Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-19T20:27:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Daniel Costa Vianna Mucciolo.pdf: 1524669 bytes, checksum: eaaed0afe87a7d70c8a557be17b8a2df (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T20:27:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Daniel Costa Vianna Mucciolo.pdf: 1524669 bytes, checksum: eaaed0afe87a7d70c8a557be17b8a2df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-27 / CAPES / This research uses symbolic interpretation through the theory and practice of Carl Gustav Jung?s analytical psychology to study the dynamics and function of agglomerations of people organized through the internet. When such events occur they alter the dynamics of public and private spaces of large cities. To understand this phenomenon, the works of authors who discuss crowds, urban public spaces and cyberculture has been reviewed. Both destructive and positive traits were found on the various studies of crowds. Studying public spaces is justified because they are the backdrops for events and influence the public life of its citizens. The association with cyberculture is also essential to understand these social events, it is the means by which new information and communication technologies become instruments in the organization of events, quickly reaching a large number of participants, thanks to the speed of propagation of the information. The events studied are flash mobs; Brazilian protests of June 2013; "rolezinhos (little strolls)", and "isoporzinhos (icebox parties)". To support the study, books, articles and reports on the subject are used. For Carl Gustav Jung, collectivity is endowed with a psyche that is governed by elements very similar to the structure of our individual psyche. Empathy with events, invitations to act symbolically and trigger emotions that are already part of our cultural subconscious, are reasons that mobilize participants to express their claims emotionally (individually and collectively), such as the protests of 2013, or to create more recreational dimensions, such as the case of flash mobs, an alternative to escape the routine of large cities. / A presente pesquisa realiza uma leitura simb?lica para estudar as din?micas de funcionamento das aglomera??es de pessoas organizadas pela internet, atrav?s do referencial te?rico e pr?tico da psicologia anal?tica de Carl Gustav Jung. Tais eventos quando ocorrem alteram a din?mica dos espa?os p?blicos e privados das grandes cidades. Para compreender esses fen?menos, realiza-se uma revis?o bibliogr?fica de autores que discorrem sobre o tema das multid?es de pessoas, nos espa?os p?blicos urbanos e na cibercultura. Sobre as aglomera??es de pessoas, encontramos correntes que enfatizam o aspecto destrutivo e, outras enfatizam, o lado positivo da colabora??o em massa. Estudar os espa?os p?blicos justifica-se por ser o cen?rio dos eventos e por ele influenciar na vida p?blica dos cidad?os. A aproxima??o com a cibercultura tamb?m ? fundamental para entender todos os acontecimentos sociais, visto que, ? atrav?s dela que as novas tecnologias da informa??o e da comunica??o se tornam instrumentos na organiza??o dos eventos; atingindo um grande n?mero de participantes: gra?as ? velocidade de propaga??o da informa??o nesse ve?culo. Os eventos estudados s?o os flash mobs; protestos brasileiros de junho de 2013; ?rolezinhos?, e ?isoporzinhos?. Para embasar o estudo, s?o utilizados livros, artigos e reportagens sobre o assunto. Para Carl Gustav Jung, a coletividade ? dotada de uma psique pr?pria que ? regida por elementos bem parecidos com a estrutura da psique individual. A empatia com os eventos, os convites para atuar como agente simb?lico e ativar emo??es que est?o na camada do inconsciente cultural, s?o raz?es para mobilizar os participantes a expressar emo??es (individuais e coletivas) de reinvindica??es, como nos protestos de 2013 ou viver uma dimens?o l?dica, no caso dos flash mobs para fugir da rotina das grandes cidades.

Na Ilíada, a multidão exerce um papel fundamental para a contrução da trama. Ela ajuda a ambientar a epopéia em um cenário de guerra épica, além de ser necessária na própria definição daqueles que são as figuras centrais do poema: os heróis. Nesse sentido, procurou-se discutir justamente a função da multidão, massa, ou coletividade, em um poema em que o enfoque recai em outro elemento. Para tal, foi preciso estabelecer os aspectos próprios que caracterizam a multidão, além de apresentar de que forma ela garante que o herói seja mostrado de maneira épica. Em primeiro lugar foi proposta uma discussão acerca das fontes. Discutiu-se a questão da oralidade nos poemas homéricos e suas implicações para o estudo da História, com ênfase especial para a tradição. Questionou-se a validade do uso de tais poemas para o estudo da História. A sugestão proposta é considerar os textos como veículos de uma tradição que tem uma validade histórica por transmitir valores ideais. A partir de tal concepção refletiu-se, no presente trabalho, acerca das características próprias da coletividade, massa ou multidão, começando pela quantidade, o elemento mais básico e necessário para a própria existência de tais manifestações. A partir dela, outras características foram observadas. O anonimato reina entre seus integrantes. Para fazer parte de uma massa ou multidão, os indivíduos não podem ser nomeados no momento da reunião, pois do contrário não funcionam como coletividade, mas como indivíduos. Dessa forma, a multidão passa a ser lida como uma unidade, como um corpo único, que apresenta também unidade de ação, opinião e sentimento. A despeito do foco central, observou-se que o herói é definido por oposição à multidão. O herói é aquele que se destaca da coletividade, sendo nomeado e tendo sua ação notada justamente pelo fato de sua ação ser individual. Além disso, os feitos que garantem que um herói seja destacado devem ser realizados em público, carecendo de uma multidão observadora que funciona como platéia e juíza. Conclui-se portanto que a multidão ambienta, define e fiscaliza, sendo um elemento essencial para a compreensão da Ilíada. / In the Iliad, the crowd plays a fundamental role in the construction of the poem. It helps to set the story in an epic war stage, besides being necessary to define the poems key figures: the heroes. A discussion of the function of the crowd, mass, mob or collectivity was presented, regarding a poem in which the main focus lays in another element. It was necessary, at first, to establish the aspects that characterize the crowd, and to present the manner in which the crowd ensures that the hero is portrayed in an epic fashion. First, a discussion regarding the sources was proposed. The matter of orality in the Homeric poems and its implication to the study of History, with special emphasis to tradition was discussed. The validity of the use of such poems to the study of History was questioned. The proposed solution is to consider the texts as vehicles of a tradition that has historical validity for transmitting ideal values. From this notion the characteristics of the collectivity, mass or crowd was studied, starting from the idea of quantity as the most basic and necessary element for the very existence of such phenomena. The next important notion is the anonymity, which reigns among the men in the crowd. To be a part of a mob or a crowd, the participants cannot be named in the moments of reunion. Otherwise they do not work as a collectivity, but as individuals. The crowd is understood as a unity of body, action, opinion and humor. Finally, regardless of the main focus of the poem, the hero can be defined as opposed to the crowd. The hero is the character that is separated from the collectivity, being named and noticed for having individual action. Besides, the great deeds that ensure the heroes prestige must be performed in public, therefore needing an observing crowd which acts as audience and judge. The conclusion is that the crowd sets the stage, defines the hero and acts as fiscal, being an essential element to the understanding of the Iliad.

This thesis investigates TCP connection management mechanisms in order to understand the behaviour and improve the performance of Internet servers during overload conditions such as flash crowds. We study several alternatives for implementing TCP connection establishment, reviewing approaches taken by existing TCP stacks as well as proposing new mechanisms to improve server throughput and reduce client response times under overload. We implement some of these connection establishment mechanisms in the Linux TCP stack and evaluate their performance in a variety of environments. We also evaluate the cost of supporting half-closed connections at the server and assess the impact of an abortive release of connections by clients on the throughput of an overloaded server. Our evaluation demonstrates that connection establishment mechanisms that eliminate the TCP-level retransmission of connection attempts by clients increase server throughput by up to 40% and reduce client response times by two orders of magnitude. Connection termination mechanisms that preclude support for half-closed connections additionally improve server throughput by up to 18%.

At the starting point of the work leading to this doctoral thesis, in January 2005, the work on pedestrians was almost exclusively oriented towards computer simulations and on evacuation experiments. Since then, there have been many studies on new methods for extracting empirical data of pedestrian movements (mainly based on video analysis, lasers, and infrared cameras), but most of the work is still focused on artificial setups for crowds moving through corridors and crowds passing bottlenecks. Even though these controlled experiments are important to understand crowd dynamics, there is a knowledge gap between these experiments and the understanding of the dynamics leading to and occurring during large crowd disasters, when sometimes hundreds of thousands or even millions of pedestrians are involved. Numerous crowd disasters occur every year at large gatherings around the world. Unfortunately, the information about the (spatio-temporal) development of these events tend to be qualitative rather than quantitative. Video recordings from the crowd disaster in Mina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, on the 12th of January 2006, where hundreds of pilgrims lost their lives during the annual Muslim pilgrimage to Makkah, gave the possibility to scientifically evaluate the dynamics of the crowd. With this video material, it was possible to observe and analyze the behavior of the crowd under increasing crowd density, leading to the disaster. Based on the insights from the analysis of the crowd disaster described above, new tools and measures to detect and avoid critical crowd conditions have been proposed, and some of them have been implemented in order to reduce the likelihood of similar disasters in the future. Further contributions of this thesis are to empirically evaluate many of the previous assumptions used for pedestrian simulations. These assumptions are: * A pedestrian avoids collisions by changing her or his walking speed by an acceleration which is exponentially decaying with the distance to the pedestrian or object being avoided. * A pedestrian reacts stronger to what happens in front of her or him, than to what happens behind the back. * The movement of a crowd of pedestrians always follows a smooth flow-density relationship, called the fundamental diagram. * The walking speed will settle at 0 m/s at a specific maximum crowd density. The first two assumptions were found to be consistent with the data, but the pedestrian-flow theory had to be revised, since the two latter assumptions do not always hold. When these fundamental parts of pedestrian motion and avoiding maneuvers had been investigated, an improved version of the social-force-model was formulated. In order to enable the revision of previous works and the analysis of the crowd disaster mentioned above, algorithms used for video-tracking have been introduced. The novelty of this work concerns the uniqueness and quantity of data on which the algorithms are validated and calibrated, but also the focus on analyzing millions of pedestrians rather than hundreds. The aim of this thesis is to move from theoretical models and controlled lab conditions to applicable models for real-world conditions. / Als diese Dissertation im Januar 2005 begonnen wurde, nutzten wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen von Fußgängern fast ausschließlich Computersimulationen und Evakuierungsexperimente. Seit dem haben viele Wissenschaftler an einer Verbesserung der Methoden gearbeitet. Heute werden empirische Daten mit Hilfe von Videoanalysen, Laser- und Infrarotkameras erhoben.Jedoch konzentrieren sich viele dieser Arbeiten auf künstliche Setups, in denen sich Fußgängermassen durch Korridore und Engpässe bewegen. Diese Experimente erlauben es, Massenbewegungen zu verstehen. Jedoch gibt es immer noch Forschungslücken. Es ist schwierig, unter solch kontrollierten Bedingungen Fortschritte darin zu erzielen, die auftretenden Dyamiken bei großen Katastrophen zu verstehen, in denen manchmal Hunderttausende oder sogar Millionen von Fußgängern involviert sind. Immer wieder kommt es zu Katastrophen in großen Menschenmengen. Leider sind von diesen Ereignissen häufig nur qualitative Informationen anstelle von quantitativen Daten erhältlich. Es ergab sich die besondere Gelegenheit, quantitatives Filmmaterial über eine Katastrophe in Mina (Königreich Saudi--Arabien) zu erhalten. Dort starben am 12. Januar 2006 hunderte von Pilgern während der jährlichen muslimischen Pilgerfahrt nach Mekka. Mit dem erhobenen Videomaterial konnte nachvollzogen werden, wie die Menschenmenge zuerst unbehindert fließen konnte, dann immer dichter wurde und wie es schließlich zur Katastrophe kam. Von den Erkenntnissen der Analyse der oben beschriebenen Katastrophe konnten neue Methoden entwickelt werden, die dabei helfen können, ähnliche Katastrophen in Zukunft zu vermeiden. Ein weiterer Beitrag dieser Dissertation besteht darin, einige Annahmen, die üblicherweise bei der Simulation von Fußgängerdynamiken gemacht werden, in Frage zu stellen und zu überarbeiten. Diese Annahmen sind: (1) Ein Fußgänger verhindert Zusammenstöße, indem er seine Schrittgeschwindigkeit so verändert, dass seine Beschleunigung exponentiell mit der Distanz zu dem zu umgehenden Fußgänger oder Objekt abnimmt. (2) Ein Fußgänger zeigt stärkere Reaktionen auf Ereignisse, die vor ihm passieren, als auf Ereignisse, die hinter ihm passieren. (3) Die Bewegung eines in einer Menschenmenge befindlichen Fußgängers folgt immer dem Strömungs--Dichte Verhältnis, was als Fundamental-Diagramm bezeichnet wird. (4) Die Laufgeschwindigkeit eines Fußgängers erreicht bei maximaler Menschendichte einem Wert von 0 m/s. Die ersten beiden Annahmen wurden von den empirischen Daten bestätigt. Unsere Analysen zeigen jedoch, dass die Annahmen 3 und 4 nicht immer gültig sind. Somit müssen Standardtheorien von Fußgängerdynamiken überarbeitet werden. Im Anschluß an die Analyse dieser fundamentalen Aspekte von Fußgängerverhalten und dem Verhalten bei Ausweichmanövern wird das Social-Force-Modell weiterentwickelt. Um auf vorhergehenden Arbeiten aufzubauen und um die oben beschriebene Katastrophe analysieren zu können, werden Algorithmen für die Video-Verfolgung von Fußgängerbewegungen entwickelt. Das Neue bei diesem Teil der Arbeit liegt nicht nur in dem verwendeten Verfahren selbst, sondern auch in der Einzigartigkeit und der großen Menge an verwendeten Daten, die mit diesem Verfahren analysiert werden. Ein zentrales Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht demnach in einer wissenschaftlichen Weiterentwicklung von theoretischen Modellen und kontrollierten Laborexperimenten hin zu Modellen, die unter realen Bedingungen tatsächlich anwendbar sind. Die Analyse von Fußgängern ist ein interdisziplinäres Feld, das von verschiedenen wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen mit verschiedenen Zielen betrieben wird. Leider gab es bislang wenig Bemühungen, die Resultate innerhalb dieser Teilgebiete im Rahmen einer konsistenten Theorie zu vereinen. Als seltene Ausnahmen können die Arbeiten von Teknomo und Antonini genannt werden. Diese Dissertation verfolgt das Ziel, diese theoretische Vereinigung weiter voran zu treiben. Dazu muss man zwischen der Neuerfindung des Rades und der Wiederverwendung nicht geprüfter Resultate abwägen. Dementsprechend ist ein Teil dieser Dissertation dem Vorhaben gewidmet, bisherige Forschung im Lichte empirischer Daten und neuer Methoden zu evaluieren. Da sich die Arbeit mit recht unterschiedlichen Aspekten von Fußgängerverhalten beschäftigt, konzentriert sich die Analyse in verschiedenen Teilen der Arbeit auf einige ausgewählte, alternative Modelle. Insbesondere bei der Modellierung und Simulation wird anstelle einer eingehenden Übersicht verschiedener Modelle eine Diskussion des speziellen Social-Force Modells präsentiert.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Anthropology, December 1997. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 1995. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [276]-292).

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2011. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-95). Also available on the World Wide Web.

abstract: This dissertation explores the megamachine, a prominent metaphor in American humanist and philosopher of technology, Lewis Mumford's Myth of the Machine series. The term refers critically to dynamic, regimented human capacities that drive scientific and technical innovation in society. Mumford's view of the nature of collectives focuses on qualities and patterns that emerge from the behavior of groups, societies, systems, and ecologies. It is my aim to reenergize key concepts about collective capacities drawn from Lewis Mumford's critique of historical and modern sociotechnical arrangements. I investigate the possibility of accessing those capacities through improved design for Technology Assessment (TA), formal practices that engage experts and lay citizens in the evaluation of complex scientific and technical issues. I analyze the components of Mumford's megamachine and align key concerns in two pivotal works that characterize the impact of collective capacities on society: Bruno Latour's Pasteurization of France (1988) and Elias Canetti's Crowds and Power (1962). As I create a model of collective capacities in the sociotechnical according to the parameters of Mumford's megamachine, I rehabilitate two established ideas about the behavior of crowds and about the undue influence of technological systems on human behavior. I depart from Mumford's tactics and those of Canetti and Latour and propose a novel focus for STS on "sociotechnical crowds" as a meaningful unit of social measure. I make clear that Mumford's critique of the sociotechnical status quo still informs the conditions for innovation today. Using mixed mode qualitative methods in two types of empirical field studies, I then investigate how a focus on the characteristics and components of collective human capacities in sociotechnical systems can affect the design and performance of TA. I propose a new model of TA, Emergent Technology Assessment (ETA), which includes greater public participation and recognizes the interrelationship among experience, affect and the material in mediating the innovation process. The resulting model -- the "soft" megamachine --introduces new strategies to build capacity for responsible innovation in society. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Human and Social Dimensions of Science and Technology 2014

La thèse porte sur la représentation de la foule « rebelle » dans la littérature italienne du XIXème siècle. Tout en considérant les contributions des sciences sociales, de Le Bon a l'école lombrosienne de Scipio Sighele et Pasquale Rossi, passant par Freud, jusqu'aux sociologues plus contemporains, comme Reich, Ortega y Gasset, Canetti, Allport, Turner etc, la recherche se concentre sur le roman et la nouvelle, qui voient le jour dans une Italie qui, luttant pour son unité nationale, n'arrive pas a transformer la révolution politique en révolution nationale, selon la formule de Nievo. Manzoni fixe le modèle de représentation des foules rebelles, qui sera suivi par Nievo avec des variations importantes. Ensuite, l'influence de Zola s'ajoutera a celle de Manzoni et dominera, d'une part, l'idée que la foule est capable de montrer un comportement rationnel et d'être un sujet vraiment révolutionnaire (les scapigliati, Valera, De Amicis, etc), d'autre part celle du pessimisme et du destin prédéterminé des masses (Verga). Enfin, Gabriele D'Annunzio, dans ses nouvelles et ses romans, oscillera entre la fascination pour la sauvagerie des foules et son méprise d'aristocratique. / The thesis is about the representation of the rebel crowds in the Italian literature in the 19th century. We consider the contributions of social sciences, from Le Bon to the lombrosian school of Scipio Sighele and Pasquale Rossi, as well as Freud, until some more contemporary sociologists, like Reich, Ortega y Gasset, Canetti, Allport, Turner etc; but the research focuses on the novels and the short stories, which are conceived in Italie, when the fight for the national unity tries, without success, to transform the political revolution in a national revolution, according to the expression of Nievo. Manzoni standardizes de model of the representation of the rebel crowds, which will be followed by Nievo, with some important variations. Therefore, the influence of Zola adds to the Manzoni's one. It will dominate, on the one hand, the idea of a rational crowd, that is a potential revolutionary subject (the , scapigliati, Valera, De Amicis, etc), on the other hand the one of the pessimism and of the predetermined destiny of the masses (Verga). Finally, Gabriele D'Annunzio, in his novels and short stories, fluctuates between the fascination for the savage side of the crowds and his aristocratic contempt.

Orientador: Orlando Fontes Lima Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T08:55:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Steinberg_JoseGustavo_M.pdf: 2178829 bytes, checksum: 4f7a32543d44e2a7695a340a4ef16c8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Até os prognósticos mais otimistas apontam para uma tendência de inchaço populacional nas próximas décadas. As taxas de crescimento populacional se mostram crescentes, e a cada dia tornam-se mais freqüentes situações de filas, congestionamentos e aglomerações humanas. O presente estudo pretende analisar os movimentos, tendências e velocidades de escoamento de aglomerações humanas em situações de congestionamento. As situações de fugas em pânico, sempre impregnadas com muitas e complexas variáveis, serão reduzidas a protótipos que se assemelham em sua essência com a realidade. Em muitas situações do dia a dia será possível aplicar os resultados obtidos no estudo, como no dimensionamento de cinemas, teatros e centros de entretenimento. Neste caso, o foco está em melhorar os níveis de conforto dos usuários do sistema minorando seu tempo de exposição a situações de congestionamento. Muitos estudos já foram realizados nesta linha de pesquisa, e os modelos vêm se mostrando cada vez mais realísticos à medida que as variáveis psicológicas são utilizadas como uma ferramenta fundamental para prever o comportamento das partículas no sistema, já que nós, seres humanos, raramente nos comportamos previsivelmente como um fluido. Este estudo tem como objetivo a modelagem das situações de evacuação, e o estudo mecânico e psicológico do comportamento coletivo. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica para levantamento das variáveis, mecânicas e psicológicas, que influenciam no processo de evacuação. A análise crítica e processamento destas informações definiram como se pode alterar ou anular variáveis envolvidas com a finalidade de minimizar o tempo de fuga e reduzir acidentes e níveis de pânico na multidão. Como resultado final, foi desenvolvido um modelo que permite a realização de simulações de situações de evacuação de multidões. São apresentados também alguns exemplos, aplicações desta modelagem, capazes de auxiliar arquitetos e engenheiros na busca por soluções em projetos de grandes instalações / Abstract: Even the most optimistics prognostics show an incredible populational growth for the next decades. As demographic rates grow, people usually see themselves in queuing situations and crowd problems. The following research seeks to analyze movements, tendencies, and flowing velocities of human crowds in jam situations. Situations of panic runaways, always full of complex variables, will be reduced to prototypes that in its essence represent reality. The results from the research will be useful in many ordinary activities, such as in cinema, theaters, and convention centres projects. In this case the focus is in the improvement of comfort standards for pedestrians, reducing their exposal time to stressful situations. Many researches have already been done in this area, and the models have improved a lot as they introduced psychological variables as main tools to predict human behavior. Humans rarely behave predictably as a fluid. This research goal is the modeling of escape situations, and the mechanical and psychological of collective behavior. To do so, a bibliographic research was made, to discover mechanical and psychological variables that could influence the escape process. The analyses of this information defined witch of the variables were useless, or how to alternate those aiming reduced escape times, panic levels in the crowd and accidents.As a final result a model was developed. The model allows simulating crowds in panic during their escape process. Some examples are also shown, applications of the model are able to help arquitects and engineers in the search of project solutions for facilities / Mestrado / Transportes / Mestre em Engenharia Civil