Depuis les années 1990, un nombre grandissant d’accusés sont déclarés non criminellement responsables pour cause de troubles mentaux au Canada (NCRTM). Si certains craignent que ce verdict représente une échappatoire à la punition et libère des individus dangereux en collectivité, d’autres s’interrogent à savoir si cette défense n’occasionnerait pas plus de contrôle qu’une peine dans le système pénal traditionnel. Certains questionnent également la capacité des Commissions d’examen à prendre des décisions qui s’écartent de la rationalité du système punitif. Objectif : Cette étude a pour but de comparer la supervision imposée aux accusés NCRTM à celle des accusés coupables et responsables (CR). Cette comparaison cherche à observer les particularités des trajectoires (durées de supervision et de détention et présence de détention dans le suivi) de ces populations, dans trois provinces canadiennes (Québec, Ontario, Colombie-Britannique) entre 2000 et 2008. Deux sources de données ont été utilisées, soit celle du National Trajectory Project of Individuals Found Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder in Canada pour les accusés NCRTM et celle de l’Enquête sur les tribunaux de juridiction criminelle de Statistiques Canada pour ceux déclarés CR. Résultats : Les résultats des régressions de Cox et logistiques indiquent que les accusés NCRTM sont près de trois fois et quatre fois moins susceptibles d’être libérés rapidement de supervision et de détention et sont cinq fois plus susceptibles d’être détenus que les accusés CR. Des différences importantes sont présentes dans les pratiques des provinces, mais de manière significativement plus importante chez les accusés NCRTM. / Since the 1990’s, the number of individuals found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder has increased in Canada. However, the NCRMD verdict remains controversial. While some fear that the verdict is a loophole and releases dangerous individuals in the community, others suggest that this defense could cause more control than a sentence in the criminal justice system. Some also question the ability of Review Boards to leave aside the punitive rationale in the decision-making process. Objective: This study examines the supervison practices imposed to NCRMD accused by comparing them with those applied to offenders found guilty and responsible (GR). This comparison aims to highlight the specificities these two populations’ trajectories (length of supervision, length of detention and presence of detention in follow-up), in three Canadian provinces (Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia) between 2000 and 2008. Two datasets were used. The first comprises individuals found NCRMD (n = 1794) and comes from the National Trajectory Project of Individuals Found Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder in Canada. The second comprises GR offenders (n = 320,919) and comes from Statistics Canada's Criminal Court Survey. Results: The Cox and logistic regressions results show that NCRMD individuals are almost three times and four times likely to be released from legal supervision and detention respectively compared to GR offenders, and are five times more likely to be detained during follow-up. Provincial differences were also observed, theses disparities being significantly greater among NCRMD individuals.

La justice pénale française connait une diversification des modes de traitement des affaires qui lui sont soumises. Cette diversification résulte de facteurs endogènes et exogènes au système lui-même. Elle est le point de convergence de l'évolution des conceptions des phénomènes criminels, des attentes sociales pour une justice pénale efficace et, d'un nouveau mode de gestion de la justice. Les modes de poursuite traduisent une de logique de politique criminelle et, une logique de rationalisation du mode de management de la justice pénale. La notion de «modes de poursuite» devient une nouvelle catégorie juridique qui structure le traitement des délits. Sa portée théorique modifie l'approche de la poursuite. La diversification des modes de poursuite a des incidences sur la conception et la typologie du procès pénal et sur l'organisation des juridictions. Le procès pénal monolithique hérité du code d'instruction criminelle de 1808 devient un procès pluriel ayant une physionomie renouvelée et des finalités multiples. La poursuite pénale répond à des principes directeurs nouveaux ou renouvelés. La notion de «schéma d'orientation» illustre cette évolution. Une prise en compte législative de cette notion déboucherait sur une meilleure structuration de la réponse pénale. L'organisation de la chaîne pénale est également affectée, ainsi que la place des acteurs du procès. Des mécanismes de concertation et de délégation sont apparus. Le nouveau management judiciaire trouve appui sur cette diversification des modes de poursuite. Le procès pénal doit intégrer la transformation numérique qui devrait aboutir à la construction d'un procès pénal numérique. / The French criminal justice currently goes through a diversification of cases treatment processes. This diversification is the result of many factors, both endogenous and exogenous. It is the focal point of the evolution in theoretical approaches regarding criminal phenomena, social expectations of an effective criminal justice, and of a new process of justice management. Prosecution choices reflect a logic of criminal policy and also a logic of rationalization of the criminal justice management. The idea of «prosecution choices» becomes a new legal category that articulates the response to criminality. Its theoretical range modifies the approach of the prosecution. The diversification of prosecution choices has consequences on both conception and typology of the criminal trial and on courts organisation. The monolithic criminal trial inherited from the 1808 French code of criminal investigation becomes a more plural trial, with a renewed configuration and multiple purposes. The notion of « orientation schematics » illustrates such evolution. A legislative consideration of this notion would lead to a better structuring of the criminal justice response. The criminal justice system's organization is also affected, as well as the parties situation in the trial. Consultation and delegation mechanisms appeared. The new judicial management builds on this diversification in the prosecution choices. The criminal trial must integrate the digital transformation that should lead to the construction of a digital criminal trial.

Management tools and solutions are largely conceptualised through well-defined and well-understood problems. However, management often encounter problems that are neither well defined nor straightforward. These problems are labelled wicked problems and require a different management approach to solve. Many of these wicked problems fall within the public service delivery sector, of which the criminal justice system is part. The current study argues that crime in South Africa is a wicked problem because it portrays characteristics such as persistence and pervasiveness and does not have obvious causal relationships. Despite collaboration across several organisations and substantial resource investment, crime remains ‘untamed’ in South Africa. This study responded to calls in the literature for further research into collaborations that are mandated and directed. Given that wicked problems are unique and require unique solutions, this research proposed a framework that applies to South Africa and its historical context and is applicable in the governance context under which crime is addressed. This presented a compelling reason to undertake the current research and use the Justice, Crime Prevention and Security Cluster as a case to study intragovernmental collaboration. The objective of the research is threefold: first, to gain an in-depth explanation of intragovernmental collaboration within the Justice, Crime Prevention and Security Cluster from people who take part in the collaboration; second, to identify the dimensions of the collaboration and the interrelationships between them; and third, to develop a strategic framework for intragovernmental collaborations. Interactive Qualitative Analysis was used as a research method with ten Senior Managers participating in a focus group and semi-structured interviews and five Top Managers participating in semi-structured interviews. In-depth descriptions of the Justice, Crime Prevention and Security collaboration were captured through Interactive Qualitative Analysis in line with the qualitative research approach and eight key dimensions of the collaboration were identified. The research proposed a Strategic Framework for Intragovernmental Collaboration that takes into account the findings of the research and a literature-based conceptual framework underpinned by the Resource Dependency Theory, the Resource-Based View and the Complexity Theory. Findings from the study demonstrate that eight dimensions are key in the Justice, Crime Prevention and Security collaboration, and these dimensions are ranked in order of importance. The presented framework also highlights several differences from reported studies in this field. The contribution of this study not only extends the literature on intragovernmental collaborations but also sets clear guidelines for managers and policy makers to establish and direct intragovernmental collaborations. The chosen methodology and insider access to senior management ultimately produced rich descriptions not previously available. Two key recommendations are identified for the Justice, Crime Prevention and Security Cluster. Firstly, addressing the wicked problem of crime requires active participation of stakeholders beyond the Cluster and secondly, it must include active citizenship that is instrumental in contributing knowledge and learning as part of a feedback loop into the criminal justice system. Within the Justice, Crime Prevention and Security Cluster, the study identified three drivers of the collaboration that need to be addressed to enable the Cluster to work towards a goal consensus of addressing crime. These are leadership, culture and governance arrangements. Models of leadership and governance are included to guide the Justice, Crime Prevention and Security Cluster in this regard. / Business Management / D. B. L.

The thesis analyzes selected issues in the U.S. criminal justice system, and the solutions proposed by American libertarians. First, it introduces libertarianism as a whole, based on both contemporary and historical sources. The thesis then examines the real influence of libertarians on U.S. politics, and the possibility that libertarian proposals might be adopted. It analyzes the successes of the U.S. Libertarian Party and introduces movement and factions in the two major parties, Republican and Democratic, and today's influential politicians who at least partially promote libertarian proposals. In the final, pivotal chapter, the thesis uses the theoretical base provided in the first chapter to analyze the shortcomings of the U.S. criminal justice system, and the solutions and changes that libertarians propose. The structure of this analysis follows the generally accepted structure of the system itself, dealing with criminal law and its enforcement through policing, courts and corrections. On each of these levels, the thesis introduces both the libertarian critique of today's system and examples of specific issues and proposed solutions. The thesis identifies the so-called "War on Drugs" as one of the key points of the libertarian critique, and uses is as a case study which illustrates the impact of...

Prison privatization is a hotly debated topic in the United States that has its place in the political agendas of both political parties and generates opinion by various public interest groups. United States has the biggest prison population in the world caused by the harsh sentencing policies that were implemented in the 1980s. California has had the largest criminal justice system in the nation until it was very recently surpassed by Texas. The state of California has been fighting with the overcrowding crisis for three decades. It began contracting out with private prison companies for the management of its prisons in hope it would ease the situation in state prison system that operated at double of its designed capacity. This thesis is a case study that concerns itself with the prison privatization in the state of California. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate whether contracting with private prisons helped California to solve its overcrowding crisis and whether privately-run prison are a good choice that benefits California society. This goal will be achieved by evaluating existing experience with the private prisons in California's context.

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Thesis (M.A. (Criminology and Criminal Justice)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / The incidence of child sexual abuse is reaching new statistical highs in South Africa. Studies indicate that every second a child is raped in South Africa. Therefore, Child Sexual Abuse requires abstained approaches to be fastened, solid knowledge foundation and understanding. Failure to respond precisely and treat sexually abused children with sensitivity and professionalism (SAPS officials, healthcare practitioners and the judiciary) limit chances for a successful prosecution and victory to conquer psychological impairments on victims. Therefore, this research explored experiences in the Criminal Justice System (CJS) in the treatment of and response to child sexual abuse. The study was confined to Polokwane Policing Cluster (PPC) involving a sample from the South African Police Services (SAPS), the Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Department of Social Department (DSD). This qualitative study adopted non-probability purposive sampling. Initially, the researcher targeted a population of fifteen (15) officials within the PPC who work directly with cases of CSA. However, two officials were not willing to form part of the study. This research was guided by the following objectives to: 1. Determine responses of the CJS to children as victims of sexual offences within the PPC; 2. Establish the protection of psychological well-being of children as victims of sexual offences in Polokwane Policing Cluster; and 3. Review regulatory legislative frameworks addressing the treatment of children as victims of sexual offence in Polokwane Policing Cluster. Moreover, this study examined causes and impacts associated with CSA. The study further reveals consequences of CSA and offer suggested mechanisms stemming from selected participants whom, among others include, but not limited to the following: using the legislative framework approach; the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996; protection of children‟s rights and broad statutory approaches for the treatment of sexual offence victims.

[pt] O depoimento especial, no Brasil, tem sido tema de muitos debates há quase duas décadas, principalmente, entre profissionais de Serviço Social, Psicologia e Direito que atuam no campo da proteção de direitos de crianças e adolescentes. A presente dissertação teve por finalidade identificar e analisar elementos indicativos de tensionamentos entre o princípio da proteção integral e violação de direitos presentes nas práticas dos agentes atuantes em depoimento especial. Para tanto, foram abordados aspectos relativos à infância e à adolescência; à tutela do Estado realizada pelo Sistema de Justiça; à proteção integral de crianças e adolescentes; às violações de direitos a que são submetidos, especialmente a violência sexual; ao campo jurídico do tribunal; e às relações estabelecidas neste campo entre agentes institucionais, vítimas e acusados. Para construção do corpus da pesquisa foram selecionados processos judiciais oriundos de varas criminais da Comarca da Capital, que continham depoimentos de crianças ou adolescentes vítimas. Para sistematização e análise do material selecionado, foi empregada a técnica de análise documental em diálogo com contribuições teóricas e metodológicas de Pierre Bourdieu, no que se refere ao habitus, campo e capital, bem como estudos sobre infância, sociedade e sistema de justiça. Os resultados encontrados sistematizaram a presença de oito elementos indicativos de tensionamentos na condução da prática judicial do depoimento especial, demonstrando a existência de um potencial latente de violação tanto dos direitos de crianças e adolescentes, como de garantias dos acusados, mesmo em ações voltadas à proteção, e evidenciando que o habitus sócio-historicamente construído ao longo do processo de formação da sociedade e das instituições incide fortemente nas relações sociais empreendidas no campo analisado. / [en] In Brazil, Special Testimony has been the subject of many debates among professionals who work with Children and Adolescents rights protection, particularly, in the areas of Social Work, Psychology and Law School for almost two decades. The aim of this work is to identify and analyze indicative elements of tension between the Full Protection principle and the violation of rights present in the actions of Special Testimony agents. Therefore, aspects related to childhood and adolescence were addressed; as well as the State tutelage executed by the Justice System; the full protection of children and adolescents; the violations of rights to which they are subjected, especially about sexual violence; the legal field of the Court; and the relations established in this context between the institutional agents, the victims and the defendants. Legal proceedings conducted by Criminal Courts of the Federal District involving the testimony of children or adolescents as victims were selected to build the corpus of the research. The selected data was organized and analyzed using the documentary analysis technique in conjunction with theoretical contributions by Pierre Bourdieu on the habitus, field and capital, as well as studies on childhood, society and the justice system. The results showed the presence of eight indicative elements of tension in the Special Testimony judicial practice which demonstrates a latent potential for violation of the children and adolescents’ rights and the defendants rights, even on protection judicial proceedings; making evident the social-historical habitus built throughout the society and its institutions formation process has a strong impact on the social relations undertaken in the analyzed field.

Une prise en charge inadéquate des personnes atteintes d’un trouble mental par le système de justice pénale a été soulevée il y a plus de 60 ans. Celle-ci est toujours présente aujourd’hui. Effectivement, les personnes atteintes d’un trouble mental sont surreprésentées sur tout le continuum des procédures judiciaires pénales. La littérature révèle plusieurs facteurs associés à divers contacts avec le système de justice. Ceux-ci sont toutefois étudiés, la plupart du temps, distinctement les uns des autres (p. ex. contact avec les services policiers, arrestation, mise en accusation) plutôt que comme faisant partie d’un continuum de progression au sein du système de justice pénale (p. ex., progression d’un contact avec les services policiers à une arrestation). Ce mémoire vise deux objectifs. Premièrement, il vise à cerner les facteurs identifiés dans la littérature qui sont associés à la décision policière d’arrêter un individu atteint d’un trouble mental. Deuxièmement, il vise à identifier les facteurs associés à la progression d’individus atteints d’un trouble mental à travers le système de justice pénale jusqu’à la mise en accusation, soit la progression a) d’aucun contact avec les services policiers à un contact avec les services policiers; b) d’un contact avec les services policiers à une arrestation; et c) d’une arrestation à une mise en accusation. Une revue systématique a été réalisée pour répondre au premier objectif. Un total de 19 études a été identifié parmi quatre bases de données bibliographiques. Le deuxième objectif a été adressé par le biais d’analyses secondaires des données du projet AMONT, un projet sur la stabilité résidentielle de 478 individus faisant une première utilisation significative des services en santé mentale. Les données sociodémographiques, psychosociales et cliniques autorapportées de contacts avec les services policiers, d’arrestations et de mises en accusation au cours des six mois précédant le premier contact avec les services en santé mentale ont été colligées. Des régressions logistiques ont été effectuées pour vérifier la progression des individus à travers les premières étapes du système de justice pénale. Les résultats de ce mémoire suggèrent que chacune des premières étapes de progression dans le système de justice pénale présente des facteurs de risques distincts. Plusieurs des facteurs significativement associés à la progression d’aucun contact avec les services policiers à un contact avec les services policiers pourraient l’être en raison d’une situation de crise. De plus, les résultats soulignent l’importance de la perception des policiers dans la décision de procéder à une arrestation et cela, au-delà de caractéristiques objectives ou autorapportées des personnes atteintes d’un trouble mental. On peut émettre l’hypothèse que, de la même façon que les perceptions des policiers peuvent influencer la décision de procéder à l’arrestation, les perceptions des procureurs pourraient influencer la décision de porter des accusations. Plus de recherche est nécessaire pour vérifier l’impact de la perception des acteurs judiciaires sur la progression dans le système de justice pénale des personnes atteintes d’un trouble mental. Si les perceptions sont aussi importantes que le suggère ce mémoire, il serait important de complémenter les programmes de diversion par des formations pour informer les acteurs du système de justice pénale de l’impact de leurs perceptions sur leurs décisions. / About 60 years ago light was shed on an inadequate processing of persons with mental illness through the criminal justice system. This phenomenon is still of concern nowadays. In fact, persons with mental illness are overrepresented all along the continuum of contacts with the criminal justice system. However, these contacts are mostly studied as discrete events (e.g., contact with police services, arrest, indictment) rather than as being part of a continuum representing a movement through the criminal justice system (e.g., progression from a contact with police services to an arrest). The first objective of this research project is to identify, in the literature, factors associated with the decision of police officers to arrest persons with mental illness. The second objective is to identify, among persons with mental illness, factors associated with proceeding from: 1) no contact with police services to a contact with police services; 2) a contact with police services to an arrest; and 3) an arrest to an indictment. A systematic review was made to pursue the first objective. A total of 19 studies were identified from four databases. To address the second objective, secondary analysis of the baseline data from the AMONT project were made. This project examined residential stability of 478 first-time mental health service users. Sociodemographic, psychosocial, and self-reported data regarding contacts with police services, arrests and indictments in the six months prior to the first interview were collected. Logistic regressions were conducted in order to assess the flow through the different stages of the criminal justice system. Findings of this research project suggest that the movement through each stage presents distinctive risk factors. Several factors significantly associated with the flow from no contact with police services to a contact with police services might be caused by mental health crisis. Moreover, results highlight that perceptions of police officers’ might have a greater impact on the flow from a contact with police services to an arrest than actual or self-reported characteristics of persons with mental illness. Results also enable to suggest that, in the same way police officers’ perception can influence police officers’ decision to arrest, perceptions of prosecutors might influence the flow from an arrest to an indictment. More research should be done on the weight of judicial actors’ perception in trajectories of persons with mental illness through the criminal justice system. If their weight is proven to be substantial, diversion programs would benefit to be supported by judicial actors training on the impact of their perceptions on their decisions.

It is common knowledge that owing to their particular vulnerability children worldwide falls prey to physical and/or sexual violence in the home and/or community or witness criminal acts. Consequently children are called upon to testify in a court of law to cruelties or acts of violence. As a result of their developmental shortcomings and immaturity, children find the criminal justice system extremely intimidating and challenging. The importance of realising a justice system that not only affords an accused person the right to a fair trial but also protects and safeguards the rights of the child victims of and witnesses to the crime is thus indisputable. The purpose of this research was therefore to assist the South African criminal justice system in its on-going challenge to find a balance between the right of the accused person to a fair trial and the protection and safeguarding of the rights of child victims and child witnesses. The protection and safeguarding of the rights of child victims and child witnesses in terms of the South African Constitution, applicable domestic law and international instruments relating thereto were extensively discussed and shortcomings identified. Possible solutions to ensure that child witnesses and child victims are adequately protected and supported during the trial stage of the criminal process were advanced. Particular emphasis was placed on the role of an intermediary in assisting child victims and child witnesses during the court process. Comparative research on the protection of child victims and child witnesses in the criminal justice systems of New Zealand and Namibia were also conducted. Conclusions drawn from comparative studies were used to recommend appropriate changes to the current system. It is submitted that the adequate protection and safeguarding of the rights of child victims and child witnesses are dependent not only on sound legal principles but also on governmental and other involved stakeholders’ commitment toward the realisation of these rights. In order to give proper effect to the protection and safeguarding of child victims’ and child witnesses’ rights, it is proposed that the recommendations made throughout this study should be adopted and implemented. In this regard the role of an intermediary is crucial and the use of intermediaries should be promoted. / Private Law / LL.D.