish common understanding were of great importance in both conversations. Every participant in the conversation were obliged to engage in creating common understanding in order to not lead the conversation to a breakdown.

Ce mémoire présente l’application de la méthode de décomposition en termes de diagrammes aux désintégrations de mésons B vers trois mésons de type pseudos- calaire ne comportant pas de quarks charmés. La décomposition diagrammatique des désintégrations de types B → Kππ, B → KKK ̄, B → KK ̄π et B → πππ est effectuée de façon systématique. Il est démontré que lorsque l’on néglige les dia- grammes d’échanges et d’annihilations, dont les contributions sont estimées être petites, de nouvelles relations apparaissent entre les amplitudes. Ces relations sont de nouveaux tests du modèle standard qui ne peuvent être obtenus que par la méthode diagrammatique. Lorsque les données nécessaires sont disponibles, nous vérifions ces relations et obtenons un bon accord avec les données expérimentales. Nous démontrons également qu’il est possible d’utiliser le secteur B → Kππ pour mesurer la phase faible γ avec une incertitude théorique que nous estimons être de l’ordre de 5%. Les autres secteurs de désintégrations ne permettent d’extraire des phases faibles que si l’on invoque des approximations de précisions inconnues. / This Master’s thesis presents the application of the method of decomposition in terms of diagrams to the charmless decays of B mesons to three pseudoscalar particles. We systematically apply the diagrammatic method to the decays B → Kππ, B → KKK ̄, B → KK ̄π and B → πππ. It is shown that when we neglect exchange and annihilation diagrams, whose contributions have been estimated to be small, new relations appear between the decay amplitudes. These relations constitute new tests of the standard model that can only be obtained through the diagrammatic method. When the necessary data is available, we verify these relations and obtain a good agreement with the experimental results. We also show that it is possible use observables in the B → Kππ sector to measure the weak phase γ with a theoretical uncertainty of the order of 5%. Other decay sectors can only allow the extraction of weak phases through the use of approximations of unknown precision.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar por métodos microbiológicos e microscópia eletrônica de varredura a aderência bacteriana sobre superfície lisa e rugosa (modificada por irradiação a laser) de titânio comercialmente puro (\'Ti\' cp). Os corpos-de-prova eram em forma de discos (12,0 mm x 2,0 mm). Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 e Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 RP 62A foram às bactérias selecionadas. A topografia das superfícies foram avaliadas por meio de microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). As medidas do ângulo de contato permitiram conhecer a molhabilidade (hidrofobicidade) das superfícies. Os discos de \'Ti\' cp foram incubados em meio de cultura caldo Mueller Hinton inoculado com suspensão bacteriana da ordem de \'10 POT.8\' (UFC)/mL, durante 1, 6, 24, 48 e 72 horas. A cada intervalo de tempo, os discos foram retirados, lavados em solução salina fisiológica e após este procedimento foram colocados em novos tubos contendo 5,0 mL de solução salina fisiológica esterilizada e submetidos ao banho ultrassônico de 40 kHz por oito minutos. A seguir, da suspensão bacteriana resultante foram realizadas diluições seriadas (\'10 POT.-1\'-\'10 POT.-6\'), semeadas em ágar Mueller Hinton e as placas incubadas em estufa bacteriológica a 37 graus Celsius para aguardar o desenvolvimento bacteriano. As colônias crescidas foram contadas, enumeradas e o valor expresso em UFC/mL para cada diluição. Os discos removidos do banho ultrassônico foram preparados para observação por MEV. A medida do ângulo de contato foi realizada em equipamento denominado goniômetro. O resultado da avaliação da viabilidade das células de biofilme de S. mutans sobre superfície lisa em média foi de 1,66 \'+ OU -\' 1,67 x \'10 POT.6\' e sobre superfície rugosa 1,06 \'+ OU -\' 1,07 x \'10 POT.6\' a nível 0,05 as médias não são significantemente diferentes. Em média as células viáveis do biofilme de S. epidermidis sobre superfície lisa foram de 6,68 \'+ OU -\' ) 5,83 x \'10 POT.6\' a nível 0,05 as médias não são significativamente diferentes. As células viáveis do biofilme de S. epidermidis, recuperadas em vários intervalos de tempo (1, 6, 24, 48 e 72h) da superfície rugosa 7,16 \'+ OU -\' 2,34 x \'10 POT.6\' a nível 0,05 são significantemente diferentes. Em relação à molhabilidade a superfície lisa é hidrofóbica, com um ângulo de 75 graus e a superfície rugosa hidrofílica, com um ângulo < 7 graus. Apesar da superfície lisa ser hidrofóbica e a superfície rugosa hidrofílica ambas as superfícies permitiram a aderência bacteriana e formação de biofilme, fato comprovado por MEV e por cultura. Comparando-se as superfícies lisa e rugosa - modificada por meio físico (aplicação de feixe de laser de alta intensidade \'Nd\':YAG) não foi observada redução significante no número de bactérias aderidas à superfície rugosa, o que permite concluir que a modificação de superfície por laser de alta intensidade cria superfície favorável para aderência de S. mutans e S. epidermidis, sem reduzir a aderência bacteriana, o que pode ser fator de risco para adquirir infecção. / The objective of this study was assessed by microbiological methods and the scanning electron microscope on bacterial adhesion to smooth and rough (modified by laser irradiation) of commercially pure titanium (\'Ti\' cp). The bodies-of-proof was in the form of discs (12,0 mm x 2,0 mm). Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 RP62A were selected bacteria. The topography of the areas were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Measures the angle of contact allowed to know the wettability (hydrophobicity) of the areas. Of \'Ti\' cp discs were incubated in culture media Mueller Hinton broth inoculated with bacterial suspension of approximately \'10 POT.8\' (CFU)/mL, for 1, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Each time, the discs were removed, washed in saline solution and after this procedure were placed into new tubes containing 5.0 mL of sterile saline solution and submitted to the ultrasonic bath for eight minutes of 40 kHz. Then, the resulting bacterial suspension were serially diluted (\'10 POT.-1\'-\'10 POT.-6\'), grown in Mueller Hinton agar plates and incubated in bacteriological incubator at 37 Celsius degrees to await the development blight. The grown colonies were counted, listed and the value expressed in CFU/mL for each dilution. Discs removed from the ultrasonic bath were prepared for observation by SEM. The measure of the angle of contact was made in equipment called goniometer. The result of evaluating the viability biofilm cells of S. mutans on smooth surface was on average of 1,66 \'+ OU -\' 1,67 x \'10 POT.6\' at the 0,05 and on area rugosa 1,06 \'+ OU -\' 1,07 x \'10 POT.6\' at the 0,05 average is not significantly different. On average the cells of the biofilm of S. epidermidis on smooth 6,68 \'+ OU -\' 5,83 x \'10 POT.6\' at the 0,05 average is not significantly surface were different. The cells of the biofilm of S. epidermidis, recovered at various at intervals of time (1, 6, 24, 48 and 72h) of the area rugosa 7,16 \'+ OU -\' 2,34 x \'10 POT.6\' 0,05 are significantly different. In relation to the smooth surface wettability is hydrophobic, with an angle of 75 degrees and the hydrophilic surface rough, with an angle < 7 degrees. Despite the smooth surface is rough hydrophobic and hydrophilic surface areas have both the adhesion and formation of bacterial biofilm, a fact evidenced by SEM and by culture. Comparing the smooth and rough surfaces - modified by the physical environment (application of the laser beam of high intensity \'Nd\': YAG) was not observed a significant reduction in the number of bacteria adhered to the surface rough, which indicates that the modification of surface by high-intensity laser creates favorable surface for adhesion of S. mutans and S. epidermidis, without reducing the bacterial adhesion, which may be a risk factor for acquiring infection.