Women in South Africa are discriminated against in various areas of their lives, specifically in the workplace where the power dynamics between men and women are not equally distributed. This qualitative research study in a critical phenomenological research paradigm has allowed me to explore, describe, explain and gain an understanding of the nature of female teachers‟ lived experiences of senior male colleagues‟ exercising of power. It has also allowed me to critically challenge and question female teachers‟ lived experiences by interpreting and making meaning or the power conundrum within a school context. Using a qualitative research design and methodology, I interrogated the power hierarchy in schools by initiating critical dialogue with the participants. This study serves as a voice for female teachers‟ lived experiences regarding the power conundrum. Data was generated by 16 purposefully selected female teachers from various primary and secondary schools in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda district in the North-West Province, more specifically the Matlosana area. The data generation phases consist of two consecutive phases each with different stages. The first phase concerns the photo-elicitation-narratives (written). This is followed by individual photo-elicitation-interviews during the second phase. The data is analysed by means of interpretive phenomenology analysis (IPA). Thereafter themes and categories are identified, and verified during a consensus meeting with independent coders. Two main themes are identified: Theme one is that female teachers experience power as a behaviour that has the potential to evoke feelings that are (im)balanced, thus power evokes feelings of either being nurtured or feelings that are seen as degrading or destructive in nature. Theme two reflects female teachers‟ suggestions of promoting their own well-being. As wellbeing evokes a sense of meaningfulness and belonging in the workplace, it can lead to positive work relationships. When power is misused or abused in the workplace, it results in workplace bullying and abusive behaviour, which has a negative effect not only on employees‟ work performance, but also on their personal life and own health. If the detrimental effects of this phenomenon of power in a school context are ignored, female teachers will continue to experience loss of self-esteem and work withdrawal, and show signs of increased depression as well as high stress levels. / MEd (Learner Support), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Women in South Africa are discriminated against in various areas of their lives, specifically in the workplace where the power dynamics between men and women are not equally distributed. This qualitative research study in a critical phenomenological research paradigm has allowed me to explore, describe, explain and gain an understanding of the nature of female teachers‟ lived experiences of senior male colleagues‟ exercising of power. It has also allowed me to critically challenge and question female teachers‟ lived experiences by interpreting and making meaning or the power conundrum within a school context. Using a qualitative research design and methodology, I interrogated the power hierarchy in schools by initiating critical dialogue with the participants. This study serves as a voice for female teachers‟ lived experiences regarding the power conundrum. Data was generated by 16 purposefully selected female teachers from various primary and secondary schools in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda district in the North-West Province, more specifically the Matlosana area. The data generation phases consist of two consecutive phases each with different stages. The first phase concerns the photo-elicitation-narratives (written). This is followed by individual photo-elicitation-interviews during the second phase. The data is analysed by means of interpretive phenomenology analysis (IPA). Thereafter themes and categories are identified, and verified during a consensus meeting with independent coders. Two main themes are identified: Theme one is that female teachers experience power as a behaviour that has the potential to evoke feelings that are (im)balanced, thus power evokes feelings of either being nurtured or feelings that are seen as degrading or destructive in nature. Theme two reflects female teachers‟ suggestions of promoting their own well-being. As wellbeing evokes a sense of meaningfulness and belonging in the workplace, it can lead to positive work relationships. When power is misused or abused in the workplace, it results in workplace bullying and abusive behaviour, which has a negative effect not only on employees‟ work performance, but also on their personal life and own health. If the detrimental effects of this phenomenon of power in a school context are ignored, female teachers will continue to experience loss of self-esteem and work withdrawal, and show signs of increased depression as well as high stress levels. / MEd (Learner Support), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The care provided by informal caregivers is an important part of the support needed by older adults with chronic health concerns. As the demand for caregivers grows, so does an interest in helping caregivers be healthy in order to fulfill this role. As of yet, no research has explored what being healthy means to caregivers. I explore caregivers’ beliefs about being healthy and how their beliefs are consistent with or a challenge to the values present in the health promotion discourse targeting caregivers. I incorporate qualitative data from three sources: interviews with caregivers, interviews with people responsible for creating and updating health promotion brochures (producers), and a critical discourse analysis of health promotion brochures. I explore what being healthy means to caregivers, and I also explore what caregivers do to be healthy. The meaning of being healthy is often discussed by caregivers in terms consistent with the values of neoliberal ideology and individual responsibility. However, the means by which caregivers can be healthy are both consistent with and a challenge to these values. Policy makers interested in finding ways to help caregivers be healthy should take into account that the meaning of being healthy is non-static and multi-dimensional. In addition, the means by which caregivers are able to be healthy are composed of multiple layers. The ability to be healthy depends on each caregiver making healthy decisions and living a healthy lifestyle. However, each caregiver’s ability to make and execute these choices is predicated on their ability to access to a wide spectrum of services and support. Encouraging caregivers to access services and supports is a vital part of helping caregivers be healthy. / Graduate

This ethnographic dissertation project is an applied philosophical project that takes an ontological and critical phenomenological approach to the enactment of carceral bodies. This dissertation set out to answer two central questions. First, how do jail intake processes enact carceral bodies (analog and digital) and what are the ontological implications? Second, how are jail intake processes reflective of the values and logics of a carceral society? The process of answering these questions offers an early attempt at empirical abolitionist science and technology studies research as it offers an intervention in the essentializing biomedical and criminological understandings of "the criminal." This is achieved by tracing the enactment pf carceral bodies across the domains of datafication, space, and time. First, with the advent of digital technologies, the science and technology of criminality continues to be informed by the desire to use metrics to identify and define criminal man. Like their precursors, however; when taken together these quantified characteristics contribute to the production of a body predisposed not to crime but to incarceration. This predisposition arises out of datafication and algorithmic characterization. The data comprising the raw material of this assignation pulls together the digitization of one's race, ethnicity, school (reflective of the school-to-prison-pipeline), address, sex, socio-economic status, disability status, mental health status, etc. Carceral algorithms, and the structures they arise out of, inform one's incarcerability. The carceral body of data and its risks are multiple and are represented in a number of ways, just as it is experienced variously. There are infinite permutations of the intake process across which categories come to stand in for human suffering, for risk, for job performance, etc. The data generated and its infrastructures are reflective of the broader political and socioeconomic context. The role of data collection, management, and analysis surrounding the intake process makes visible the politics and stakes of the carceral bodies enacted. The two primary epistemologies and attendant professions brought to bear upon the carceral body are medicine and criminology. These epistemologies rely upon quantification, categorization, and calculations of risk to generate data from which carceral knowledge is made (and in turn makes). This project characterizes the data infrastructures of the jails as socio-technical objects, practices, and architectures that are multiple and complex. It is through this lens that managerialism, algorithms, and knowledge production are characterized. Together, these facets provide insight into the making of carceral bodies of data and the logics and mechanisms of the carceral-data-industrial-complex. Second, this project addresses the spatialities that carceral bodies are generative of and situated in. The spaces of intake are suffused with values, politics, and epistemologies that play out in a number of ways. In order draw out these facets, the ontological approach was integrated with carceral geography. This approach elevates micro-scales of space and time, placing the personal and particular beside within the broader social and political contexts. This shift in scale has important implications for the study of correctional facilities as it is from this scale that the complexities, relationalities, materialities, contradictions, and multiplicities are visible. This approach relates to Foucault's carceral archipelago, which conveys the complexities of carceral spaces, surveillances, and their leakiness. Carceral geography's reading of Foucault requires an engagement across carceral societies that incorporates the body as a prime site from which to understand complex dynamics of control. Carceral geography offers a helpful approach drawing out spatialities enacted through performances and experiences, making concertina wire fences permeable and ever-mutable. The carceral body carries carceral spaces within it and beyond it that arise out of epistemes, policies, and practices that are mutually reinforcing and enmeshed. These embodied spaces include emotions and mental self-scapes alongside digitally recorded diagnoses and correctional designations. When considering how security infrastructures permeate society, well beyond correctional facility gates, this has important implications for this carceral society. The buildings and physical spaces of incarceration are read as reflective of the values and logics of the state, this brings into view the extra-penological function of incarceration, in which specific populations are disproportionately removed and disciplined/ punished by the state even before they are determined to be guilty or not guilty by a court. This hyper-incarceration of certain populations underlines the spatial logics of carceral networks that reflect the machinations of a neoliberal state that disappears those who have been Othered via carceral networks. This takes on even more problematic hues when considering the torturous conditions unsuitable for any creature, including humans. Third, despite Western constructs of linear or absolute time, the study of the carceral temporal body demonstrates the relativities, multiplicities, and disjunctures that challenge the notion of a universal clock. This dissertation tells of carceral bodies made into and across multiple time points. Bodies become metaphoric timeclocks through managerial oversight processes in which they are assigned varying times across different electronic record systems, with these different from their time of arrest and remand. In this space, the temporal jurisdictions diverge, giving rise to frictions and conflict. Further, these assigned temporalities differ greatly from the ways time is experienced across embodied states (e.g. experiencing acute withdrawal symptoms). The theoretical frameworks employed to understand carceral time are designed to address how carceral bodies come to be anticipated. In part, this is enacted through professional and bureaucratic routines that are often protracted and repetitive. These routines give rise to waiting and urgency. This empirical engagement with carceral temporalities draws out epistemic and experiential forces. Ultimately, this dissertation suggests that drawing out the ontological multiplicities of mass incarceration can countermand its fixities and generate abolitionist epistemologies. Abolition has generative potentials that coalesce with science and technology studies' investment in the otherwise. Over time carceral abolition has come to refer to a wide range of social movements, theoretical frameworks, and activism. The various approaches to abolition share a sense of urgency and resistance to gradual or eventual change, as this has historically led to the perpetuation and maintenance of racialized criminal justice systems and mass incarceration. Carceral epistemologies (e.g. penology, criminology, biomedicine, public health) are steeped in racisms and classisms, which inform broader imaginaries of crime and criminality. As political discourse has been reduced to simplistic chants and pithy soundbites, the aim of this dissertation has been to "complicate the discourse" surrounding the carceral-industrial-complex and the carceral body in particular. Understanding the carceral body through its ontological multiplicities serves as the grounds from which resistances to the status quo can be formulated. This is vitally important in light of the diffuse assemblages detailed in this project and the pervasiveness of carceral logics. In sum, this dissertation has demonstrated that carceral bodies are made and not born. It points to the difficult work still needed and the utility of ethnography in eliciting the multiplicities of practices and materialities in carceral settings. The abolitionist dreams arising from this project demand the embrace of ontological multiplicities as new logics and imaginaries unweave the criminal justice system. While it does not fall within the purview of this project to delineate a specific set of directives, it does suggest that abolitionist dis-epistemology requires logics and tactics equally as multifaceted and nuanced as the criminal justice system itself. / Doctor of Philosophy / This is an applied philosophy project based on ethnographic research in the New York City jails. It provides insight into the practices of jail intake as a way to draw out the ways in which carceral bodies come to be enacted. The project grows out of feminist science studies. The two central questions are 1) how do jail intake processes produce carceral bodies (analog and digital) and what are the implications? 2) how are jail intake processes reflective of the values and logics of a carceral society? These questions are addressed through the domains of data, space, and time, which serve as the organizing framework of this project. The focus on intake enactments draws out the multiplicities of carceral realities, which has the potential to resist essentializing conceptualizations of the criminal. In doing so, this dissertation project demonstrates the potential for abolitionist science and technology studies to disrupt the criminal justice status quo.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The criminalization of mental illness has drawn and kept a disproportionate number of people living with mental illness in jails and prisons across the United States. The criminal legal system is ill-equipped or unequipped to provide meaningful mental health care. Police often serve as gatekeepers to the criminal legal system in the midst of encounters involving people living with serious mental illness. The literature that examines police decision-making amid these highly discretionary encounters has been primarily situated in post-positivist, quantitative methodologies focused on police perspectives. There is a dearth of research with the direct involvement of people living with serious mental illness that employs more advanced qualitative methodologies. The purpose of this study was to understand the lived experience of police encounters from the perspective of people living with serious mental illness through multi-level analysis of the interpersonal and structural contexts which underpin these encounters. This critical phenomenological study used interpretative phenomenological analysis as process. A sample of 16 adults were recruited using purposive and snowball sampling and completed semi-structured interviews. The findings reported two descriptive areas for participants—aspects of serious mental illness and contemplations of power. The findings also included the interpretive analysis organized around six themes that emerged regarding the lived experience of police encounters: (a) significant context, to include serious mental illness, was made invisible, (b) the carceral response to serious mental illness and interpersonal issues, (c) law enforcement’s power to force submission, (d) facets of escalation, (e) law enforcement encounters lacked essential care, and (f) law enforcement encounters served as a microcosm of the criminal legal system. The implications of the study’s findings on police encounters as they are currently framed in the largely post-positivist, quantitative body of research are discussed. In addition, the current wave of national police response models and reform are considered and connected to implications for social work practice. Finally, culminating in the findings’ implications for a growing edge of critical phenomenology that incorporates intersectionality and disciplinary power and the central role of an abolition feminist praxis at the nexus of mental health, crisis response, and collective care.

Ce mémoire traite du problème de la spécificité méthodologique de la phénoménologie critique. Cette dernière, depuis que Guenther en a forgé l’expression, a connu une effervescence remarquable qui est marquée par l’unité de sa visée : extirper la phénoménologie de sa posture contemplative pour en faire un instrument de critique sociale. Or en dépit du caractère distinctif de ce but, déterminer précisément ce qui distingue la phénoménologie critique de sa contrepartie classique demeure un problème d’envergure. En effet, la réponse d’abord formulée par Guenther, selon laquelle la phénoménologie critique procèderait à une subversion radicale de la méthode classique, s’est attirée plusieurs critiques. Contre une telle solution qui considère la méthode comme le critère fondamental de la distinction entre les approches phénoménologiques classique et critique, nous défendons dans le présent mémoire la thèse de l’unité méthodologique des deux approches par-delà leurs visées respectives. Plus précisément, nous reprenons à notre propre compte la position d’Oksala selon laquelle c’est le rejet de la réduction eidétique – soit la visée d’identification de structures universelles au sein de l’expérience consciente – qui constitue le critère fondamental de distinction de la phénoménologie critique vis-à-vis de l’approche classique. Cependant, contrairement à Oksala, nous soutenons que l’abandon d’une telle visée au sein de l’approche critique ne constitue pas une subversion de la méthode classique. Nous argumentons, d’une part, que la réduction eidétique demeure effectivement possible au sein de la phénoménologie classique et, d’autre part, que la poursuite d’une telle fin ne mine pas sa complémentarité avec la phénoménologie critique. Pour ce faire, nous déployons deux stratégies argumentatives. La première, plus succincte, consiste à répondre directement aux objections formulées par Oksala en ce qui a trait à l’insuffisance de la variation imaginative comme mode d’accomplissement de la réduction eidétique. La seconde, plus extensive, consiste à appliquer une analyse, en phénoménologie critique, d’un champ émergent de la phénoménologie contemporaine, soit la phénoménologie des normes perceptuelles. L’argument permet de démontrer qu’une analyse critique du rôle transcendantal des structures sociales relativement à l’expérience vécue des normes perceptuelles est parfaitement compatible avec l’identification de la forme eidétique de ces normes. / This master’s thesis addresses the problem of the methodological specificity of critical phenomenology. Since Guenther coined the term, critical phenomenology has experienced a remarkable effervescence marked by the unity of its aim: to extricate phenomenology from its contemplative posture and turn it into an instrument of social critique. But despite the distinctiveness of this aim, determining precisely what distinguishes critical phenomenology from its classical counterpart remains a major problem. Indeed, the answer formulated by Guenther, according to which critical phenomenology proceeds to a radical subversion of classical method, has attracted several criticisms. Against such a solution, which regards method as the fundamental criterion for distinguishing between classical and critical phenomenological approaches, this thesis recognizes a methodological unity between the two approaches which supercedes their respective aims. Specifically, I adopt Oksala's position: it is the rejection of eidetic reduction - the aim of identifying universal structures within conscious experience - that constitutes the fundamental criterion for distinguishing critical phenomenology from the classical approach. However, unlike Oksala, I argue that the rejection of such an aim within the critical approach does not constitute a subversion of the classical method. On the one hand, eidetic reduction remains effectively possible within classical phenomenology. On the other hand, the pursuit of such a goal does not undermine its complementarity with critical phenomenology. To demonstrate this, I employ two argumentative strategies. First, I respond directly to Oksala's objections regarding the inadequacy of imaginative variation as a mode of accomplishing the eidetic reduction. Secondly, I apply a critical-phenomenological analysis to an emerging field of contemporary phenomenology, namely the phenomenology of perceptual norms. The aim of this approach is to show that a critical analysis of the transcendental role of social structures in shaping the lived experience of perceptual norms is perfectly compatible with the identification of the eidetic form of these norms.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-04-12T18:53:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CARLOS EDUARDO SIMONELLI.pdf: 2293787 bytes, checksum: 77fc6433adc9544e6691a9af0145da7b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-12T18:53:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CARLOS EDUARDO SIMONELLI.pdf: 2293787 bytes, checksum: 77fc6433adc9544e6691a9af0145da7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The conception of adolescence is permeated by the history and the culture of humanity, seen by different authors in diverse factors and subject to a complex and inconstant legislation. Besides that, life project is a concept in psychology and it is related to this phase of development. This study tends to understand the experience of adolescence, from the adolescent report that attends at pre-college course (Pre ? SATs), in their mutual social constitution. Two adolescents, with seventeen years of age, enrolled in a pre-college course (Pre ? SAT?s) participated in this study. The instrument used was a semi-structured interview with triggering question. Critical phenomenology based the conduction and analysis of the data in this study. The results indicated that the experience of adolescence is ambiguous regarding autonomy and submission to social expectations. Life project was present in the experience of adolescence. Planing and doing in relation of this project is understood by the adolescent as a social pressure and it is linked to psychological damage; now the meaning attributed to these projects is linked to health and well-bein. In addition, results showed that in the experience of the participants, the aspects as society, pressure, autonomy, meaning and life project, have an interweaving relationship. This entanglement proposes the impossibility of understanding adolescence by isolating one of its multiple contours. Therefore, it is suggested that new researches should seek ways to access this phenomenon in its diversity. / A concep??o de adolesc?ncia ? permeada pela hist?ria e pela cultura da humanidade, vista por diferentes autores em diversos fatores e sujeita a uma complexa e inconstante legisla??o. O projeto de vida ? um conceito, na psicologia, relacionado a essa fase do desenvolvimento. Este estudo buscou compreender a viv?ncia da adolesc?ncia, a partir do relato do adolescente que frequenta um curso pr?-vestibular, em sua m?tua constitui??o social. Participaram dois adolescentes com idade de dezessete anos, matriculados em um curso pr?-vestibular. O instrumento utilizado foi uma entrevista semiestruturada com pergunta norteadora. A condu??o e an?lise dos dados foram realizadas a partir dos direcionamentos da fenomenologia cr?tica. Os resultados indicaram que a viv?ncia da adolesc?ncia se mostrou amb?gua no que diz respeito ? autonomia e ? submiss?o das expectativas sociais. O projeto de vida se mostrou presente na viv?ncia da adolesc?ncia. O adolescente, na elabora??o e na a??o em rela??o a esse projeto, compreende que as press?es sociais se mostram ligadas a preju?zos psicol?gicos. Por sua vez, os sentidos atribu?dos a esses projetos se mostram ligados ? sa?de e ao bem-estar. Al?m disso, os resultados indicaram que h? um entrela?amento entre sociedade, press?o, autonomia, sentido e projeto de vida na viv?ncia dos participantes. Esse entrela?amento prop?e a impossibilidade de compreender a adolesc?ncia isolando um de seus m?ltiplos contornos. Portanto, sugere-se que novas pesquisas busquem meios para acessar esse fen?meno em sua diversidade.

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This thesis provides an ethnography and critical phenomenology of undocumentedness in the Swedish context. By attending to the forces and processes that circumscribe the life-worlds of undocumented persons, as well as the phenomenology and essential experiences of their condition, a complex and multi-layered illustration of what undocumentedness is and means is successively presented. Employing a dual conceptualization of the state, as a juridico-political construct as well as a practiced and embodied set of institutions, the undocumented position emerges as a legal category defined only through omission, produced and reproduced through administrative routine and practice. The health care sector provides empirical examples of state-undocumented interaction where the physical and corporeal presence of the officially absent becomes irrefutable. This research suggests that the Swedish welfare state – universalistic, comprehensive and with digitized administrative routines – becomes a particularly austere environment in which to be undocumented. Drawing on interviews with regional and local health care administrators, NGO-clinics’ representatives and health professionals, as well as extensive participatory observation and interviews with undocumented persons, I argue that the undocumented condition is characterized by simultaneous absence and presence, and a correspondingly paradoxical spatiality. I suggest that the official absence and deportability of undocumented persons deprives them of the capacity to define space and, in an Arendtian sense, appear as themselves to others. There are, however, some opportunities for embodied political protest and dissensus. The paradoxical qualities of the absent-present condition manipulate the undocumented mode of being-in-the-world and I argue that alienation and disorientation are essential experiences of the undocumented situation.