Во введении обоснована актуальность темы ВКР, определены объект и предмет исследования, сформулирована цель работы, поставлены задачи, которые необходимо решить для достижения цели исследования, обозначена степень разработанности темы, показана научная новизна результатов проведенного исследования. В первой главе на основе анализа теоретических основ управления проектами показано, что знание их необходимо для корректной оценки качества инвестиционно-строительного проекта (ИСП). Во второй главе на основе анализа показателей качества решений проектно-конструкторской документации, показано, что для оценки качества ИСП целесообразно рассматривать: проектные решения, проектно-конструкторскую деятельность и исполнение проектной документации. В третьей главе описаны методики оценки качества инвестиционно-строительного проекта, проведен сравнительный анализ методик на основе их применения на примере конкретного объекта капитального строительства (физкультурно-спортивный комплекс). В заключении приведены результаты, полученные в ходе исследования, и основные выводы по ВКР. / In the introduction the relevance of the final qualifying work is substantiated, the object and subject of research are defined, the purpose of the work is formulated, tasks are set, the scientific novelty of research is shown. In the first chapter it is shown based on the analysis of the theoretical foundations of project management that knowledge of them is necessary for a correct assessment of the quality of an investment construction project. In the second chapter it is shown based on the analysis of the quality indicators of design documentation solutions that it is advisable to consider: design solutions, design activities and execution of design documentation to assess the quality of an investment construction project. The third chapter describes the methods of assessing the quality of an investment and construction project, a comparative analysis of the methods based on their application on the example of a specific object of capital construction (a sports complex). In conclusion, the results obtained during the study and the main conclusions on the work are presented.

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[pt] O sistema elétrico de potência brasileiro, denominado Sistema Interli- gado Nacional – SIN, possui como órgão responsável pela operação o Op- erador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico – ONS. A fim de utilizar os recursos energéticos de forma a garantir a qualidade, confiabilidade e segurança no suprimento de energia elétrica ao menor custo total de operação, o oper- ador utiliza uma cadeia de modelos de otimização que subsidia a tomada de decisão no Programa Diário de Operação, implementado diariamente nas salas de controle do ONS e de agentes de geração para operação em tempo real. A etapa de Programação Diária do Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico busca estabelecer o despacho centralizado da geração e das reser- vas de potência a fim de atender à demanda prevista de energia elétrica considerando os limites da rede elétrica, das tecnologias de geração e a in- certeza de disponibilidade das unidades geradores e linhas de transmissão. Este trabalho propõe um modelo computacional programado em código aberto para a programação diária implementado na linguagem Julia. O modelo pertence à classe de modelos de unit commitment e considera a cootimização do despacho de geração e definição dos níveis de reservas em cada gerador do SIN para atender a critérios de segurança do tipo N − K . / [en] The Brazilian electric power system, called the National Interconnected System - SIN ( Sistema Interligado Nacional), has as its responsible institu- tion for operation the National Electric System Operator - ONS (Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico). In order to manage energy resources to en- sure quality, reliability and security of electricity supply at the lowest total operating cost, the operator uses a chain of optimization models that feeds the Daily Operation Program for decision-making, which is implemented everyday in the ONS and generators control rooms for real-time operation. The Daily Scheduling phase of the National Electric System Operator seeks to establish the centralized dispatch of generation and power reserves in order to meet the expected demand for electricity considering the limits of both the electrical grid and the generation technologies, along with the uncertainty of availability of generator units and transmission lines. This work proposes a computational model programmed in open-source for daily operation programming, implemented in the Julia language. The model be- longs to the unit commitment model class and it considers the generation dispatch cooptimization and reserve levels definition in each SIN generator to meet N-K safety criteria.

Cette étude s’intéresse à l’analyse qu’ont fait les juges de la Cour supérieure du Québec, entre 2016 et 2020, du critère de réussite de la garde partagée des capacités parentales comparables afin de déterminer s’il existe une différence entre les reproches émis à l’endroit des parents en fonction de leur genre. Nos résultats nous amènent à répondre par l’affirmative. En effet, non seulement les pères dans l’échantillon de décisions analysées voient leurs capacités parentales plus souvent remises en question que les mères, mais les reproches que les juges attribuent aux parents varient selon le genre de ces derniers. Principalement, les pères sont visés par des reproches concernant leur prise en charge des besoins de leur enfant, alors que les mères le sont quant à leur capacité à favoriser le lien de l’enfant avec le père. Certaines hypothèses sont finalement explorées afin de tenter d’expliquer les principales différences recensées à l’égard des reproches remettant en question les capacités parentales des pères et mères : les rôles parentaux traditionnels, les problèmes de santé mentale vécus plus spécifiquement par les pères et mères dans le cadre d’une rupture conjugale ainsi que l’influence des allégations de violence. / This study focuses on the Superior Court of Quebec judges’ analysis, between 2016 and 2020, of the shared custody criterion of parental abilities to determine whether there is a difference based on gender between the criticisms levelled at fathers and mothers. Our results lead us to answer in the affirmative. Indeed, not only do fathers in the sample of decisions analyzed find their parental abilities questioned more often than mothers, but the blame that judges attribute to parents varies according to their gender. Mainly, fathers are targeted by criticism regarding their support of their child’s needs, while mothers are targeted with respect to their ability to co-parent. Finally, some hypotheses are put forward to explain the main differences identified regarding the criticisms calling into question the parental abilities of fathers and mothers: traditional parental roles, mental health problems experienced more specifically by fathers and mothers in the context of a marital breakdown and, finally, the influence of allegations of violence.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das Strömungsverhalten eines magnetisierten Argonplasmas beim Auftreffen auf eine neutralisierende Oberfläche untersucht. Mit Hilfe der Laserinduzierten Fluoreszenz wurde dazu nicht-invasiv die Geschwindigkeitsverteilung der Ionen mit einer Ortsauflösung von standardmäßig dz=0.5 mm als Funktion des Abstandes zur Oberfläche gemessen. Zwei Situationen wurden untersucht (a): praktisch das ganze Plasma strömt auf ein großes Target (Durchmesser 100 mm) und (b) die Größe des Targets ist wesentlich kleiner (Durchmesser 15 mm) als der Durchmesser der Plasmasäule. Unmittelbar vor der Oberfläche war in beiden Fällen die Strömungsgeschwindigkeit u mindestens so groß wie die Ionenschallgeschwindigkeit cs, genau wie von Bohm bereits 1949 vorhergesagt[]. Unter fusionsrelevanten Bedingungen ist dies die erste direkte Beobachtung des Bohmkriteriums. Bei Annäherung an die Oberfläche steigt die Machzahl M=u/cs von 0.5 auf 1 auf typischen Skalenlängen lambda_a=30 mm bzw. lambda_b=5 mm an. Um diese kurzen Längen erklären zu können wurden die Messdaten in (a) mit einem Stoß-Diffusionsmodell und im Falle von (b) mit dem Modell von Hutchinson[] verglichen. Eine gute Übereinstimmung in (a) wurde erzielt, wenn eine sehr niedrige Neutralgastemperatur von etwa 400 K angenommen wird. Die Messdaten in (b) werden sehr gut durch das Modell wiedergegeben, wenn ein Transportkoeffizient von D=20 m²/s angenommen wird. Ein derartig hoher Transport kann unmöglich allein durch Diffusion verursacht werden. Teilweise kann dieser Transport anhand der endlichen Gyroradien erklärt werden, vermutlich aber spielen auch zeitabhängige Phänomene, wie z.B. Driftwellen eine wichtige Rolle. Weiterhin wurde die Abhängigkeit von dem Winkel zwischen Flächennormalen und B-Feld untersucht. Die unmittelbar vor der Oberfläche auftretenden Überschallströmungen werden verhältnismäßig gut von dem Modell von Chodura[] beschrieben. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die Größe der Zone in der Machzahlen größer eins auftreten deutlich kleiner, als vom Modell vorhergesagt. / In the present work the streaming behavior of a magnetized argon plasma impinging on a neutralizing surface was investigated. For that purpose the ion velocity distribution was measured non-invasively as a function of the distance to the surface by means of Laser Induced Fluorescence. The spatial resolution was typically dz=0.5 mm. Two situations are investigated, (a): when practically the whole plasma streams onto a large target (diameter 100 mm), and (b): when the size of the target (diameter 15 mm) is significantly smaller than the diameter of the plasma column. In both cases the streaming velocity u was at least as high as the ion acoustic sound speed, as already predicted by Bohm in 1949. Under fusion relevant conditions this is the first direct observation of the Bohm criterion. Approaching the target surface the Mach number M=u/c_s increases from values of around 0.5 to 1 on typical scales of lambda_a=30 mm and lambda_b=5 mm, respectively. In order to explain these very short scale lengths the measured data were compared with a collisional-diffusive model in the case of (a) and with Hutchinson''s model[] in the case of (b). A good agreement was achieved in (a) by assuming a very low neutral gas temperature of about 400 K. In (b) the model fits the data excellently when the transport coefficient is chosen as high as D=20 m²/s. Such a high transport cannot be caused solely by diffusion. Partly it is explained by finite gyro-radii effects, but presumably time dependent phenomena, like drift waves, play an important role. In addition the dependence on the angle between surface normal and B-field was investigated. The supersonic fluxes found in the immediate vicinity of the surface are described fairly well by the model developed by Chodura[]. By contrast the size of the region, where Mach numbers greater one appear is significantly smaller than predicted.

Within flow-based market coupling, the EU's preferred method for calculating cross-border trading capacities, recent regulatory changes stipulate minimum trading capacities, so-called minRAMs which have to be provided to electricity markets. Effectively, high predicted flows on considered electricity grid elements have to be reduced to reserve a minimum of the elements' capacities for cross-zonal trading. This analysis investigates if the adjustments made to meet this criterion, in the form of augmented trading domains, lead to higher amounts of curative congestion management. To quantify the effect of increasing minRAMs on overall welfare, the markets and grids of Central Western Europe are analyzed during two representative weeks of 2016. The results show the increasing market coupling welfare is more than offset by rising congestion management costs, leading to net welfare losses. In the best case, the generation plus congestion management costs within Central Western Europe rise by 7.25% when increasing the minRAMs from the current 20%–45% and a minRAM of 70% is 6.28% more expensive compared to a minRAM of 20%. The analysis derives policy recommendations for implementing the minRAM stipulation, with a particular focus on a cost-minimizing selection of generation shift keys, in general as well as situation-dependent terms.

Le choix de compétences dans le contrat de travail international, permet une véritable valorisation du rôle de la volonté des parties dans l'insertion des clauses contractuelles désignant la compétence d'une loi ou d'un juge, étatique ou privé. Des conditions de fond et de forme sont exigées pour l'admissibilité de cette dérogation volontaire à la compétence naturelle des règles applicables. Mais, le déséquilibre qui caractérise la relation de travail, exige un encadrement stricte de ce choix par des mécanismes protecteurs de la partie faible. L'intervention des règles impératives du lieu de l'exécution habituelle du travail permet d'atteindre cet objectif par l'application, soit d'un critère de faveur qui consiste à appliquer la loi la plus favorable pour le salarié, soit à mettre en œuvre un critère de proximité qui permet d'appliquer la loi qui entretient les liens les plus étroits avec la situation litigieuse. / In international contracts of employment, the parties’ will is significantly enhanced by the choice of competences through the insertion of clauses referring to the competent law or competent judge (private or public). But the eligibility for this voluntary exemption to applicable natural competences requires formal and substantial conditions. Indeed, the disequilibrium that inherently characterizes the employment relationship calls for a strict scrutiny. Assuring the choice made by the weaker thus necessitates protective mechanisms. The intervention of mandatory rules of the place where the employee habitually carries out his work allows the achievement of the aforementioned objective. This is done so by the application of two alternative criteria, in either the law that is the most favourable law to his interests or the law that is most closely connected to the particular situation.

This research focuses on educators' experience of implementing outcomes-based education in grade nine in secondary schools in South Africa. Two schools were chosen as settings for the qualitative research project. Three focus groups with 20 educators, two focus groups with 14 managers and seven personal interviews were conducted. Twelve classrooms were also observed where grade nine learners were being taught. Findings indicated that some educators found the experience of implementing OBE positive in that it improved their repertoire of facilitating and assessing skills. The reasons for citing OBE as a negative experience were given as the following: an increased workload, poor training and lack of follow-up by the Department and the school management team's degree of involvement. Recommendations were made on how to ease the burden on educators implementing OBE in their classrooms and to empower school managers to manage the implementation of OBE within their respective areas of responsibility. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Education Management)