Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin, 1961. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:55:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 465049.pdf: 547577 bytes, checksum: 02db0fc88e9eb27a12b53f67fd845e52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-27 / This study aims at understanding how ethics of The Care of the Self by Socrates would instigate men to self-examination. How did The Care of the Self contribute for improvement of the soul. Socrates everlasting search for self-knowledge by men, consequently achieving virtue knowledge science. Psyche (soul) suffered an enormous transformation in comparison with the concepts of the word before Socrates. However, the main change consisted that the soul was the essence of men, with several consequences, such as search for human interior improvement. For Socrates, soul and body were distinct elements, however are part of unity and not something dual. The subject of the destiny of the soul was a platonic discovery, since Socrates did not have a metaphysical conception of the world, such as Platon suggested. Objectively, Socrates did not have interest in knowing what would be the destiny of the soul, since his ethics was centered in the integral man. The ethics of The Care of the Self made the individual capable, improved to face the major challenges in life. This would happen since he would be innerly capable to his self-examination. Hadot and Foucault studied the concept of epim?leia heauto? and in both there is the link of The Care of the Self with the practice of spiritual exercise. Nietzsche critics the Socratic morality and every form of religiosity. However, Hadot deals with the lovely hate of Nietzsche and Socrates. Also, from Nietzsche comes the nihilism, treated in the last chapter, when the traditional values lose their references; life loses meaning; there is no explanation of why? The present study tries to examine how Socratic ethics may be relevant for contemporary society. / Esta pesquisa visa compreender como a ?tica do Cuidado de Si em S?crates incitava aos homens que se auto-examinassem a si mesmos. Como o cuidado de si contribuiu para que o homem atingisse o aperfei?oamento da alma. A busca incessante de S?crates para que o homem se conhecesse a si mesmo, consequentemente, chegasse ? virtude - conhecimento, ci?ncia. A psyche (alma) sofreu uma enorme transforma??o na compara??o com a conceitua??o do termo antes de S?crates. Entretanto, a principal mudan?a consistia que a alma era a ess?ncia do homem, isto gerava muitas consequ?ncias, como a busca pelo aperfei?oamento do interior humano. Para S?crates, a alma e o corpo eram elementos distintos, com fun??es distintas, mas sempre fizeram parte de unidade e n?o de um dualismo. A quest?o do destino da alma foi uma descoberta plat?nica, visto S?crates n?o uma concep??o metaf?sica de mundo, conforme aquela criada por Plat?o. Objetivamente, S?crates n?o tinha interesse em saber qual seria o destino da alma, pois sua ?tica centrava-se no homem integral. A ?tica do cuidado de si tornava o indiv?duo plenamente preparado para enfrentar os maiores desafios proporcionado pela vida. Pois ele estaria habilitado interiormente devido ao seu autoexame. Hadot e Foucault pesquisaram sobre o conceito de epim?leia heauto? e em ambos existe a vincula??o do cuidado de si com a pr?tica dos exerc?cios espirituais. Nietzsche critica a moralidade socr?tica e toda forma de religiosidade. Mas existe algo trabalhado por Hadot, que ? ?dio amoroso de Nietzsche por S?crates. Tamb?m de Nietzsche vem a quest?o do niilismo tratado no ?ltimo cap?tulo, quando os valores tradicionais perdem os seus referenciais; a vida perde o sentido; n?o se tem uma explica??o do por qu?? Enfim, a pesquisa busca examinar como a ?tica socr?tica pode ser relevante na sociedade contempor?nea.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:12:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JorgeSL_TESE.pdf: 1029067 bytes, checksum: ae8e1e06cf2d03b47d093d83cb9179fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-05 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This thesis endorses the interpretation that in Plato`s Republic the argument made by Thrasymachus in which justice is the convenience of the most powerful one is implicitly accepted by Socrates. Although Thrasymachus? discussion does not show any similarity with the argument of Socrates, it proposes a sarcastic and ironic comment on political life. Socrates accepts this comment to develop a more refined notion of the category of the most powerful ones. While Thrasymachus assumes that the convenience of the most powerful ones includes the power to subordinate all and everything to their individual pleasures, Socrates admits that the most powerful ones are defined only by their characteristic of being able to hold power in perpetuity. In this context, the main theme of The Republic is that the harmony between the functional classes of the city is convenient for perpetual power. For preservation of harmony, the functional class of the most powerful considers the convenience of forsaking a possible monopoly on pleasure towards a redistribution that promotes harmony, which also makes it convenient for the other classes. Thus, we can explicitly say that the most powerful ones believe in a sense of justice as convenience for everyone, but implicitly believe only in the argument that justice is what is convenient for themselves. Since convenience is what promotes harmony between functional classes, it becomes convenient to Socrates to believe that the understanding justice that the most powerful ones have is not publicly disclosed. The notion that all the speculation of the dialogue between the characters cannot be true, but, at best, only plausible and convenient is also part of the central argument in The Republic. Socrates needs to modify the nature of the functional classes through a targeted program of sexual reproduction and a program of ideological indoctrination so that the proposal to promote harmony through the elements of the city, declaring that justice is in favor of the weakest becomes a more plausible and convenient speech. To make the new system more plausible, Socrates develops a metaphysics based on the mathematical notion of harmony, such metaphysics serving the official rhetoric of the political regime presented by Socrates / Essa tese de doutorado defende a interpreta??o de que n A Rep?blica de Plat?o o argumento elaborado por Tras?maco, no qual justi?a ? a conveni?ncia do mais forte, est? implicitamente aceito por S?crates. Apesar da defesa enfatizada por Tras?maco n?o demonstrar nenhuma afinidade com o argumento de S?crates, ela prop?e um coment?rio ir?nico e sarc?stico sobre vida pol?tica. S?crates aceita esse coment?rio para derivar dele uma no??o mais refinada da categoria dos mais poderosos. Enquanto Tras?maco assume que a conveni?ncia dos mais poderosos inclui o poder de submeter todos e tudo a seus prazeres individuais, S?crates admite que os mais poderosos estejam definidos apenas pela sua caracter?stica de ser capaz de manter o poder em perpetuidade. Nesse contexto, o tema principal d A Rep?blica ? que a harmonia entre as classes funcionais da cidade ? conveniente para poder perp?tuo. Para conserva??o dessa harmonia, a classe funcional dos mais poderosos v? como conveniente renunciar um poss?vel monop?lio sobre prazer em prol de uma redistribui??o que promova a harmonia, o que tamb?m se torna conveniente para as demais classes. Assim, pode-se dizer que os mais poderosos divulgam o sentido de justi?a como sendo a conveni?ncia de todos, mas que implicitamente acreditam somente no argumento de que a justi?a ? o que lhes ? conveniente. Uma vez que a conveni?ncia ? o que promove a harmonia entre as classes funcionais, torna-se conveniente para S?crates a cren?a de que a compreens?o de justi?a dos mais poderosos n?o seja divulgada publicamente. Tamb?m faz parte do argumento central d A Rep?blica a no??o de que toda a especula??o presente no di?logo entre seus personagens n?o pode ser verdadeira, mas, na melhor das hip?teses, apenas plaus?vel e conveniente. S?crates precisa modificar a natureza das classes funcionais atrav?s de um programa direcionado de reprodu??o sexual e um programa de doutrina??o ideol?gica para que a proposta de promover a harmonia atrav?s dos elementos da cidade, sob a alega??o de que a justi?a est? a favor do mais fraco, torne-se o discurso mais plaus?vel e conveniente. Para fazer o novo regime mais plaus?vel, S?crates desenvolve uma metaf?sica fundamentada na no??o matem?tica de harmonia, tal metaf?sica a servi?o da ret?rica oficial do regime pol?tico apresentado por S?crates

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-04-03T21:33:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MauricioAlvesBezerraJunior_DISSERT.pdf: 1013357 bytes, checksum: f168e1d5e7cf4a831ae44cd78bae2bca (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-04-10T19:02:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MauricioAlvesBezerraJunior_DISSERT.pdf: 1013357 bytes, checksum: f168e1d5e7cf4a831ae44cd78bae2bca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-10T19:02:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MauricioAlvesBezerraJunior_DISSERT.pdf: 1013357 bytes, checksum: f168e1d5e7cf4a831ae44cd78bae2bca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-15 / Esta disserta??o apresenta um estudo sobre o di?logo G?rgias, de Plat?o, interpretandoque essa obra ? uma reflex?o sobre a cr?tica plat?nica ? ret?rica sof?stica, desenvolvendoa ideia de que ela ? empeiria, produtora de lisonja (???????????). Encontramos elementos amb?guos que revelam que, apesar de criticar a persuas?o (?????), S?crates a reconhece como um requisito essencial para conduzir oelenchos(???????). No di?logo, S?crates v?-se diante de tr?s interlocutores, G?rgias, Polo e C?cicles. Este ?ltimo sendo o seu algoz principal. Reconhecemos o di?logo em seu contexto hist?rico-cultural, visto que a Ret?rica, e seu elemento de persuas?o, eram insumos constitutivos da cultura grega. Consideramos que o intuito de Plat?o ? repensar os elementos ret?ricos e persuasivos dos sofistas a fim de alhures, expor a ?verdadeira ret?rica?, ou seja, a Filosofia. Para isso, Plat?o faz uma an?lise da ret?rica persuasiva, colocando frente ao seu mestre um expoente da sof?stica, G?rgias; e procura desvelar suaarte (?????). Contudo, apesar de podermos reconhecer nele os elementos necess?rios, o di?logo finaliza sem di?logo, uma vez que n?o h? persuas?ode nenhumdos lados. Consideramos que todos esses pontos ser?o relevantes para compreendermos a persuas?o (?????) como um dos elementos basilares na oralidade grega e da dial?tica plat?nica. / This essay presents a study about the Gorgiasdialogue, by Plato, expounding that this piece is a reflection on the Platonic criticism to sophist Rhetoric, developing the idea that it is empeiria, producer of flattery (???????????). We find ambiguous elements that show that despite criticizing persuasion (?????), Socrates recognizes it as an essential requisite to conduct the elenchos (???????). In the dialogue, Socrates sees himself before three interlocutors, Gorgias, Polo and Callicles. The latter being his one chief tormentor. We acknowledge the dialogue in its historical-cultural context, since Rhetoric and its element of persuasion were Greek culture's constitutive inputs. We consider that Plato's intent is to rethink the sophists rhetorical and persuasive elements in order to expose the "true rhetoric", that it, Philosophy. For this, Plato makes an analysis of the persuasive rhetoric, placing before his master an exponent of the sophistry, Gorgias; and seeks to unveil its art (?????). However, although we can recognize in it the necessary elements, the dialogue ends without a dialogue, since there is no persuasion on either sides. We consider that all these points will be relevant to understand persuasion (?????) as one of the basic elements of Greek orality and Platonic dialectics.

Pallet cant quality directly impacts pallet part processing and material costs. By knowing the quality of the cants being processed, pallet manufacturers can predict costs to attain better value from their raw materials and more accurately price their pallets. The study objectives were 1) to develop a procedure for accurately predicting hardwood pallet part yield as a function of raw material geometry and grade, processing equipment, and pallet part geometry, 2) to develop a model for accurately predicting raw material costs for hardwood pallet parts as a function of yield, 3) to examine current pallet industry methods of determining hardwood cant quality, and 4) to develop and evaluate hardwood cant grading rules for use in the pallet industry. Yield studies were necessary to accurately quantify the relationship between yield and cant quality. Thirty-one yield studies were conducted throughout the Eastern United States at pallet mills producing pallet parts from hardwood cants. 47, 258 board feet of hardwood cants were graded, and the usable pallet part yield and yield losses were determined for each grade. Yield losses were separated into three components: kerf loss, dimension loss, and defect loss. Kerf and dimension losses are a function of raw material and part geometry and were calculated without regard to cant quality. Defect loss is dependent on cant quality and was calculated for each cant grade as a function of total yield, kerf loss, and dimension loss. Mathematical models were developed from twenty-eight mill studies to predict each yield loss component as a function of cant dimensions, grade, and orientation, cutting bill parameters, pallet part dimensions, and kerf. Dimension and kerf losses were predicted geometrically. Regression analysis was used to predict defect loss. Results indicated that these models accurately predicted the total yield of usable pallet parts and pallet part material costs as a function of cant quality and price. Results also indicated that the pallet industry's current method of counting the number of "bad" ends per cant bundle to determine cant quality is not adequate. The effectiveness of the proposed cant grading rules was determined by grading cants and analyzing the cant grade distributions and corresponding pallet part yields. The grade rules produced statistically different quality divisions between grades. However, a more practical single cant grade based on the minimum quality for the proposed grade 2 rules is recommended. / Master of Science

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-02-15T17:19:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Luciano Torcione Serra.pdf: 1627999 bytes, checksum: ef4988a80c87ad0118dca214851fb2f1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T17:19:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Luciano Torcione Serra.pdf: 1627999 bytes, checksum: ef4988a80c87ad0118dca214851fb2f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / This study went on the medical aspects in socratic action, by following part of the platonic opera combined with twentieth century specialists that have explored the field of science in Plato, remarkably showing his attention towards medical arts of his contemporanity. Moving forward to Epictetus, Galen and Sextus, and back to Empedocles and Zeno from Eleia, the search for medicine in the platonic Socrates concerns altogether with that one on minimum Socrates, spread among these authors, that reveals as most significant characteristics either a fisicality that remains although the supposed abdication in favor of the concepts, and related do pratical ativities, as well as a special kind of visuality attained to discourse, that together seems to make singularly plausible that method of him. In connection to this, Epictetus and Empedocles let us know a negative skeptical conception related to natural sepsis and to peptical assimilation, exposing thus the words of the eps theme, in parallel to their respective prevalent aspects of negative skepticism, induced sepsis and noetical assimilation. This connection, seeming now surprisingly, ensures that one between the logical-discursive medium usually associated to philosophy and the experimental one equally usually associated to medicine. Plato operates on technical words from crafts doing operatory terms with properly philosophical character, enabled and activated to use in notions such as homoi?sis, analogy assimilation and others, upon a variety of themes, beyond a political-clinical attitude compromised with man-city unity in such a clinical enterprise, that debates with and encloses resources from the peste, war, and theatrological drama, worlds for whose transitions into the third century shows himself as a major catalizer through Socratic attitude. Methodical insistance on visuality provides the the following and reellaboration of Zeno arguments, of skema generalized notion, of a convenient proximity of c?tharsis to refutation and anamnesis, of empedoclitian conception of negative skepticism connected to natural sepsis that make summing to skopic distinction, as rethorical and skeptic, the positive skeptical division of unexamined humours and gases, now diagnostical. / Investigamos as caracter?sticas m?dicas na a??o socr?tica, seguindo parte da obra plat?nica e recorrendo a especialistas que ao longo do s?culo XX exploraram o campo novo da ci?ncia em Plat?o, notadamente seu acompanhamento atento ? arte m?dica de sua contemporaneidade. Com avan?os a Epiteto, Galeno e Sexto Emp?rico, e retornos a Emp?docles e Zen?o de El?ia, a pesquisa pela medicina no S?crates plat?nico coincide em parte com a pesquisa pelo S?crates m?nimo, espalhado no seu m?todo por estes autores que revelam como caracter?sticas principais uma fisicalidade permanente ? suposta abdica??o em favor do estudo do conceito e relacionada ?s pr?ticas dos of?cios, bem como uma visualidade especial ligada ao discurso, que numa composi??o singular parecem tornar seu m?todo cl?nico fact?vel. Em conex?o, Epiteto e Emp?docles fazem perceber uma concep??o de ceticismo positivo que se relaciona ? sepse natural e ? assimila??o p?ptica, expondo as palavras deste mesmo tema ?ps, em paralelo a seus respectivos aspectos prevalentes de ceticismo negativo, sepse induzida e assimila??o no?tica. Esse v?nculo, agora surpreendente, garante a conex?o entre o meio l?gico-discursivo usualmente associado ? filosofia e o meio experimental usualmente associados ? medicina. Plat?o opera sobre os jarg?es t?cnicos dos of?cios fazendo termos operat?rios de car?ter propriamente filos?fico, aptos e ativados para aplica??o de no??es como homoi?sis, assimila??o por analogia, e outras, sobre uma diversidade de temas, dentro de atitude pol?tico-diagn?stica comprometida com o par homem-cidade numa empreita cl?nica, que debate e incorpora recursos da guerra, da peste e da trag?dia, ?mbitos para cujas transi??es ao quarto s?culo ele se mostra um principal catalizador atrav?s da a??o socr?tica. O investimento met?dico na visualidade enseja o acompanhamento e reelabora??o dos argumentos de Zen?o, da no??o generalizada de esquema, de uma conveni?ncia da c?tharsis concomitante ? refuta??o e anamnese, da concep??o empedocl?tica de ceticismo negativo ligado ? sepse natural que faz somar ? distin??o esc?pica, antes ret?rica e c?tica, a divis?o s?ptica positiva dos humores e ventos inexaminados, agora diagn?stica.

<p>Effective enrichments for farm animals are increasingly important to address public concerns about farm animal welfare and improve the welfare of the animals we raise. The public’s concern has increased in recent years as the management and care that farmers give their animals has become more apparent to them. Some of the conditions in which animals are kept are emotionally not appealing to the public. One such condition is farrowing crates for sows and piglets. The sows are confined in a small space with no social contact and cannot perform nesting behaviors. Farrowing crates are widely used though, as they allow farmers to handle piglets without fear of sow aggression, meet individual sow nutritional needs, and personalize care. Piglet mortality due to crushing is also decreased with crate use. Sow welfare in farrowing crates can be improved through environmental enrichments. Enrichments improve welfare by increasing species-specific behaviors, creating a more complex environment, reducing abnormal behaviors, and increasing an animal’s ability to cope with stressful situations. For pigs, different enrichments have been shown to decrease stereotypies, like sham chewing and bar biting, decrease harmful redirected behavior towards pen mates, like tail biting and belly nosing, increased exploratory behavior, and increase positive affect. Straw has been found to be the best enrichment for pigs because it allows them to perform motivational behaviors such as rooting, foraging, and nest building. It is also complex, manipulatable, destructible, and ingestible, which are important attributes of effective enrichments. Unfortunately, straw cannot be used in farms that have slurry systems, as the straw will fall through the slats into the pit below and cause drainage issues. This includes farrowing crates. There have been a few studies on alternative enrichments for sows in crates, like cloth tassels, but they are not as effective as straw and are rarely used on farm.</p> <p> Most enrichments target pigs’ motivations to forage, root, graze, or build nests. Pigs perform other behaviors and may have other motivations that enrichments have not targeted yet. One such behavior is scratching. In a semi-natural environment, pigs will rub against trees and bushes. In confinement, pigs rub on fences, walls, and even allow people to scratch them with their hands. There have been no recorded studies done on scratching enrichment for pigs. Many studies have been done in the dairy industry exploring rotating brushes. These brushes have been implemented successfully on commercial farms and are used by cows to groom and scratch themselves. A similar device may allow pigs to also satisfy their itch. Our aim is to provide scratching enrichment to sows in farrowing crates. Since there have been no studies recorded on scratching enrichment or scratching in pigs in general, several steps had to take place before addressing the topic for sows in crates. The first project’s aim was to see what materials pigs prefer to scratch on and their willingness to use such an enrichment.</p> <p><a> The first project consisted of 2 experiments. Exp. 1 was a pilot study where 5 different materials on scratch posts were presented to a pen of gestating sows. The scratch posts were constructed from polyvinyl chloride (<b>PVC</b>) pipes, boards, and a gate post. Five different materials were attached to the boards: white, soft, long-bristled brushes (<b>White Brush</b>), red, hard, short-bristled brush (<b>Red Brush</b>), black, short-bristled, astro-turf-like mat (<b>Plastic Mat</b>), colorful coir, hard, short-bristled mat (<b>Fiber Mat</b>), and blue, plastic, large-round-bristled combs (<b>Plastic Combs</b>). The 8 sows received all 5 scratch posts in their pen for a habituation day and then 7 d of testing. During testing, video was continuously recorded from which 2 behaviors were collected; scratching and interacting. Sows scratched the most on Plastic Mat followed by Fiber Mat, Plastic Combs, and Red Brush. The White Brush was scratched on the least. The top 3 preferences were chosen to proceed to Exp. 2.</a></p> <p> Experiment 2 for sow preference was performed on several pens (N=14) of sows and gilts with Plastic Mat, Fiber Mat, and Plastic Combs to narrow the preference down to 2 materials to proceed to the farrowing crates. The experiment was carried out in repetitions. Each repetition tested 4 pens at a time. The scratch posts were modified from Exp. 1 and each material was placed in a pen. Due to material destruction only 2 repetitions were carried out, both ending a little early (N=8). During the first repetition (<b>Rep 1</b>), sows ate and destroyed all the Plastic Combs within 2 d. The Plastic Comb scratch posts were pulled from the study and the second repetition (<b>Rep 2</b>) only had the Plastic Mat and Fiber Mat represented. An observation was made that one of the pens in Rep1 had extra feed on their floor and were not destroying their materials as fast as the other pens. So for Rep 2, more modifications to the scratch posts were made and the sows were given a little extra feed. The scratch posts were still destroyed in Rep 2 proving that the sows’ hunger and motivation to perform oral manipulations overwhelmed scratching behaviors. However, from the data that was collected sows spent more time and more frequently interacted with the Fiber Mat compared to the Plastic Mat. They more frequently and spent more time interacting than scratching with the enrichments but scratched on both enrichments the same amount of time and frequency (Durations: F_1,112.6= 13.63, <i>P</i> = 0.0003; Frequencies: F_1,111.9= 19.72, <i>P</i> < 0.0001).</p> <p> The plastic and fiber mats were presented to sows in farrowing crates for the second project by default. Sows (N=18) of parities 2 (<b>P2</b>) and 3 (<b>P3</b>) were housed for 25 d and assigned no enrichment (<b>Control</b>) or to a scratch pad treatment of plastic mats (<b>Plastic</b>) or fiber mats (<b>Fiber</b>). All were assessed for lesions, abnormal behaviors, eating and scratching behaviors, and time spent in different postures and behaviors. Scratching bouts occurred in short durations and were intermittent throughout the day. Parity 2 Plastic sows scratched for a longer total duration than P2 and P3 Fiber sows, P3 Plastic sows, and P2 Control sows (F_2,11= 11.94,<i> P</i> = 0.002). Parity 2 Plastic sows also displayed scratching bouts more frequently than all except P3 Control sows (F_2,11= 18.46, <i>P</i> = 0.0003). There were no body lesion differences between treatments (<i>P</i> > 0.05). Abnormal behaviors (<i>P</i> > 0.05) and proportion of time spent in different postures (F_2,94= 0.0003, <i>P</i> = 0.999) did not differ among treatments. </p> In conclusion, if a sow is experiencing hunger while in gestation pens this motivation may be overwhelming any other behavior needs. Scratch posts were destroyed and eaten. In this sort of environment, focusing on an enrichment that meets the need to forage and root would be more successful. Sows still scratched on the posts, so their preference and scratching use was still recorded to an extent to proceed to the experiment in farrowing crates. In farrowing crates, plastic scratch pads may be a suitable enrichment as they increased the natural behavior of scratching and did not increase abnormal behaviors. More research is needed to refine the scratch pad design and identify additional measures needed to examine the suitability of scratch pads as a form of environmental enrichment for sows in farrowing crates. In addition, the behavioral characteristics and sows’ underlying motivation for scratching need to be studied because very little is known about scratching behavior of sows. If sows are motivated to scratch, and scratching helps improve their welfare, then scratching enrichment may be beneficial to sows and farmers.

Företag utvecklar nya produkter för att öka intäkterna och fortsätta vara konkurrenskraftiga. Produktutveckling är ett område det forskats mycket inom och forskningen fokuserar ofta på innovativa produkter. Det ursprungliga problemet för denna uppsats var att göra en undersökning inför utvecklingen av en produkt med låg grad av teknisk innovation. Den tidigare forskningens höga fokus på innovation kombinerat med att uppdragsgivaren inte har några processer för produktutveckling gjorde att uppsatsens omfattning utökades. Denna uppsats presenterar en modell för utveckling av produkter med låg innovation samt en applicering av modellen. Modellen utvecklades genom att studera tidigare litteratur om produktutveckling, främst kring Stage-Gate modeller, och även om kriterier och best-practice inom produktutveckling. Litteraturstudien kombinerades med resultat från intervjuer och resulterade i en modell för utveckling av låginnovativa produkter. Modellen är delad i två delar, den första fokuserar på analys av produktförslaget och den andra fokuserar på att utveckla produkten. Jämfört med tidigare modeller har omfattningen för de olika stegen och gaterna blivit mer fokuserad och tydlig. Den första delen av modellen testades genom att applicera den på det ursprungliga produktförslaget. Testet visade att modellen är passande för den typen av produkter och att de föreslagna generella kriterierna var rimliga. För den specifika produkten visade modellen att produkten var strategiskt passande för företaget och att den är tekniskt genomförbar. De finansiella beräkningarna visade att produkten möjligen inte är tillräckligt attraktiv finansiellt. Några av uppsatsens huvudsakliga slutsatser rör skillnader beroende på hur innovativ produkten är. Processens start skiljer sig signifikant, för innovativa produkter börjar den med en idé och för denna forsknings miljö med ett specifikt förslag. Fokus i finansiella frågor skiljer sig också. Överlag kunde slutsatsen att produktutveckling med en Stage-Gate-metod passar för produkter med låg grad av teknisk innovation dras men det krävs förändringar från tidigare forskning / To increase revenues and continue to stay competitive companies develop new products. Newproduct development is a widely researched field and the focus of the research is often on highly innovative products. The original problem for this thesis was to perform research for the development of a product with a low level of technological innovation. The high focus on innovation in previous research combined with the lack of product development processes in the case company led to a new more extensive scope of this thesis than the original problem. This thesis presents a model for development of products with low level of innovation that has been developed and tested.The model was developed by reviewing previous literature on new product development in general and Stage-Gate models for product development in particular. Literature about criteria and best practices in product development was also studied. The literature review was combined with findings from early interviews and resulted in a development model for low innovative products. The model is divided in two parts, the first focused on analysis of the product suggestion and the second focused on developing the actual product. Compared to previous models, the scope of the stages and gates has been more focused and clear.The first part of the model was tested by applying it to the initial case. The test showed that the model is suitable for a product of that type and that the general criteria proposed was reasonable. For the specific case, the model showed that the product was a strategic fit for the company and that it is technically feasible. The financial calculations showed that the product might not financially attractive enough.Some of the main conclusions of the research are regarding differences depending on how innovative the product is. The starting point differs significantly, with an idea for innovative products and a specific suggestion in the setting of this research. The financial focus also differs. Overall it could be concluded that development with a Stage-Gate approach is suitable for products with low level of technological innovation with some changes from previous literature.

<p dir="ltr">To meet the growing demands for pork products, lactating sows are often housed in farrowing crates to reduce piglet crushing. However, the public has raised welfare concerns about farrowing crate systems due to the confinement and barren environment, which can impair social interactions between sow and piglets, change their activity levels, and alter how sows and piglets satisfy their motivated behaviors to chew and explore by oral manipulation of pen and pen mates. Barren and confined environments can result in skin abrasions caused by oral manipulations and fighting, physiological stress, inactivity, and abnormal behaviors, which can have an impact on sows’ and piglets’ welfare, productivity, and behavior. Previous work on environmental enrichments has shown promise to improve average daily gain, activity levels, stress, and behavioral repertoire. However, the majority of studies on pig environmental enrichments take place after weaning and research investigating the impact enrichments have during lactation is limited. In addition, research on maximizing the use of environmental enrichments based on the location inside the farrowing crate systems has not been conducted. To address the knowledge gaps concerning the impact of the location of environmental enrichments on the welfare, behavior, and productivity of sows and piglets in farrowing crate systems and to provide educational material on pig enrichment, this dissertation consists of two parts: Chapters 2 and 3 examine the effects of the location of environmental enrichments in farrowing crate systems on sows’ and piglet’s welfare, productivity, and behavior. Chapter 5 is an extension article on the different types of environmental enrichments and the best strategies for implementing enrichment in swine operations.</p><p dir="ltr">In Chapter 2, sows (n = 37) and focal piglets (n = 148) were assigned to three treatment groups: SPE (both sows and piglets had access to enrichment objects), PE (only piglets had access to enrichment objects), and CON (control group with no enrichment) blocked by sow parity and genetics. Sow posture and piglet behavior during the lactation and nursery phases were observed at various times after birth and weaning. Environmental enrichments significantly influenced the behaviors of suckling piglets, reducing pig-directed and agonistic behaviors. Piglets with enrichments tended to explore the pen less and engage in more social behaviors. The location of enrichments also impacted behaviors, with higher nursing behavior observed during mid-lactation for piglets with access to enrichments (PE) and increased interaction with enrichments when they were accessible to both sows and piglets (SPE). Treatment did not affect sow postural changes or most nursery behaviors, except for walking, which increased in SPE nursery piglets compared to CON piglets. Overall, the study demonstrated positive effects of environmental enrichments on suckling piglets in farrowing crate systems, highlighting the importance of enrichment placement on nursing behaviors and enrichment interaction.</p><p dir="ltr">In Chapter 3, the same sows and piglets were used to investigate the effects of enrichment location on the welfare (skin lesions, pressure sores, salivary cortisol, and tear stains) and performance (average daily gain and piglet crushing) of the sows and piglets. This study used the same animals that were assigned the treatment group, housing, and management practices from Chapter 2. Salivary cortisol samples were collected from sows at four time points: 24 hours after moving into farrowing crates, 24 hours after treatment group assignment, midway between moving into crates and weaning, and on the day of weaning. Pressure sores of sows were scored on days 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, and 17 after farrowing. For suckling piglets, tear stains and skin lesions were assessed on the same days, and their average daily gain (ADG) was analyzed weekly during lactation. In the nursery phase, salivary cortisol was collected from piglets on the day of weaning and days 1, 7, and 14 post-weaning, with tear stains and skin lesions measured on those days as well. Nursery ADG was analyzed from weaning to day 14 post-weaning. Results indicated that control (CON) sows were less likely to have no pressure sores compared to sows with shared (SPE) enrichments, while piglets in the enriched treatment groups (PE and SPE) had smaller tear stain areas than those in the CON group. Treatment influenced skin lesions in suckling piglets, with enriched piglets having fewer lesions in the ear and front body regions. There was no treatment effect on salivary cortisol for both sows and nursery piglets, nor did treatment affect ADG, piglet crushing, or nursery skin lesions. The provision of environmental enrichments in farrowing crates reduced pressure sores of sows, skin lesions of suckling piglets and tear stains of suckling and nursery piglets.</p><p dir="ltr">Overall, providing environmental enrichments to suckling piglets reduced aggression, as evidenced by fewer agonistic and pig-directed behaviors, and resulted in fewer skin lesions compared to piglets without enrichments. This suggests potentially reduced stress levels in enriched piglets, indicated by smaller tear stain areas. While most behaviors and skin lesion scores showed no significant differences during the nursery phase, enriched piglets continued to have smaller tear stains. Enrichment location influenced the following: sows had fewer pressure sores, and suckling piglets interacted more with enrichments and exhibited fewer pig-directed behaviors when enrichments were accessible to both sows and piglets compared to the only piglet enriched treatment group. Piglets with access only to enrichments also performed more nursing behaviors during mid-lactation compared to the control group. Overall, the study highlights the benefits of environmental enrichments in farrowing crate systems, particularly the positive impact of enrichment location on the welfare and behavior of sows and piglets.</p><p dir="ltr">Lastly, in Chapter 5, the extension article discusses the definition of environmental enrichment and its impact on pigs’ welfare. The article also delves into the five types of environmental enrichments (nutritional, occupational, physical, sensory, and social), providing examples of each. Additionally, the article offers five practical tips for efficiently and successfully implementing environmental enrichments in swine herds.</p>

Diogène de Sinope, principal représentant du cynisme ancien, affirme dans une de ses œuvres qu’« il mettait la liberté au-dessus de tout ». Il n’est pas question ici du sens politique de la liberté, mais plutôt de son acception morale et individuelle, dont les origines remontent au moins au VIe s. av. J.-C. et peut-être à la racine même du mot ἐλεύθερος. Retracer l’histoire de cette notion révèle diverses influences sur le cynisme, que ce soit la figure de l’« esclave libre » chez les tragiques, ou la correspondance entre nature et liberté chez les Sophistes et Démocrite. Pour atteindre l’autarcie et l’apathie, les deux caractéristiques de la liberté cynique, Diogène doit soumettre son corps à un entraînement de nature physique, seul moyen de s’émanciper des chaînes de la civilisation. Socrate, surtout chez Xénophon et dans une certaine mesure chez Platon, avait déjà fait des exercices corporels une condition d’acquisition de la liberté. Toutefois, l’émancipation de l’individu débouche avec Socrate sur l’apprentissage du savoir qu’il juge nécessaire à la vertu. Les Cyniques, quant à eux, rejettent la vertu-connaissance et limitent leur activité philosophique à la pratique d’une ascèse corporelle rigoureuse, de sorte que la liberté mène sans détour à la vertu et au bonheur au point de s’y identifier. Les Cyniques se différencient donc de leurs prédécesseurs socratiques en ne prolongeant pas leur quête philosophique au-delà du moment de la libération et, par le fait même, font de la liberté la véritable marque distinctive de leur philosophie. / Diogenes of Sinope, the main representative of ancient Cynicism, says in one of his works that « he preferred freedom above everything ». He does not mean here freedom in its political sense, but rather in its moral and individual meaning, which dates back at least to the sixth century BC and perhaps to the very root of the word ἐλεύθερος. Tracing the history of this notion reveals diverse influences on Cynicism, whether the figure of the « free slave » of the tragedians, or the correspondence between nature and freedom of the Sophists and Democritus. To reach self-sufficiency and apathy, the two characteristics of Cynic freedom, Diogenes must submit his body to physical training, it being the only way to break free from the chains of civilization. Socrates, especially in Xenophon and to a certain extent in Plato, had already made physical exercises a condition for acquiring freedom. However, with Socrates the emancipation of the individual ends in gaining knowledge that he deems necessary to virtue. Cynics, for their part, reject virtue-knowledge and limit their philosophical activity to the practice of a rigorous physical asceticism, so that freedom leads directly to virtue and happiness to the point of identifying with it. Therefore, Cynics differ from their Socratic predecessors by not extending their philosophical quest beyond the moment of liberation and thereby make freedom the true hallmark of their philosophy.