Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:05:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo1799_1.pdf: 1825663 bytes, checksum: 05e5a5b8443073f866662b4c8314e87f (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Em regiões tropicais, epidemias de dengue têm sido coincidentes com a ocorrência de chuvas e aumento da temperatura. Nesse trabalho investigou-se o efeito de diferentes temperaturas e umidades sobre a fecundidade das fêmeas, fertilidade e quiescência dos ovos de Aedes aegypti, principal vetor do vírus da dengue em áreas urbanas. Fêmeas alimentadas em camundongos foram separadas individualmente em recipientes plásticos e mantidas a 25º, 30º e 35ºC associados a umidades de 60% e 80%. Às fêmeas foi oferecido papel de filtro embebido em água como substrato para postura, o qual foi substituído diariamente, registrando-se o número de ovos postos durante 7 dias. A fertilidade foi baseada no percentual de eclosão das larvas provenientes dos ovos postos pelas fêmeas utilizadas nos experimentos de fecundidade. Os grupos de ovos utilizados para a análise da quiescência foram mantidos nas mesmas condições experimentais durante 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias. Os resultados indicaram redução na fecundidade com o aumento da temperatura. A intensidade desse efeito foi dependente da umidade, com as menores taxas registradas a 35ºC e 60%ur, e as maiores a 25ºC e 80%ur. Na temperatura mais amena a sobrevivência e o período de postura prolongaram-se por até 6 e 3 dias respectivamente, comparados aos indivíduos submetidos a 35ºC. Reduções gradativas na fertilidade de ovos a 60% foram observadas com o aumento da temperatura, enquanto a 80%, esse efeito foi registrado apenas a 35ºC. Ovos mantidos a 25ºC produziram cerca de duas vezes mais machos que fêmeas, em ambas umidades. A temperatura, umidade e período de estocagem afetaram a integridade e eclosão dos ovos. Esses resultados sugerem que a redução nas densidades populacionais registradas nos períodos quentes em regiões tropicais é fortemente influenciada pela temperatura e umidade, que afetam negativamente diversos aspectos da biologia do mosquito. As baixas taxas de sobrevivência e a redução do tempo de postura em temperatura mais alta sugerem que as fêmeas teriam menor probabilidade de distribuir seus ovos em diferentes criadouros reduzindo a dispersão do mosquito

A population survey was conducted on the mosquito species recorded in Denton, Texas for the years of 2005 to 2015. Data used in this project were obtained from an ongoing, long-term surveillance program led by the City of Denton and conducted through the University of North Texas. Research focused on the population dynamics and community structure of mosquitoes collected within urban areas of Denton, Texas in relation to certain environmental variables. A total of 80,837 female mosquitoes were captured and represented 38 species found under the following genera: Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Culex, Culiseta, Mansonia, Orthopodomyia, Psorophora, Toxorhynchites, and Uranotaenia. Culex quinquefasciatus was the most abundant species followed by Aedes vexans. Seasonal patterns of the most abundant species revealed high variability throughout the study. Container breeders were most abundant in August and those that breed in floodwaters were most abundant in the months of May and September. Samples were tested for arbovirus presence through the Texas Department of State Health Services in Austin, Texas and multiple pools tested positive for West Nile virus throughout the study. Stepwise multiple regression and Spearman's rank correlation analyses were performed to examine the relationship between the mosquito community and environmental variables. Data revealed that temperature, precipitation, and dew point were the most important variables influencing the mosquito population in the City of Denton.

A família dos culicídeos é diversa e possui muitas espécies com alta relevância epidemiológica e que transmitem os patógenos causadores de doenças como dengue, febre amarela e malária. Os imaturos se criam exclusivamente na água e nos mais diversos tipos de criadouros, podendo ser influenciados por fatores biológicos e fatores físico-químicos, que incluem pH, salinidade, condutividade, sólidos totais dissolvidos, entre outros. Entender as variações das condições dos criadouros é importante para entender e esclarecer como esses fatores agem no desenvolvimento dos imaturos, na sua fisiologia e nas relações interespecíficas, que influenciam o desenvolvimento larval e a sobrevivência dos mosquitos. Portanto, o objetivo principal desse trabalho foi investigar a influência de fatores físico-químicos e do tipo de criadouro sobre a ocorrência das espécies de culicídeos em dois remanescentes de Mata Atlântica no município de São Paulo. As coletas dos imaturos ocorreram em três diferentes pontos no Parque Estadual da Cantareira e quatro diferentes pontos na Área de Proteção Ambiental Capivari-Monos, remanescentes de Mata Atlântica inseridos na Grande São Paulo, durante vinte e sete meses para as coletas de diversidade geral e doze meses para as coletas de diversidade juntamente com fatores físico químicos da água. Os imaturos foram coletados em bromélias epífitas e de solo, bambus, poças d\'água no solo e em pedras, ocos de árvore, lagos e recipientes artificiais. As análises dos dados foram feitas através do cálculo do coeficiente de variação das variáveis para os tipos de criadouros, Análise Restrita de Proximidade (CAP), Análise de Correspondência Canônica (CCA) e boxplots sem outliers. Os resultados indicaram que há uma diferença estatisticamente significante na composição de espécies em função dos diferentes tipos de criadouros e que o pH possui influência sobre a ocorrência das espécies, tanto para a variável tipo de criadouro quanto para situações em que se retira essa variável. As espécies com importância epidemiológica coletadas foram: Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles cruzii, Haemagogus leucocelaenus, Psorophora ferox e Sabethes purpureus, com ocorrência das duas espécies de Aedes e Haemagogus no mesmo criadouro. Esses resultados são importantes para reforçar a necessidade do monitoramento de criadouros das espécies vetoras de patógenos e para um melhor entendimento da ecologia das espécies. / The Culicidae family is diverse and has many species of high epidemiological relevance that transmit the pathogens that cause diseases such as dengue fever, yellow fever and malaria. The immatures are created exclusively in the water and in the most diverse types of breeding places, being able to be influenced by biological factors and physicochemical factors, that include pH, salinity, conductivity, total solids dissolved, among others. Understanding variations in breeding conditions is important in understanding and clarifying how these factors affect the development of immatures, their physiology, and interspecific relationships that influence larval development and mosquito survival. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to investigate the influence of physical-chemical factors and breeding type on the occurrence of Culicidae species in two remnants of Atlantic Forest in the city of São Paulo. Immature collections occurred at three different points in the Cantareira State Park and four different points in the Capivari-Monos Environmental Protection Area, remnants of the Mata Atlântica, located in Greater São Paulo, during twenty-seven months for collections of general diversity and twelve months for collections of diversity along with physical chemical factors of water. The immatures were collected in epiphytic and soil bromeliads, bamboos, pools of water in the soil and stones, tree hollows, lakes and artificial containers. Data analysis was done by calculating the coefficient of variation of the variables for breeding types, Restricted Proximity Analysis (CAP), Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) and boxplots without outliers. The results indicated that there is a statistically significant difference in species composition as a function of the diverse types of breeding sites and that pH has an influence on the occurrence of species, both for the type of breeder variable and for situations in which this variable is removed. The species with epidemiological importance were: Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles cruzii, Haemagogus leucocelaenus, Psorophora ferox and Sabethes purpureus, with occurrence of both Aedes and Haemagogus species in the same breeding ground. These results are important to reinforce the need to monitor breeding sites of pathogen vector species and to better understand species ecology.

A família dos culicídeos é diversa e possui muitas espécies com alta relevância epidemiológica e que transmitem os patógenos causadores de doenças como dengue, febre amarela e malária. Os imaturos se criam exclusivamente na água e nos mais diversos tipos de criadouros, podendo ser influenciados por fatores biológicos e fatores físico-químicos, que incluem pH, salinidade, condutividade, sólidos totais dissolvidos, entre outros. Entender as variações das condições dos criadouros é importante para entender e esclarecer como esses fatores agem no desenvolvimento dos imaturos, na sua fisiologia e nas relações interespecíficas, que influenciam o desenvolvimento larval e a sobrevivência dos mosquitos. Portanto, o objetivo principal desse trabalho foi investigar a influência de fatores físico-químicos e do tipo de criadouro sobre a ocorrência das espécies de culicídeos em dois remanescentes de Mata Atlântica no município de São Paulo. As coletas dos imaturos ocorreram em três diferentes pontos no Parque Estadual da Cantareira e quatro diferentes pontos na Área de Proteção Ambiental Capivari-Monos, remanescentes de Mata Atlântica inseridos na Grande São Paulo, durante vinte e sete meses para as coletas de diversidade geral e doze meses para as coletas de diversidade juntamente com fatores físico químicos da água. Os imaturos foram coletados em bromélias epífitas e de solo, bambus, poças d\'água no solo e em pedras, ocos de árvore, lagos e recipientes artificiais. As análises dos dados foram feitas através do cálculo do coeficiente de variação das variáveis para os tipos de criadouros, Análise Restrita de Proximidade (CAP), Análise de Correspondência Canônica (CCA) e boxplots sem outliers. Os resultados indicaram que há uma diferença estatisticamente significante na composição de espécies em função dos diferentes tipos de criadouros e que o pH possui influência sobre a ocorrência das espécies, tanto para a variável tipo de criadouro quanto para situações em que se retira essa variável. As espécies com importância epidemiológica coletadas foram: Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles cruzii, Haemagogus leucocelaenus, Psorophora ferox e Sabethes purpureus, com ocorrência das duas espécies de Aedes e Haemagogus no mesmo criadouro. Esses resultados são importantes para reforçar a necessidade do monitoramento de criadouros das espécies vetoras de patógenos e para um melhor entendimento da ecologia das espécies. / The Culicidae family is diverse and has many species of high epidemiological relevance that transmit the pathogens that cause diseases such as dengue fever, yellow fever and malaria. The immatures are created exclusively in the water and in the most diverse types of breeding places, being able to be influenced by biological factors and physicochemical factors, that include pH, salinity, conductivity, total solids dissolved, among others. Understanding variations in breeding conditions is important in understanding and clarifying how these factors affect the development of immatures, their physiology, and interspecific relationships that influence larval development and mosquito survival. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to investigate the influence of physical-chemical factors and breeding type on the occurrence of Culicidae species in two remnants of Atlantic Forest in the city of São Paulo. Immature collections occurred at three different points in the Cantareira State Park and four different points in the Capivari-Monos Environmental Protection Area, remnants of the Mata Atlântica, located in Greater São Paulo, during twenty-seven months for collections of general diversity and twelve months for collections of diversity along with physical chemical factors of water. The immatures were collected in epiphytic and soil bromeliads, bamboos, pools of water in the soil and stones, tree hollows, lakes and artificial containers. Data analysis was done by calculating the coefficient of variation of the variables for breeding types, Restricted Proximity Analysis (CAP), Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) and boxplots without outliers. The results indicated that there is a statistically significant difference in species composition as a function of the diverse types of breeding sites and that pH has an influence on the occurrence of species, both for the type of breeder variable and for situations in which this variable is removed. The species with epidemiological importance were: Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles cruzii, Haemagogus leucocelaenus, Psorophora ferox and Sabethes purpureus, with occurrence of both Aedes and Haemagogus species in the same breeding ground. These results are important to reinforce the need to monitor breeding sites of pathogen vector species and to better understand species ecology.

O Estado de São Paulo apresenta uma das mais altas taxas de infecções por vírus dengue no Mundo, mas apesar dessa situação, poucos são os estudos dirigidos às populações do mosquito Aedes aegypti. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar geneticamente e morfologicamente populações de Ae. aegypti localizadas em seis municípios (Santos, S.P., Campinas, São Carlos, Catanduva, S.J.R.P.) do Estado de São Paulo durante 2011 e 2012. Todos os marcadores biológicos indicaram estruturação populacional. Os oito loci microssatélites apontaram diferenciação genética moderada entre as populações (Fst= 0.04; p < 0,05) e os níveis de diversidade nucleotídica do gene COI (&pi; =0,0062) e do gene ND4 (&pi;=0,017) foram moderadamente altos. Duas linhagens geneticamente distintas foram encontradas no Estado. Ao longo dos meses que compreenderam o estudo, foram encontradas diferenças morfo-genéticas temporais entre as seis populações analisadas, possivelmente indicativas de microevolução. Os resultados obtidos podem ser úteis para compreendermos a dispersão deste mosquito vetor. / The State of São Paulo displays one of the highest rates of dengue infection in the world, but despite this fact, a few populational studies of Ae. aegypti have been undertaken. The aim of this study was to genetically and morphologically characterize Ae. aegypti populations from six locations in the São Paulo State (Santos, S.P., Campinas, São Carlos, Catanduva, S.J.R.P.) during 2011 and 2012. The phenetic and genetic analyses revealed that populations of Ae. aegypti are structured. Eight microsatellites loci were polymorphic and genetic differentiation among samples was moderate (Fst= 0.04; p < 0.05). Nucleotide diversities of COI (&pi; = 0.0062) and ND4 gene (&pi; = 0.017) were moderately high. Two lineages distinct genetically were found in the State. Over the months comprised by the study, we found the temporal genetics and morphologics differences among the six populations, a possibly indicative of microevolution of mosquitoes. The results of this study may be useful for understand the spread of this vector mosquitoes in the State of São Paulo.

Introduction This thesis concerns the mosquito-borne arbovirus Ross River (RR) virus. The main objectives were to determine the vector associations, the incidence, costs and natural history of disease, and behavioural and environmental risks for infection in tropical Queensland. 1. Literature review On the basis of the literature review there is strong evidence that Aedes vigilax, Ae. camptorhynchus and Culex annulirostris are important vectors in Australia. Aedes camptorhychus does not occur in Queensland. There is evidence that two peri-domestic container-breeding mosquitoes, Ae. notoscriptus and Ae. aegypti, may be vectors of the virus. The virus has been isolated from many other species but the role of most of these is unclear. It is unclear which vertebrate species are the major reservoirs for human infection. Studies are inconsistent with regard to the prevalence, duration and severity of symptoms and debility during RR virus disease. Nearly all epidemiological studies of RR virus have been descriptive. Therefore one can only surmise what the risks for human infection might be. Epidemiological studies to determine the associations between exposures and risk for disease do not exist. 2. Virus isolation from mosquitoes During 1996-1998 61,619 mosquitoes were processed for virus isolation. Thirty-three isolates of RR virus were made. The largest number (14) were from Ae. carmenti. The minimum infection rate (MIR) per 1,000 was 2.4. Isolates were also made from Ae. imprimens (1 isolate, MIR 10.3), Ae. kochi (2, 0.2), Ae. lineatus (1, 0.2), Ae. notoscriptus (1, 1.6), Ae. vigilax (1, 0.3), Cx. annulirostris (9, 0.3), Cx. vicinus (1, 4.0) and Mansonia septempunctata (3, 5.8). Ross River virus has been isolated from Cx. annulirostris, Ae. vigilax, Ae. notoscriputus and Ae. kochi but not from the other species. Ross River virus was not isolated from Ae. aegypti. Twenty-six isolates came from in or near a colony of 15,000 spectacled flying-fox, Pteropus conspicillatus. The proportion of RR virus positive pools from within 1 km. of this colony was significantly greater than elsewhere for all species combined and for Cx. annulirostris but not for Ae. carmenti. 3. The incidence and costs of Ross River virus disease Unpublished data on National, State and Territory notifications was collected. Crude incidence rates using census figures for denominator data were calculated. The same was done for the areas in which the other studies described in the thesis were carried out. An estimate of the cost of Ross River virus disease in Australia was made. During the period 1991-1998 of the States and Territories the Northern Territory (NT) had the highest and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) the lowest notification incidences. These were 62-281 and 0-3 per 100,000 per annum, respectively. During this period the notification incidence for Queensland ranged from 70 to 149 per 100,000 per annum. For the local government areas of Cairns and Mareeba, where the majority of cases of RR virus disease for the studies described in this thesis were recruited, the notification incidences were between 74 and 267, and 28 and 200, respectively. On the basis of an average of 4,800 cases per annum in Australia the cost of serological testing and medical consultations were estimated at $443,520 and $105,600. Lost earnings were estimated at $1,798,560. The total cost for medical consultations, serological testing and lost earnings will therefore be over $2 million in an average year. 4. The natural history of Ross River virus disease In 1998 incident cases of RR virus disease were ascertained. Fifty-seven eligible cases were recruited but only 47 could be reviewed on 3 occasions and data on these were analysed. Cases were followed for up to 197 days. Review included history, examination and the administration of the Clinical Health Assessment Questionnaire (CLINHAQ) and Short Form-36 (SF-36) . On initial review the 3 most common symptoms were arthralgia, joint stiffness and myalgia affecting 97.9, 89.4 and 59.6% of cases, respectively. The joint types most commonly affected by pain at the initial review were the ankles, wrists, interphalangeal joints of the fingers, knees and metacarpophalangeal joints. Objective signs of joint inflammation were rare. The prevalence of signs of inflammation decreased and the prevalence of normal joints on examination increased through the reviews. The prevalence of use of NSAIDs decreased through the reviews. On the basis of CLINHAQ items regarding work performance functioning at work improved through the course of the reviews. Linear regression with days since symptom onset as the independent variable was performed for some variables. The 8 dimensions of the SF-36 were standardized to the Queensland population and analyzed longitudinally . Analyses of the CLINHAQ functional disability index (FDI) and the visual analogue scales (VASs) for pain, global severity, fatigue, gastrointestinal complaints and sleep, and the depression and anxiety scales were also performed. The slopes of all fitted regressions except the SF-36 general health dimension were significantly different from zero. All measures of disease severity returned to normal by 8 months from onset, many in a shorter period. 5. Behavioural and environmental risks for infection Fifty-five incident cases of RR virus disease were recruited and formed the basis of a case-control study of behavioural and environmental risks. They were matched to 85 controls. In the year prior to symptom onset the only leisure exposure that significantly altered risk was camping [Odds ratio (OR) = 2.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07-4.35]. No peri-domestic activities in the year prior to onset significantly altered disease risk. Leisure exposures were also assessed in a 3-week exposure period ending 4 days prior to symptom onset. None significantly altered risk. No peri-domestic activity in this period significantly altered risk and nor did exposure to vertebrates or mosquitoes. Containers and vegetation around the subject's dwelling did not significantly increase risk. The presence of ice cream containers and buckets was significantly protective when assessed by questionnaire, however this was also assessed by inspection and was found to increase risk though not significantly so. It was concluded that the former finding was due to differential misclassification of exposure status. The premise condition index (PCI) was measured. A low PCI for the subject's house was associated with a significantly increased risk (3-4 relative to 7-9 as reference category: OR = 3.15, 95% CI = 1.07-9.25). Window screening did not alter disease risk and air-conditioning in the house or the bedroom decreased risk but not significantly so. Use of protective measures, except bed nets, in the year prior to onset was found to decrease disease risk. Personal repellents, mosquito coils and citronella candles significantly decreased risk. A dose response was shown for the number of protective measures from personal repellents, aerosol and surface sprays, mosquito coils, citronella candles and mosquito "zappers" used in the year prior to symptom onset. Pet ownership and proximity of dwelling to horses did not significantly alter risk. A preference for light coloured clothing was significantly protective (0.37, 0.15-0.89). Stratification by gender, date of symptom onset and geographical area was performed. Stratification by geographical area included a coastal and tablelands stratum. There were differences between the stratum-specific odds ratios for camping in the year prior to symptom onset, the presence of bromeliads in the subject's garden and a preference for light coloured clothing. Multivariate analysis demonstrated confounding by use of personal repellents, mosquito coils and citronella candles. When modeled together these were found to cause confounding among themselves. They also caused significant confounding of camping, outdoor work and the presence of banana trees in the subject's yard. Multivariate analysis of the association between PCI and disease risk failed to demonstrate confounding by use of protective measures or time between symptom onset and review. 6. Synthesis and conclusions The three research Chapters form a coherent body of public health research on the epidemiology (Chapters 5 and 6) and ecology (Chapters 4 and 7) of RR virus, and the natural history of RR virus disease (Chapter 6) in tropical Queensland. Conclusions are drawn from the research in the thesis. A set of priorities for future public health research on RR virus is suggested, and a pilot control program for Ross River virus disease in tropical Queensland is recommended.

Submitted by Anderson Silva (avargas@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2012-07-16T17:21:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marcio_g_mocellin_ioc_bp_0031_2010.pdf: 3032579 bytes, checksum: 7aed3538611cf2e56bbf30c397b03c42 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-16T17:21:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcio_g_mocellin_ioc_bp_0031_2010.pdf: 3032579 bytes, checksum: 7aed3538611cf2e56bbf30c397b03c42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Capes / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus têm preferência por criadouros artificiais embora possam utilizar criadouros naturais. O encontro de formas imaturas destes vetores da dengue em bromélias tem levado a reflexões sobre o papel de bromeliáceas na proliferação e persistência destes mosquitos. Embora nenhum estudo sistematizado tenha sido feito no Rio de Janeiro para avaliar a importância sanitária deste criadouro no ambiente urbano, a eliminação dessas plantas pela população e a realização de tratamento das mesmas com inseticidas foram implementadas, principalmente com vistas ao combate a Ae. aegypti especialmente durante epidemias. O presente trabalho avalia a presença de Culicídeos em bromélias, com enfoque para Ae. aegypti, em cinco bairros ou favela com características urbanísticas, demográficas e ambientais distintas, no Rio de Janeiro: Amorim (favela), Curicica, Tubiacanga (bairros suburbanos), Urca e Vila Valqueire (urbanos), de outubro de 2008 a outubro de 2009. Sessenta bromélias foram marcadas em cada bairro e examinadas quinzenalmente. A água das axilas foliares de cada planta era totalmente aspirada e aferido o seu volume, e contado o número de axilas foliares contendo água no momento da coleta. O material era levado ao laboratório onde as formas imaturas eram identificadas segundo a espécie a partir de caracteres de formas imaturas ou de adultos emergidos de pupa, e a água analisada segundo sete parâmetros físico-químicos. Criadouros encontrados em oito casas ao redor daquela onde se achavam bromélias marcadas, também foram examinados. Foi coletado um total de 2.368 larvas. A composição da fauna e a frequência das espécies de mosquitos variaram segundo o bairro. Wyeomyia sp. e Ae. aegypti foram as mais frequentes. O gênero Wyeomyia foi o mais abundante nas bromélias urbanas, especialmente em bairros com proximidade com áreas verdes, e houve uma correlação negativa entre a frequência desse táxon e a de Ae. aegypti. O gênero Wyeomyia mostrou-se presente em todos os meses do ano, enquanto que a maior frequência de Ae. aegypti foi entre os meses de dezembro a junho, com um pico em março. Os dados da temperatura mostrou correlação positiva com a abundância de Ae. aegypti e com o gênero Wyeomyia. Não foi possível encontrar qualquer tipo de correlação entre os resultados obtidos na medição dos fatores físico-químico do microambiente das bromélias e a constituição da fauna de mosquitos, e nem em relação ao número de larvas coletadas. Foi verificada uma influência, diretamente proporcional, da densidade populacional de Aedes aegypti nos criadouros artificiais no ambiente urbano com a densidade da fauna dessa espécie de mosquito nas bromélias. Não houve aumento significativo da população de Ae. aegypti nas bromélias quando efetuada a ação de controle sobre os principais criadouros artificiais ao seu redor. Embora Ae. aegypti seja encontrado nas bromélias urbanas, os resultados sugerem que as bromélias não se constituem criadouros importantes para a manutenção e proliferação deste vetor e, desta forma, não poderiam, isoladamente, manter uma epidemia de dengue, além de não ter sido observada preferência de Ae. aegypti pelas bromélias quando comparadas a outros criadouros, tais como caixas d’água, pneus, tonel, prato plástico, ralo e prato de xaxim. / Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are dengue vectors that usually breed in artificial containers, although they may use natural larval habitats. The findings of immature forms of these mosquitoes in bromeliads have led some authors to investigate the potential role of these plants in their proliferation and persistence. Removal of these plants or their treatment with insecticides have been undertaken during dengue outbreaks in Brazil despite uncertainty as to their importance as productive habitats for dengue vectors. The present study aimed at evaluating Culicidae fauna constitution in bromeliads, with emphasis in Ae. aegypti, in five districts and a slum with different urban, demographic and environmental characteristics in the city of Rio de Janeiro: Amorim (slum), Curicica, Tubiacanga (suburban districts), Urca and Vila Valqueire Vila (urban), from October 2008 to October 2009. Sixty bromeliads were marked at each district/slum and examined fortnightly. The water hold in each plant was completely aspirated and measured, and the number of leaf axils holding water at the time of collection was recorded. The immature mosquitoes were taken to the laboratory for species identification from characters of larvae or adults emerged from pupae, and the aspirated water was analyzed according to seven physical and chemical parameters. Any other larval habitats found in eight dwellings around that with marked and sampled bromeliads were also examined. A total of 2,368 mosquitoes were collected. The fauna composition and frequency of mosquito species varied according to the collecting site. Wyeomyia sp. and Ae. aegypti were the frequent. The genus Wyeomyia was the most abundant taxon in the bromeliads, especially in districts close to or with more abundant vegetal coverage, such as Vila Valqueire and Amorim, and its frequency exhibited negative correlation with that of Ae. aegypti. The genus Wyeomyia was collected in all months, whereas the highest frequency of Ae. aegypti was recorded from December to June, peaking in March. The temperature was positively correlated with the abundance of Ae. aegypti and with the genus Wyeomyia. There was no correlation between physical-chemical characteristic of the water hold in bromeliads with the fauna constitution neither with number of larvae collected. The frequency and abundance of Ae. aegypti in artificial larval containers in the districts/slum was directly proportional to those in the marked bromeliads. There was no significant increase in the Ae. aegypti population in bromeliads when control measures were applied to the main artificial larval habitats in the same district. Although Ae. aegypti has been found in bromeliads at the investigated human disturbed sites, the results demonstrate that bromeliads are not important producers of Ae. aegypti comparatively to other larval habitats, hence, bromeliads should not be consider an important focus for dengue control. Ae. aegypti does not prefer to breed in bromeliads when compared to other breeding sites, such as water tanks, tires, metal drums, pots, drain and plant dishes.

Submitted by Anderson Silva (avargas@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2012-10-09T18:04:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 andre_b_veloso_ioc_bp_0047_2011.pdf: 4592043 bytes, checksum: a2b54a8751c7c9a32fe93ed74e1392a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-09T18:04:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andre_b_veloso_ioc_bp_0047_2011.pdf: 4592043 bytes, checksum: a2b54a8751c7c9a32fe93ed74e1392a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / FAPERJ / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / No presente trabalho, as atividades proteolíticas de extratos totais das fases pré-imaginais (ovos, larvas e pupa) e de imagos (machos e fêmeas), de Cx. quinquefasciatus foram caracterizadas por enzimografia em uma dimensão. Adicionalmente, o perfil proteolítico dos órgãos internos dos adultos (intestino e gônadas) foi analisado. Ao se comparar o perfil proteolítico das distintas fases evolutivas, observou-se que esses perfis apresentam diferenças qualitativas e quantitativas na expressão de peptidases. As atividades proteolíticas de todos os estágios do inseto são devidas, principalmente, a serinopeptidases do tipo tripsina, com atividades ótimas na faixa de pH alcalino. As tripsinas ativas dos quatro estádios larvais apresentam ampla estabilidade térmica, sendo ativas entre 25 °C – 65 °C, com atividade ótima entre 37 °C – 50 °C.. O perfil proteolítico dos imagos revelou que a expressão de algumas peptidases do tipo tripsina é sexo-específica e órgão-específica, sendo o perfil proteolítico das fêmeas mais complexo em número e intensidade quando ao perfil dos machos. Finalmente, o primeiro mapa proteômico parcial do intestino de fêmeas de Cx. quinquefasciatus foi obtido por eletroforese bidimensional e as proteínas foram identificadas por espectrometria de massas. / In this work, the proteolytic activities from total extracts of pre-imaginal stages (eggs, larvae and pupa) and adults (male and female) of peptidases of Cx. quinquefasciatus were characterized by one-dimensional zymography. In addition, the proteolytic profile from specific tissues such as gut and gonads was analyzed. Comparison of the proteolytic profiles from all life cycle stages revealed several quali- and quantitative differences in the peptidase expression. The proteolytic activities from both pre-imaginal and imaginal stages are mostly due to trypsin-like serine peptidases which display optimal activities at alkaline pH. The proteolytic enzymes of the four larval stages exhibited a broad thermal stability, showing activities in a range of 25 °C – 65 °C, with optimal activity between 37 °C – 50 °C. The proteolytic profile from imaginal stages revealed that the expression of some peptidase isoforms is sex-specific and tissue-specific. In addition, it was observed that the proteolytic profile from females is more complex, both in number of activities and in intensity levels, than that observed in males. Finally, it is reported here the first proteomic map of Cx. quinquefasciatus female gut obtained by two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis.