Dans cette thèse nous nous interrogeons sur l'émergence d'une complémentarité stratégique entre l'agriculture et la biodiversité dans les territoires à haute valeur environnementale. Nous étudions l'exemple de la Camargue, zone humide d'intérêt international, où l'enjeu est de concilier agriculture et protection de l'environnement. Nous réalisons d'abord une analyse du contexte camarguais, en insistant sur les rapports ambivalents entre agriculture et biodiversité . Dans la mesure où la réforme future de la PAC va venir remettre en question les conditions d'octroi de ces aides, autant que leur volume global, le développement de la riziculture camarguaise passe à terme par son association à une image de terre sauvage et naturelle. Cette complémentarité stratégique de fait peut permettre de concevoir les futures politiques publiques et de justifier le maintien des aides à la riziculture camarguaise, par sa contribution à la gestion durable de la biodiversité. Nous examinons ensuite les conditions économiques d'émergence d'une riziculture biologique, dans ce contexte particulier. Les conditions de marché, et plus précisément la présence d'une concurrence imparfaite, caractérisés par la concentration de la fourniture d'intrants (herbicides et semences) en un petit nombre de fournisseurs. Leurs stratégies d'adaptation au développement des pratiques d'agriculture biologique sont contraintes par les conditions de marché et limitées aux quantités offertes. Nous étudions à quelles conditions un équilibre stratégique existe, et excluons des équilibres extrêmes (riz biologique dominant / exclu). Nos résultats placent les stratégies d'offre variétale au c?ur de ces interactions stratégiques, c'est pourquoi nous prolongeons cette approche stratégique par l'étude des déterminants économiques de la diversité variétale dans les exploitations rizicoles camarguaises. Celle-ci confirme la place accordée aux stratégies de niche, et met en avant le rôle des opportunités de marché et des réseaux dans les choix de porte-feuille de cultivars par les agriculteurs, au-delà des contraintes structurelles de l'exploitation. Enfin, une enquête de type "choice experiments" fait apparaître l'influence des normes collectives dans les préférences des riziculteurs camarguais pour les technologies de production dont ils disposent. Les résultats de cette étude empirique montrent qu'une grande majorité des producteurs pourrait adopter des technologies sans intrants chimiques, à condition d'être accompagnés de compensations financières équivalentes à celles accordées actuellement sans condition dans le cadre de la PAC. Au-delà du cas d'étude, la thèse fournit donc des enseignements utiles pour la conception de politiques publiques capables de concilier efficacité économique et développement durable. Elle est aussi une contribution à la réflexion sur la gestion intégrée multi-acteurs de l'agriculture et de la biodiversité à l'échelle d'un territoire à haute valeur environnementale. / In this research, we assessed the emergence of a strategic complementarity between farming and biodiversity, in a landscape with a high environmental value. We rely on the Rhone river delta, wetland of international interest, and well known biodiversity's hotspot. We examine the conditions of emergence of the organic agriculture in this particular context. The market conditions, more precisely the presence of imperfect competition for input (seeds and herbicides) are putting several constraints on adaptation's strategies accessibles to firms. As a consequence, the main way to adapt is the control of input supply. We study at which conditions an interior equilibrium does exist. The study of economic factors of rice' cultivar's diversity in farms in the Camargue area confirm the role played by niche strategies, and highlight the importance of market opportunities and commercial networks in the cultivar's portfolio choices made by farmers. They are naturally playing in interaction with factors governing the costs and benefits of managing a greater cultivar's diversity. Finally, the choice experiments survey put emphasis on the influence of collective norms in farmers' preferences for production technologies. The results show that a large majority of rice producers are adopt agro-ecological technologies at a price of monetary incentives equivalent to those obtained currently from the CAP, without conditions. Thus, the future of agricultural development in the Camargue area should be associated with environmental preservation. This de facto strategic complementarity could enables stakeholders and public authorities to design future public policies and give a conditional support to a sustainable agriculture.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angela Godinho (arquivo PDF).pdf: 765402 bytes, checksum: b85725866dfde96ee501b0becac3385d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-29 / The sugarcane international scenery and their industrialized products are extremely interesting, mainly for Brazil the largest sugar s world manufacturing and the largest cane ethanol s producing. In this context the São Paulo State, the largest producing of the Federation demonstrates business and political disposition for the agricultural and industrial expansion of the sugarcane. This expansion is being accomplished in areas of extensive cattle raising of low productivity, in degraded soils. The cattle raising in São Paulo is concentrated in the West region; therefore the sugarcane expansion in this area is in great execution. The environmental conditions in the West of São Paulo are typical and the development of the sugarcane crop presents specific aspects. In this context the present work found to study the biometrics and technological parameters and leaf nutrients, of six sugarcane cultivars, precocious cycle, medium cycles and late cycles. The results obtained from technological parameters did not show significant differences among the cultivars tested, likely because of low rainfall during the period observed, which could constrain plant s performances. The leaf nutrients analyzed presented differences for Mg and S, in late cycle cultivars, which presented smaller productivities of sugar in function of smaller sugarcane productivities. Our results indicated that an adequate S soil concentration is essential for sugarcane s yield. / O panorama internacional da cultura canavieira e seus produtos industrializados são extremamente interessantes, principalmente para o Brasil, maior produtor de açúcar de cana do mundo e maior produtor de etanol de cana. Neste contexto, o Estado de São Paulo, maior produtor da Federação demonstra disposição empresarial e política para a expansão agrícola e industrial da cana-de-açúcar, em particular, esta expansão está sendo realizada em áreas de pecuária extensiva de baixa produtividade, em solos degradados. A pecuária, em São Paulo, está concentrada no Oeste Paulista, portanto a expansão canavieira nesta região está em franca execução. As condições edafoclimáticas do Oeste Paulista são típicas e o desenvolvimento da cultura canavieira apresenta aspectos específicos. Neste contexto o presente trabalho buscou estudar os parâmetros biométricos e tecnológicos, de seis cultivares de cana-de-açúcar, de ciclo precoce, médio e tardio. Os resultados obtidos para as analises tecnológicas não diferenciaram as cultivares precoces, medias e tardias, provavelmente devido a baixa precipitação ocorrida no período o que poderia ter limitado o desempenho das cultivares testadas. Os nutrientes foliares analisados apresentaram diferenças para Mg e S, nas cultivares tardias, que apresentaram menores produtividades de açúcar em função de menores produtividades das plantas em campo. O S mostrou ser indispensável nos solos arenosos do Oeste Paulista.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:51:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angela Godinho (arquivo PDF).pdf: 765402 bytes, checksum: b85725866dfde96ee501b0becac3385d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-29 / The sugarcane international scenery and their industrialized products are extremely interesting, mainly for Brazil the largest sugar s world manufacturing and the largest cane ethanol s producing. In this context the São Paulo State, the largest producing of the Federation demonstrates business and political disposition for the agricultural and industrial expansion of the sugarcane. This expansion is being accomplished in areas of extensive cattle raising of low productivity, in degraded soils. The cattle raising in São Paulo is concentrated in the West region; therefore the sugarcane expansion in this area is in great execution. The environmental conditions in the West of São Paulo are typical and the development of the sugarcane crop presents specific aspects. In this context the present work found to study the biometrics and technological parameters and leaf nutrients, of six sugarcane cultivars, precocious cycle, medium cycles and late cycles. The results obtained from technological parameters did not show significant differences among the cultivars tested, likely because of low rainfall during the period observed, which could constrain plant s performances. The leaf nutrients analyzed presented differences for Mg and S, in late cycle cultivars, which presented smaller productivities of sugar in function of smaller sugarcane productivities. Our results indicated that an adequate S soil concentration is essential for sugarcane s yield. / O panorama internacional da cultura canavieira e seus produtos industrializados são extremamente interessantes, principalmente para o Brasil, maior produtor de açúcar de cana do mundo e maior produtor de etanol de cana. Neste contexto, o Estado de São Paulo, maior produtor da Federação demonstra disposição empresarial e política para a expansão agrícola e industrial da cana-de-açúcar, em particular, esta expansão está sendo realizada em áreas de pecuária extensiva de baixa produtividade, em solos degradados. A pecuária, em São Paulo, está concentrada no Oeste Paulista, portanto a expansão canavieira nesta região está em franca execução. As condições edafoclimáticas do Oeste Paulista são típicas e o desenvolvimento da cultura canavieira apresenta aspectos específicos. Neste contexto o presente trabalho buscou estudar os parâmetros biométricos e tecnológicos, de seis cultivares de cana-de-açúcar, de ciclo precoce, médio e tardio. Os resultados obtidos para as analises tecnológicas não diferenciaram as cultivares precoces, medias e tardias, provavelmente devido a baixa precipitação ocorrida no período o que poderia ter limitado o desempenho das cultivares testadas. Os nutrientes foliares analisados apresentaram diferenças para Mg e S, nas cultivares tardias, que apresentaram menores produtividades de açúcar em função de menores produtividades das plantas em campo. O S mostrou ser indispensável nos solos arenosos do Oeste Paulista.

The work was focused on the verification of influence of quality of raw material and time-temperature conditions on the retention of nutritionally and sensory important components of the ketchups and other tomato based products. The goal of the theoretical part of this diploma thesis was the optimization of procedure of Czech tomato cultivar selection according to the highest refraction and intensive red colour. The influence of tomato ketchups production technology on retention of nutritionally significant ingredients was observed within the practical part. The samples of ketchups were sampled during different steps of production within one batch in company OTMA Sloko Mařatice. It was ketchup which was preserved by pasteurization in the glass bottle and ketchup which was preserved by hot filing to the plastic bottles. The content of lycopene, ascorbic acid, colour, viscosity, refraction and pH were measured in those samples. Furosine had been chosen as marker of thermal stress on material. The technologies can be compared on the basic of measured values from the view of retention or changes of nutritionally and sensory important components.

PhD (Agric) (Food Science and Technology) / Department Food Science and Technology / In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in orange fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] cultivar, as a cheaper source of vitamin A. In Southern Africa, reports have shown that one in every three children has deficiency in vitamin A. This study investigated the variations in β-carotene (vitamin A precursor) content among selected OFSP cultivars grown in Limpopo Province, South Africa. In addition, the study investigated the effects of location on functional properties, total carotenoids and antioxidant profile of the sweet potato flour as well as their physicochemical, functional and nutritional properties. Four (4) sweet potato cultivars [Dagga, Bophelo, Impilo (orange fleshed) and Mvuvhelo (cream fleshed)] were obtained from two locations, namely, University of Venda (Univen) agricultural experimental farm and Tshiombo irrigation scheme (Tshiombo) and analysed for pasting, functional, physicochemical and nutritional properties. The sweet potato flours from these two locations were also analysed by computed tomographic (CT) scans for flour particle density. Mineral and microstructure of OFSP flours were analysed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). All measurements, except the tristimulus L* a* b* and other colour parameters from five replicates, were performed in triplicate. Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way analysis of variance and means were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test; P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to determine the correlation among functional, physicochemical, nutritional and pasting properties of sweet potato flour. β-carotene content varied significantly between the two locations from 70.98 ± 0.8 μg/g (Tshiombo) to 86.09 ± 2.0 μg/g (Univen), among cultivars from 1.71 ± 0.0 μg/g (Mvuvhelo) to 201.50 ± 1.0 μg/g (Dagga) and among orange fleshed (Dagga, Bophelo and Impilo) flours from 28.38 ± 0.2 μg/g (Impilo) to 201.50 ± 1.0 μg/g (Dagga). There was a similar trend in the contents of α-carotene to that of β-carotene from the two locations, which ranged from 0.63 ± 0.0 mol/L (Tshiombo) to 1.01 ± 0.0 mol/L (Univen). Mvuvhelo had significantly the lowest α-carotene content (0.50 ± 0.0 mol/L) and Impilo the highest (1.28 ± 0.0 mol/L). The total carotenoids was highest for Impilo (7.56 μg/g) and lowest for Mvuvhelo (1.33 ± 0.1 μg/g) but did not vary significantly (P > 0.05) between ii the locations. The antioxidant activity, based on 2, 2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, was significantly highest in Bophelo (63.37 ± 0.8 mMAAE ml-1) and lowest in Dagga (26.93 ± 1.4 mMAAE ml-1) flours. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) varied significantly across the locations and among the cultivars and ranged from 14.45 ± 0.3 μMTE ml-1 (Tshiombo) to 17.40 ± 1.1 μMTE ml-1 (Univen). FRAP was significantly highest in Impilo (21.12 ± 2.1 μMTE ml-1) and lowest in Mvuvhelo (8.16 ± 2.0 μMTE ml-1). Total carotenoid content positively correlated with DPPH (0.486*), FRAP (0.830**), β-carotene (0.370*), and α-carotene (0.424*). The antioxidant content and the radical scavenging activity were significantly correlated (0.563**). Vitamin A content was significantly lowest (6.88 ± 0.38 μg/g retinol) in Dagga flour and highest (7.97 ± 0.25 μg/g) in Impilo flour. Protein content varied significantly across the two locations and ranged from 4.23% (Tshiombo) to 7.16% (Univen). Dagga had significantly the lowest (3.47%) protein content while Impilo had the highest (7.53%). The fat content of the flours varied significantly between the two locations ranging from 0.63% (Tshiombo) to 1.01% (Univen). The protein content was positively correlated 0.594** and 0.421* to vitamin A and fat contents respectively. The Bophelo colour luminosity was significantly lower (L* 76.2) than the other two OFSP, Dagga (L* 83.51) and Impilo (L* 82.07). Bophelo a* (14.09) also differed significantly across all sweet potato cultivars. All cultivars differed significantly in b* values. Colour intensity (ΔE*) ranged from 15.87 to 38.48 for Mvuvhelo and Bophelo, respectively. Chroma ranged from 87.52 to 84.95 for Dagga and Mvuvhelo respectively. Total starch content was significantly different in all sweet potato cultivars and ranged from 244.07 μg/100 g (Bophelo) to 325.04 mg/g (Dagga). Resistant starch differed significantly in all sweet potato cultivars ranging from 1.21 μg/100 g dwb (Bophelo) to 7.07 μg/100 g dwb (Impilo). Ash content was significantly different in all cultivars and ranged from 3.17% (Dagga) to 3.79% (Bophelo). Water holding capacity (WHC) varied significantly across the two locations and ranged from 1.44 g H2O/g DM (Tshiombo) to 1.72 g H2O/g DM (Univen). Bophelo had significantly the lowest (1.27 g H2O/g DM) WHC and Impilo the highest (1.99 g H2O/g DM). The ash content negatively correlated to total starch (-0.928**) but positively iii correlated to WHC (0.654**). Peak viscosity differed significantly across all cultivars under study and ranged from 126.54 RVU (Bophelo) to 302.36 RVU. (Dagga). There was significant difference in trough viscosity across all cultivars ranging from 55.97 RVU (Impilo) to 280.78 RVU (Dagga). There were significant differences in the final viscosity across all cultivars ranging from 78.99 RVU (Impilo) to 319.26 (Dagga). Peak time viscosity varied significantly across all cultivars ranging from 3.87 min (Impilo) to 8.47 min. (Bophelo). Dagga cultivar had significantly the highest pasting temperature (94.16oC) and Bophelo the lowest (77.75oC). The setback viscosity was significantly highest 51.10 RVU (Mvuvhelo) and lowest 23.01 RVU (Impilo). All cultivars from the two locations consistently showed high potassium content ranging from 0.46% (Impilo) to 1.38% (Dagga) as compared to other minerals such as magnesium, calcium and chlorine which ranged from 0.16% (Impilo) to 0.34%. (Dagga). The CT scans revealed that there was a possibility of evaluating the effect of location on the density of granules of sweet potato flour and also the inherent differences in granular distribution of various sweet potato cultivars. SEM revealed high amounts of potassium, magnesium and chlorine. A profile of physicochemical and functional properties of flour of some of the OFSP cultivars produced in Limpopo province, South Africa has been drawn. This study also highlights the nutritional quality of the flour from four sweet potato cultivars and provides a ranking of flour to help the producers in the selection process. Bophelo flour was ranked the highest in terms of β- and, α-carotenes, total carotenoids and antioxidant capacity while Impilo was ranked highest in terms of functional properties and ash content. This study has highlighted significant differences in a number of parameters measured among the sweet potato cultivars. Therefore, in order to derive the maximum benefit from aIn recent years, there has been a lot of interest in orange fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] cultivar, as a cheaper source of vitamin A. In Southern Africa, reports have shown that one in every three children has deficiency in vitamin A. This study investigated the variations in β-carotene (vitamin A precursor) content among selected OFSP cultivars grown in Limpopo Province, South Africa. In addition, the study investigated the effects of location on functional properties, total carotenoids and antioxidant profile of the sweet potato flour as well as their physicochemical, functional and nutritional properties. Four (4) sweet potato cultivars [Dagga, Bophelo, Impilo (orange fleshed) and Mvuvhelo (cream fleshed)] were obtained from two locations, namely, University of Venda (Univen) agricultural experimental farm and Tshiombo irrigation scheme (Tshiombo) and analysed for pasting, functional, physicochemical and nutritional properties. The sweet potato flours from these two locations were also analysed by computed tomographic (CT) scans for flour particle density. Mineral and microstructure of OFSP flours were analysed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). All measurements, except the tristimulus L* a* b* and other colour parameters from five replicates, were performed in triplicate. Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way analysis of variance and means were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test; P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to determine the correlation among functional, physicochemical, nutritional and pasting properties of sweet potato flour. β-carotene content varied significantly between the two locations from 70.98 ± 0.8 μg/g (Tshiombo) to 86.09 ± 2.0 μg/g (Univen), among cultivars from 1.71 ± 0.0 μg/g (Mvuvhelo) to 201.50 ± 1.0 μg/g (Dagga) and among orange fleshed (Dagga, Bophelo and Impilo) flours from 28.38 ± 0.2 μg/g (Impilo) to 201.50 ± 1.0 μg/g (Dagga). There was a similar trend in the contents of α-carotene to that of β-carotene from the two locations, which ranged from 0.63 ± 0.0 mol/L (Tshiombo) to 1.01 ± 0.0 mol/L (Univen). Mvuvhelo had significantly the lowest α-carotene content (0.50 ± 0.0 mol/L) and Impilo the highest (1.28 ± 0.0 mol/L). The total carotenoids was highest for Impilo (7.56 μg/g) and lowest for Mvuvhelo (1.33 ± 0.1 μg/g) but did not vary significantly (P > 0.05) between ii the locations. The antioxidant activity, based on 2, 2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, was significantly highest in Bophelo (63.37 ± 0.8 mMAAE ml-1) and lowest in Dagga (26.93 ± 1.4 mMAAE ml-1) flours. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) varied significantly across the locations and among the cultivars and ranged from 14.45 ± 0.3 μMTE ml-1 (Tshiombo) to 17.40 ± 1.1 μMTE ml-1 (Univen). FRAP was significantly highest in Impilo (21.12 ± 2.1 μMTE ml-1) and lowest in Mvuvhelo (8.16 ± 2.0 μMTE ml-1). Total carotenoid content positively correlated with DPPH (0.486*), FRAP (0.830**), β-carotene (0.370*), and α-carotene (0.424*). The antioxidant content and the radical scavenging activity were significantly correlated (0.563**). Vitamin A content was significantly lowest (6.88 ± 0.38 μg/g retinol) in Dagga flour and highest (7.97 ± 0.25 μg/g) in Impilo flour. Protein content varied significantly across the two locations and ranged from 4.23% (Tshiombo) to 7.16% (Univen). Dagga had significantly the lowest (3.47%) protein content while Impilo had the highest (7.53%). The fat content of the flours varied significantly between the two locations ranging from 0.63% (Tshiombo) to 1.01% (Univen). The protein content was positively correlated 0.594** and 0.421* to vitamin A and fat contents respectively. The Bophelo colour luminosity was significantly lower (L* 76.2) than the other two OFSP, Dagga (L* 83.51) and Impilo (L* 82.07). Bophelo a* (14.09) also differed significantly across all sweet potato cultivars. All cultivars differed significantly in b* values. Colour intensity (ΔE*) ranged from 15.87 to 38.48 for Mvuvhelo and Bophelo, respectively. Chroma ranged from 87.52 to 84.95 for Dagga and Mvuvhelo respectively. Total starch content was significantly different in all sweet potato cultivars and ranged from 244.07 μg/100 g (Bophelo) to 325.04 mg/g (Dagga). Resistant starch differed significantly in all sweet potato cultivars ranging from 1.21 μg/100 g dwb (Bophelo) to 7.07 μg/100 g dwb (Impilo). Ash content was significantly different in all cultivars and ranged from 3.17% (Dagga) to 3.79% (Bophelo). Water holding capacity (WHC) varied significantly across the two locations and ranged from 1.44 g H2O/g DM (Tshiombo) to 1.72 g H2O/g DM (Univen). Bophelo had significantly the lowest (1.27 g H2O/g DM) WHC and Impilo the highest (1.99 g H2O/g DM). The ash content negatively correlated to total starch (-0.928**) but positively iii correlated to WHC (0.654**). Peak viscosity differed significantly across all cultivars under study and ranged from 126.54 RVU (Bophelo) to 302.36 RVU. (Dagga). There was significant difference in trough viscosity across all cultivars ranging from 55.97 RVU (Impilo) to 280.78 RVU (Dagga). There were significant differences in the final viscosity across all cultivars ranging from 78.99 RVU (Impilo) to 319.26 (Dagga). Peak time viscosity varied significantly across all cultivars ranging from 3.87 min (Impilo) to 8.47 min. (Bophelo). Dagga cultivar had significantly the highest pasting temperature (94.16oC) and Bophelo the lowest (77.75oC). The setback viscosity was significantly highest 51.10 RVU (Mvuvhelo) and lowest 23.01 RVU (Impilo). All cultivars from the two locations consistently showed high potassium content ranging from 0.46% (Impilo) to 1.38% (Dagga) as compared to other minerals such as magnesium, calcium and chlorine which ranged from 0.16% (Impilo) to 0.34%. (Dagga). The CT scans revealed that there was a possibility of evaluating the effect of location on the density of granules of sweet potato flour and also the inherent differences in granular distribution of various sweet potato cultivars. SEM revealed high amounts of potassium, magnesium and chlorine. A profile of physicochemical and functional properties of flour of some of the OFSP cultivars produced in Limpopo province, South Africa has been drawn. This study also highlights the nutritional quality of the flour from four sweet potato cultivars and provides a ranking of flour to help the producers in the selection process. Bophelo flour was ranked the highest in terms of β- and, α-carotenes, total carotenoids and antioxidant capacity while Impilo was ranked highest in terms of functional properties and ash content. This study has highlighted significant differences in a number of parameters measured among the sweet potato cultivars. Therefore, in order to derive the maximum benefit from a given cultivar careful selection of sweet potato cultivars would be necessary.

<p>Mrka trulež, čiji je prouzrokovač Monilinia laxa, spada u najče&scaron;če i najznačajnije bolesti ploda ko&scaron;tičavih voćaka, naročito tre&scaron;nje. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se utvrde razlike u reakciji&nbsp; devet sorti plodova tre&scaron;nje (različitih pomolo&scaron;kih osobina) prema mrkoj truleži, uzorkovanih sa oglednog dobra Departmana za voćarstvo i vinogradarstvo, Poljoprivredni fakultet Novi Sad na Rimskim &Scaron;ančevima (koordinate: 45&deg;20&acute;N, 19&deg;51&acute;E). S obzirom da se u prirodnim uslovima plod tre&scaron;nje može zaraziti od strane vi&scaron;e patogena, biohemijski parametri su analizirani i na ve&scaron;tački inokulisanim plodovima. Ispitivane sorte su pokazale značajne razlike u pojavi oboljenja na plodu, kako u uslovima ve&scaron;tačke inokulacije, tako i u prirodnoj infekciji. U oba slučaja kod sorti su zabeležene različite ocene intenziteta zaraze, zavisno od sortimenta. Biohemijskom analizom plodova zabeležene su značajne razlike u sadržaju rastvorljivih proteina (SP), aktivnosti supereksid dismutaze (SOD), aktivnosti gvajakol peroksidaze (GPx), aktivnost pirogalol peroksidaze (PPx), lipidnoj peroksidaciji (LP). Utvrđene su značajne razlike u sadržaju &scaron;ećera, organskih kiselinih i sekundarnih metabolita (fenoli, tanini, proantocijanidini, flavonoidi, antocijanini). Takođe rezultati su pokazali razlike u antioksidantnoj aktivnost (DPPH, FRAP, ABTS i TRC testovi). Na sadržaj sekundarnih biomolekula kao i na antioksidantnu&nbsp; aktivnost&nbsp; uticali su sorta, intenzitet zaraze ploda, kao i interakcija između ova dva faktora. Većina ispitivanih sorti je pokazala visok sadržaj polifenolnih komponenti, dok je u uslovima infekcije,<br />Fitohemijska analiza i antioksidantni kapacitet plodova tre&scaron;nje inficiranih gljivom Monilinia laxa Aderh i Ruhl,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; B. Borković<br /><br /><br />sadržaj ovih parametara bio značajno niži. Na osnovu dobijenih razultata, sadržaj sekundarnih metabolita se može koristiti kao jedan od parametara u oceni otpornosti sorti tre&scaron;nje prema mrkoj truleži. Datum</p>

The Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, is a major pest of snap beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. in the Central Appalachian region of the United States. To develop pertinent research objectives, background information on this pest was gathered from literature sources and personal communications with growers, extension agents and other agricultural professionals. In objective one, Mexican bean beetle preference, developmental success and plant injury were compared among three snap bean and three lima bean cultivars in field and greenhouse trials. The cultivar 'Dragon's Tongue' was the most preferred, suitable for development, and prone to injury. Growers may benefit from growing less susceptible cultivars, or by using 'Dragon's Tongue' in trap cropping or push-pull strategies. In objective two, Mexican bean beetle densities, feeding injury, and yield were compared among snap beans grown on metallized plastic (highly reflective), white plastic, black plastic, and bare soil. Metallized plastic provided the greatest level of control, and resulted in the highest yields. Managing Mexican bean beetle by growing beans on metallized plastic may be used as a stand-alone method, or in a push-pull strategy. In the final objective, the effects of snap beans grown from thiamethoxam (a neonicotinoid insecticide)-treated seeds on Mexican bean beetle were assessed in greenhouse and field experiments. Thiamethoxam-treated plants killed 40 to 50% of Mexican bean beetle adults and larvae up to 16 days after planting. In the field, thiamethoxam-treated plants mitigated Mexican bean beetle densities and damage in one out of five experiments, resulting in a yield increase. In none of the five field experiments were differences detected in predatory arthropod species between thiamethoxam and non-insecticide treated beans. In summary, the results of this project suggest that non-chemical management methods, such as cultivar selection and planting beans on reflective mulch, can provide effective control of Mexican bean beetle. Thiamethoxam-treated seed may also provide control of this pest, but only within two to three weeks after planting; otherwise, there is typically no effect on beetles, injury or yield. This doctoral research has laid a foundation for an integrated pest management approach for Mexican bean beetle. / Ph. D. / Integrated pest management (IPM) is an economical and environmentally-sensible approach to pest management that considers numerous control and decision-making strategies. This dissertation examined non-chemical strategies and the use of an insecticide seedtreatment for management of Mexican bean beetle, a major pest of green beans in the Central Appalachian region of the United States. To develop pertinent research objectives, background information on this pest was gathered from literature sources and personal communications with growers, extension agents and other agricultural professionals. In objective one, Mexican bean beetle preference, developmental success and plant injury were compared among various bean cultivars in field and greenhouse trials. The cultivar ‘Dragon’s Tongue’ was the most suitable host for Mexican bean beetle, and consequently incurred the greatest injury. Growers in high risk areas for Mexican bean beetle may benefit from growing less susceptible cultivars. In objective two, Mexican bean beetle severity and yield were compared among green beans grown on reflective metallized plastic, white plastic, black plastic, and bare soil. Metallized plastic provided the greatest level of control, and resulted in the largest yields. Our results suggest that growing beans on reflective surfaces may be an effective, chemical-free management strategy for Mexican bean beetle. In the final objective, the effects of green beans grown from thiamethoxam (a neonicotinoid insecticide)-coated seeds was examined on Mexican bean beetle severity, non-pest arthropods, and crop performance in greenhouse and field experiments. Bean plants grown from insecticide-coated seeds were highly-toxic to Mexican bean beetle for about 16 days after planting. In one out of five experiments, thiamethoxam-treated plants reduced pest levels, resulting in increased yields. More often, Mexican bean beetles arrived after the insecticide had disappeared from plants and there was no effect. There were no detectable effects from the thiamethoxam treatment on non-pest arthropods in any experiment. Overall, seed-treatments may provide occasional control of Mexican bean beetle, but non-chemical methods may be as effective and more practical. This doctoral research project has provided a foundation for an integrated pest management approach for Mexican bean beetle.

Thesis (PhD (Viticulture and Oenology. Wine Biotechnology))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / Although bananas are widely grown worldwide in many tropical and a few subtropical countries, banana beverages are still among the fruit beverages processed by use of rudimentary methods such as the use of feet or/and spear grass to extract juice. Because banana juice and beer remained on a home made basis, there is a research drive to come up with modern technologies to more effectively process bananas and to make acceptable banana juices and wines. One of the main hindrances in the production of highly desirable beverages is the pectinaceous nature of the banana fruit, which makes juice extraction and clarification very difficult. Commercial enzyme applications seem to be the major way forward in solving processing problems in order to improve banana juice and wine quality. The particular pectinolytic enzymes that were selected for this study are Rapidase CB, Rapidase TF, Rapidase X-press and OE-Lallzyme. In addition this study, investigate the applicability of recombinant yeast strains with pectinolytic, xylanolytic, glucanolytic and amylolytic activities in degrading the banana polysaccharides (pectin, xylan, glucan starch) for juice and wine extraction and product clarification. The overall objective of this research was to improve banana juice and wine by enzymatic processing techniques and to improve alcoholic fermentation and to produce limpid and shelf-stable products of clarified juice and wine. The focus was on applying the selected commercial enzyme preparations specifically for the production of better clarified banana juice and wine. This is because the turbid banana juice and beer, which contain suspended solids that are characterised by a very intense banana flavour, require a holistic approach to address challenges and opportunities in order to process pure banana beverages with desirable organoleptic qualities. The specific objectives of applying commercial enzymes in the processing of banana juice and wine, comparing with grape winemaking practices, use of recombinant yeast and analyses of various parameters in the juices and wines made have enabled generation of information that could be of help to prospective banana juice and wine processors. The research findings obtained could be used to establish a pilot plant or small-scale industry in the banana processing beverages producing large quantities,and finally the overall objective of obtaining limpid and shelf stable products would be achieved.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:25:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao defendida e aprovada Narliane.pdf: 743771 bytes, checksum: 94853db1dabcb5389c9b89d2c92f21ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-27 / The current panorama experienced by society, from the perspective of genetic improvement, especially the vegetables, attracts the questioning about application of legal principle of precaution, this due to scientific uncertainty of possible damage that they may trigger on long term. Thus, due to changes in environmental conditions and effect of necessary human health by use of biotechnology has brought the principal object of this work is to analyze the precautionary principle and the process of releasing plants genetically altered and improved, in particular of cultivars and of transgenic crops under the legal perspective. Because two processes were analyzed for release of genetically modified organisms, which are the "rice LL62" Bayer and the bean "GM Embrapa 5.1" of Embrapa, being that the first is an application of experiment and the second a request for marketing. Noting that both the studies of genetic improvement and the protection of the environment are guarded by the Federal Constitution of 1988. Also, due the questions in the legal field study examined whether the Commission's release process Tecnic National de Biossegurança CTNBio follows the fulfilment of the minimum specifications required by the precautionary principle and whether they are sufficient to ensure food safety and to avoid possible irreversible degradation of the environment. Social and legal context, remaining evidenced differences polemics in relation to the said applications for the release and the precautionary principle, which encounters a single technological challenge to be respected. Thus, the Judiciary, under the Constitutional vision, the environment and administrative nature, should grant the scientific advancement with the fulfilment of minimum requirements for these releases or require the fulfilment of bureaucracy hailed by society? / O atual panorama vivenciado pela sociedade, sob a ótica do melhoramento genético, em especial a dos vegetais, atrai o questionamento sobre aplicação do Princípio Jurídico da Precaução, isto devido à incerteza científica dos possíveis danos que estes podem deflagrar em longo prazo. Assim, devido às alterações nas condições do meio ambiente e por efeito necessário na saúde do ser humano pelo uso da Biotecnologia trouxe o principal objeto do presente trabalho, que é analisar o Princípio da Precaução e o processo de liberação de vegetais melhorados e alterados geneticamente, em específico dos Cultivares e dos Transgênicos sob a ótica jurídica. Porquanto, foram analisados dois processos de liberação dos Organismos Geneticamente Modificados, que são o arroz LL62 da Bayer e o feijão GM Embrapa 5.1 da Embrapa, sendo que o primeiro um pedido de experimento e o segundo um pedido de comercialização. Observando que tanto os estudos do melhoramento genético quanto a proteção do meio ambiente são resguardados pela Constituição Federal de 1988. Igualmente, devidos os questionamentos no campo jurídico o estudo analisou se o processo de liberação utilizado pela Comissão Técnica Nacional de Biossegurança CTNBio segue o cumprimento dos requisitos mínimos exigidos pelo Princípio da Precaução e se são suficientes para garantir a segurança alimentar e para evitar possíveis degradação irreversíveis ao meio ambiente. Do contexto social e legal, restam evidenciadas, as divergências polêmicas em relação aos referidos pedidos de liberação e o Princípio da Precaução, que encontra um desafio tecnológico único para conseguir ser respeitado. Destarte, o Poder Judiciário, sob a visão Constitucional, do Meio Ambiente e Administrativo, deve conceder o avanço científico com o cumprimento dos requisitos mínimos estabelecidos para estas liberações ou exigir o cumprimento da burocracia aclamada pela sociedade?

The permanent pasture based on a grass-clover association and utilised in situ by grazing stock is the basis of New Zealand's chief primary industries. Although white clover is the main legume species used for this purpose its production and persistence in the drier eastern areas of the South Island often leaves much to be desired. In such situations subterranean clover may provide a useful alternative. Subterranean clover has been a very useful species in the past and will probably continue to play an important role in the future, provided the most climatically adapted cultivars are grown. The aim of the field trials was to evaluate the productive performance of several subterranean clover cultivars in Canterbury. Because of the big influence of seed yield on subsequent production and persistence in annuals, this aspect was also investigated. The subterranean clover cultivars Geraldton, Yarloop, Woogenellup, Clare, Mt. Barker and Tallarook were evaluated under cutting in swards at two sites in Canterbury.