Titel: Ledarskap i ingripande- och utryckningsverksamhet Syfte: Vårt syfte med studien är att genom en inventering av ledarskap inom polis och räddningstjänst få en ökad förståelse för ledarskap i stressfulla situationer. Det för att möjliggöra en överföring av de lärdomar som polis och räddningstjänst besitter kring hantering av stress och stressfulla situationer till övriga mer traditionella yrken.  Metod: Vår studie präglas av en deduktiv forskningsansats och den forskningsmetod som använts är kvalitativ forskningsstrategi. Vid vår datainsamling använde vi oss av en fallstudie. Det gjordes genom intervjuer med respondenter besittande önskade kompetenser inom forskningsområdet.  Slutsats: Utifrån datainsamling har vi kommit fram till följande slutsatser:  *Ledarskapet växlar mellan detaljstyrt ledarskap och målinriktat ledarskap beroende på situation. *Vid stressfulla situationer är det viktigt att ledaren inte kastar sig in och deltar i situationens hetta. *Stresshantering är en avgörande faktor för framgång i ledarskap. *Tidsfaktorn är avgörande i beslutsfattande. *Tillit och förtroende är avgörande. / Title: Leadership in intervention and emergency services  Purpose: Our purpose with the study is to gain an increased understanding of leadership in stressful situations through an inventory of leadership in the police and emergency services. This is to enable the transfer of the knowledge that the police and emergency services possess about managing stress and stressful situations to other more traditional professions. Method: Our study is characterized by a deductive research approach and the research method that has been used is a qualitative research strategy. In our data collection we used a case study. This was completed by interviewing respondents with the desired competencies in the research area. Conclusion: Based on our data collection, we have reached the following conclusions: *Leadership alternates between detailed leadership and goal-oriented leadership depending on the situation. *In stressful situations, it is important that the leader does not dive into and participate in the heat of the situation. *Stress management is a crucial factor for success in leadership. *The time factor is crucial in decision making. *Trust and confidence are crucial.

I denna uppsats undersöks krishantering vid svenska musikfestivaler. Studien fokuserar på hur dessa evenemang förbereder sig för och hanterar potentiella kriser. Denna uppsats har använt sig av sex kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med projekledare, säkerhetsansvariga, sakkuninga och andra personer med relevant kunskap och erfarenheter samt en dokumentstudie. Studien använder sig av ramverket Krishanteringens livscykel kompletterat med MSB:s fyra principer mot antagonistiska hot för att göra det mer tillämpat på musikfestivalbranschen. I resultatet framgår det att musikfestivalorganistationer lägger vikt vid utbildad personal, välutformade och tydliga krishanteringsplaner samt effektiv kommunikation för att säkerställa en säker musikfestivalmiljö. Som slutsats ser vi att svenska musikfestivalorganisationer ständigt måste vara förberedda för att kunna möta och planera inför nya kriser och hot. Genom tydliga och heltäckande krishanteringsplaner kan organisationerna ta an förebyggande åtgärder mot bland annat antagonistiska hot, trängselolyckor och sexualbrott. Vi har sett att säkerhetsarbetet är en kontinuerlig process som hela tiden måste utvärderas och förändras för att möta nya yttre faktorer som kan påverka musikfestivalorganisationer och dess deltagares trygghet. Denna studien är skriven på svenska. / This thesis explores crisis management at Swedish music festivals, focusing on how these events prepare for and manage potential crises. The study employs six qualitative semi-structured interviews with project leaders, security managers, experts, and other individuals possessing relevant knowledge and experience, as well as a document study. It utilizes the Crisis Management Lifecycle framework, enhanced with the MSB's four principles against antagonistic threats, to apply it specifically to the music festival industry. The results indicate that music festival organizations emphasize trained personnel, well-designed and clear crisis management plans, and effective communication to ensure a safe festival environment. In conclusion, we can see that Swedish music festival organizations must constantly be prepared to meet and plan for new crises and threats. Through clear and comprehensive crisis management plans, organizations can take preventive measures against, among other things, antagonistic threats, crowd accidents, and sexual assaults. We have seen that security work is a continuous process that must constantly be evaluated and adjusted to meet new external factors that may affect the safety of music festival organizations and their participants. This study is written in Swedish.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Business continuity planning can be defined as the process of developing advance arrangements and procedures that enable an organisation to respond to an event in such a manner that critical business functions will continue with the least interruption or essential change. This study project guides one through an investigation of a business continuity planning project in Media24, a large multi-national corporate based in South Africa. As with most South African companies, Media24 has not done sufficient planning in this regard till now. This study project will describe the methodology followed during this project as well as extracts from interviews conducted with numerous individuals at various management levels in this company. This study project can assist any medium to large South African enterprise who is considering a business continuity planning project. It endeavours to motivate and convince the reader of the unquestionable grounds for business continuity planning in any organisation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gebeurlikheidsbeplanning kan gedefinieer word as die proses om gevorderde reëlings en prosesse in plek te stel om 'n organisasie te bemagtig om te kan reageer op 'n voorval op so 'n manier dat die kritieke besigheidsfunksies kan voortgaan met die kleinste moontlik steuring of onderbreking van hierdie funksies. Hierdie studieprojek lei mens deur die ondersoek van 'n gebeurlikheidsbeplanning-projek wat aangepak was deur Media24, 'n multinasionale firma gebaseer in Suid-Afrika. Soos met meeste Suid-Afrikaanse besighede, het Media24 nog nooit 'n voldoende inisiatief aangepak tot nou nie. Hierdie projek sal die metodologie beskryf wat gevolg is sowel as ekstrakte van vele onderhoude wat gehou is met individue uit verskillende bestuursvlakke in hierdie organisasie. Die doel van hierdie projek is om enige medium tot groot Suid-Afrikaanse organisasie te ondersteun wat gebeurlikheidsbeplanning oorweeg. Dit poog om die leser te motiveer en te oortuig van die onbetwisbare argument vir gebeurlikheidsbeplanning in enige organisasie.

Preparing for crisis is a challenge. To be prepared to handle a crisis, organizationshave to practice. Crisis management exercises are never performed as often theyshould, as it is expensive and takes long time to plan.The purpose of this thesis is to examine how public bodies and other organizations inAkershus plan and execute crisis management exercises. The thesis aims to evaluateinterest and survey pre-conditions and useful features for a digital tool to complementtraditional contingency exercises.A qualitative approach has been applied in form of interviews and literature review asthe objective is to achieve comprehension of the interviewed organizations routinesand practices, and the circumstances which may affect their need for a digital trainingtool.Six key factors in crisis management are identified in the literature review. Thefactors are: flexibility, communication, cooperation and coordination as well asinformation and improvisation. In addition, methods to understand how users interactwith technology as well as how to design responsive web pages were explored.The analysis is based on empirical results from five interviews from fiveorganizations. The empirical results were compared to the key factors from theliterature review.The study shows that the most of the interviewed organizations use CIM®, and thatall of them implement tabletop or scenario exercises in their training. The interviewedorganizations believe that a digital tool for contingency exercises can be acontribution to traditional exercises, but there are issues concerning how cooperationand communication can be maintained in any digital tool to be used in an area wherefunctional communication and cooperation is necessary.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Reputation is “the overall estimation in which a company is held by its constituents. A corporate reputation represents the ’net‘ affective or emotional reaction – good or bad, weak or strong – of customers, investors, employees, and the general public to the company’s name” (Fombrun, 1996: 37). For an organisation to remain competitive, achieve its goals and thrive a favourable reputation is the platform for approval and acceptance by the different stakeholders of the organisation. Reputation is also a way in which companies can attain competitive advantage from other similar organisations by displaying its unique competencies or differences. A good reputation of a company is an intangible asset that plays a major role in a company’s general success. A positive corporate reputation assists with employee recruitment, attracts investors, aid premium pricing and product quality, make financial resources availability easier and constrain the movement of competitors (Watson, 2007: 371). A reputational crisis is “the loss of the common estimation of the good name attributed to an organisation”. In recent years, more companies experienced reputational crises. These crises can occur in the form of a product-harm crisis, a recall crisis or any other form of situation that can damage a company’s reputation and where the company was not prepared for the subsequent events (Booth, 2000: 197). This research paper provides an overview of the Toyota recall crisis to put the events and situation the company faced in context and consequently discusses the current crisis management methods and crisis communication strategies methodology. The argument for the usefulness of a new approach to crisis management, namely the Qualitative Politicised Influence Diagram (QPID) approach, is presented and applied to the Toyota reputational crisis. As companies in the global age of communication, environmental responsibility, the internet and social media experience the snowball effect of any issue that can become a major threat to its reputation, a new approach to the management of a crisis can be of significant value. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Reputasie is "wat mense oor die algemeen van 'n maatskappy dink. 'n Maatskappy se reputasie verteenwoordig die ‘netto’ affektiewe of emosionele reaksie – goed of sleg, swak of sterk – wat kliënte, beleggers, werknemers, en die algemene publiek aan die maatskappy se naam koppel" (Fombrun; 1996:37). Vir 'n organisasie om kompeterend te bly, om sy doelwitte te bereik en te floreer, moet hy 'n gunstige reputasie hê om deur die verskillende belanghebbendes van die organisasie goedgekeur en aanvaar te word. Reputasie is ook 'n manier waarop maatskappye 'n mededingende voordeel kan verkry teenoor ander soortgelyke organisasies deur hulle unieke vaardighede of verskille te vertoon. 'n Maatskappy se goeie reputasie is 'n ontasbare bate wat 'n belangrike rol speel in sy algemene sukses. 'n Positiewe korporatiewe reputasie help om nuwe werknemers te werf, beleggers te lok, premiepryse en produkkwaliteit te ondersteun, die beskikbaarstelling van finansiële hulpbronne makliker te maak, en die beweging van mededingers te beperk (Watson, 2007:371) 'n Reputasiekrisis is wanneer "'n organisasie die algemene mening dat hy 'n goeie naam het, verloor". Die afgelope paar jaar ervaar al hoe meer maatskappye reputasiekrisisse. Hierdie krisisse kan in die vorm wees van 'n produk wat skade kan veroorsaak, 'n produk wat herroep moet word, of enige ander soort situasie wat 'n maatskappy se reputasie nadelig kan beïnvloed, waar die maatskappy nie voorbereid is op die daaropvolgende gebeure nie (Booth, 2000:197). Hierdie navorsing gee 'n oorsig oor Toyota se herroep-krisis ten einde die gebeure en die situasie wat die maatskappy in die gesig gestaar het, in konteks plaas, en bespreek daarna die huidige krisisbestuurmetodes en krisiskommunikasiestrategiemetodologie. Daar word geargumenteer waarom 'n nuwe benadering tot krisisbestuur, naamlik die “Qualitative Politicised Influence Diagram” (QPID), nuttig sal wees, en genoemde benadering word op Toyota se reputasiekrisis toegepas. Soos maatskappye in hierdie era van globale kommunikasie, omgewingsverantwoordelikheid, die internet en sosiale media die sneeubaleffek ervaar van enige kwessie wat 'n groot bedreiging vir 'n maatskappy se reputasie kan inhou, kan 'n nuwe benadering tot die bestuur van 'n krisis uiters waardevol wees.

In the age of the risk society, when several actors at an international, national, and local level converge in order to find solutions that help mitigate the global effects of natural disasters, there is a need to study the patterns for communicating and interacting with the public that eventually feel the impact of crises. In the richer parts of the world ICTs have facilitated a framework for having instant information regarding threats that make crisis management a discipline that is centered more in preparing and planning, rather than mitigating actual crises.  In developing countries, the contextual idiosyncrasies of each nation provide a fragmented array of settings that prevents a rapid flow of information in the event of natural disasters. The phenomenal growth of mobile telephony use and its rapid diffusion in developing countries offers a game changing scenario where crisis managers could benefit from new applications and functionalities of mobile devices. In a confluence of multidisciplinary nature, this study aims to explore the role of mobile technology and internet in crisis management, as well as the state of accessibility of mobile technology when addressing the general public in Ghana. This study follows a three-pronged approach with the aim of answering its research questions. First, a qualitative study of the communication processes between crisis managers and the public and the role of mobile technologies during those processes. Second, a quantitative study of the uses of mobile internet and the current mobile internet infrastructure. Finally, a study on the accessibility level of Ghana’s national crisis management organization’s website. Several conclusions can be drawn from this study. Mobile technologies have an important role in the communication process of crisis managers and the public, however the use of internet still has no part in the flows of communication due to deficits in infrastructure and socio-economic factors, leading to a disconnection between international risk policy requirements and local needs. The lack of resources is seen as the biggest challenge for crisis managers; a challenge that leads to issues of trust in the public and non-compliance. Finally, while there have been improvements in accessibility efforts, there is still a wide gap between international web accessibility best practices and the one provided by authorities in Ghana.

Bakgrund: I Sverige har managementfilosofin Lean Production (Lean) fått ett stort genomslag inom offentliga verksamheter. Lean, som har sitt ursprung i den japanska biltillverkningsindustrin, handlar om att öka värde för kund, effektivisera verksamheten genom atteliminera resursslöseri och arbeta med ständiga förbättringar. Migrationsverkets beslutade 2010 att införa arbetssättet Lean i hela verksamheten. På grund av eskalerande konflikter runt om i världen, speciellt i Syrien, briserade flyktingströmmarna under 2015 och människor flydde mot Europa och Sverige för att söka skydd undan krig och förödelse. Efterfrågan på Migrationsverkets tjänster ökade således enormt och myndigheten försattes i en krissituation vars storlek aldrig tidigare upplevts. Arbetet enligt Lean sattes på prov och så även myndighetens krishantering.  Syfte: Syftet med studien är att öka förståelsen av hur tillämpningen av Lean inom offentlig verksamhet påverkas i en krissituation, samt att identifiera centrala leanattribut att utveckla för krishantering. Metod: Detta är en kvalitativ fallstudie av Migrationsverket. Den bygger på fem semistrukturerade intervjuer samt dokumentstudier. Studien har en övergripande induktiv forskningsansats och utgår således från empirin.  Slutsats: Studien visar att Lean fungerade som en stödstruktur för Migrationsverket vid hanteringen av flyktingkrisen 2015. Teamarbete och mötesstruktur fick en viktig betydelse för meningsskapande för medarbetarna. Samtidigt anpassades förbättringsarbetet och processflödet till krissituationen och blev mer kortsiktigt. / Background: In Sweden, the management philosophy of Lean Production (Lean) has had amajor impact on the public sector. Lean originated from the Japanese automotive industry and involves aspects such as increasing value for customers, optimize operations by eliminating waste and continuous improvements. In 2010 the Swedish Migration Agency decided to apply Lean on the whole organisation. Because of escalating conflicts around the world, especially in Syria, the refugee stream in 2015 increased and people fled to Europe and Sweden to seek protection from war and devastation. The demand for the Migrations Agency’s services thus increased enormously and the authority found itself in a crisis which magnitude had not been experienced before. Thus, the Lean strategy as well as the crisis management of the Migrations Agency was tested. Aim: The aim of the thesis is to increase the understanding of how the application of Lean in the public sector is affected during a crisis, and to identify key aspects of Lean to develop within crisis management. Methodology: This is a qualitative case study within the Swedish Migration Agency which is built upon semi structured interviews and document studies. The thesis has an inductive approach. Conclusion: The thesis shows that Lean functioned as a supportive structure for the Swedish Migration Agency during the immigration crisis in 2015. Teamwork and meeting structure had a great importance for sensemaking among the workers. The continuous improvement and process flow was affected by the crisis situation and adjusted to the crisis situation and became short-term.

CHDS State/Local / This thesis reviews background related to counterterrorism and law enforcement planning for major special events and it identifies some of the strategic issues that have emerged in special events management since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. It focuses on the subjective and objective components of the systems currently used by DHS and the FBI to categorize and resource special events, and it evaluates whether the current approach to major event planning is sufficient for contemporary counterterrorism challenges. The thesis considers how changes in the present system may improve interagency counterterrorism preparedness. Finally, it applies risk management principles to the interagency special event planning process to determine if these principles are useful for developing a rational, politically defensible, and fiscally responsible approach to federal resource allocation for major special events. / Chief, FBI Special Events Management Unit, Washington, D.C.

CHDS State/Local / Many organizations believe they are prepared for the next terrorist event by wrongly assuming there is a predictable threat that can be managed with the purchase of new equipment. Unless organizations develop a resilient response strategy that can adapt organizational and operational elements to respond to new terrorist incidents, they will find themselves with the same difficulties emergency responders did on 9/11. As terrorist attacks unfold, organizations are pushed beyond their normal capabilities. How quickly organizations adapt to the uncertainty of a new crisis is critical. Organizations that cannot adapt to new threats of large, complex terrorist events will be less likely to respond effectively to future attacks. This paper recommends a resilient response strategy that is flexible enough to adapt to complex incidents. It proposes policy recommendations that address organizational strategy and operational crisis management to deal with the initial critical hours of a terrorist attack. Organizational strategy defines core competencies and what happens when competencies are pushed beyond their capacity. Operational crisis management will examine situational awareness requirements, flexible decision-making and innovation. Command resiliency is achieved by overcoming organizational bias and integrating organizational preparedness and operational adaptability into a synergistic response network. / Deputy Assistant Chief, Fire Department City of New York

CHDS State/Local / Since 9/11 much progress has been made by Federal, State and local authorities to prepare for future Catastrophic Incidents. The March 1, 2004 release of the National Incident Management System (NIMS) mandated the use of Unified Command and Incident Management Teams (IMTs) for multi-agency, multi-jurisdictional incidents. These teams have strong potential for improving complex incident management. However, the potential for interagency conflict threatens effectual IMT functioning in the absence of team skills instruction as part of a national training curriculum. The current curriculum teaches technical skills and ICS role responsibilities, and omits skills needed to build healthy team dynamics. Training for IMTs needs to include more than technical skills ("What to do"), and that Department of Homeland Security (DHS) should expand the curriculum to include team dynamics ("How to do it"). Further, DHS need not "re-invent the wheel" when looking for sources of team dynamic theory, but need only look to and adapt the experience of business and academia. Over the past 20-25 years a variety of inter-organizational networks and Work Teams have been studied and field tested. This thesis examines literature lessons on the problems shared by Work Teams and IMTs, with particular emphasis on effectiveness and managing conflict. / Division Chief, Austin Fire Department