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L’histoire de l’Anatolie « hittite » constitue une page importante de l’histoire du Proche-Orient ancien du deuxième millénaire avant J.-C. Pendant longtemps après la découverte des Hittites la recherche s’était focalisée sur le cœur de l’Empire hittite. Excepté le Sud-Est les zones périphériques sortent peu à peu de l’ombre C’est dans cette perspective que cette thèse s’inscrit : les rapports entre l’empire hittite et les entités politiques situées à l’Est dont le territoire avait été considéré comme le berceau d’un peuple d’origine toujours obscure : les Arméniens.Un certain nombre d’inscriptions cunéiformes hittites ont été étudiés dans le but de trouver des traces des Proto-Arméniens en Anatolie orientale au deuxième millénaire avant J.-C. Notre recherche est donc constituée selon le plan suivant : Dans le cadre du premier chapitre, nous examinerons l’histoire de la philologique régionale, y compris les langues. Nous présenterons les écoles de pensée et les méthodes appliquées par les grands savants occidentaux et soviétiques dès 19ème siècle pour le classement de ces langues « voisines » régionales qui appartiennent pourtant à des familles linguistiques différentes.Dans le cadre du deuxième chapitre, nous étudierons la géographie historique de l’Anatolie orientale (régions mentionnées par les sources hittites et arméniennes), considérées comme le berceau des Arméniens. Le troisième chapitre a été consacré à l’étude comparée du vocabulaire hittito-arménien. Dans le cadre du dernier chapitre (chapitre 4), nous présenterons et étudierons les textes hittites relatifs à l’Anatolie orientale. / The history of 'Hittite' Anatolia is an important part of the history of the ancient Near East of the second millennium B.C.For a long time after the discovery of the Hittites, the research had focused on the heart of the Hittite Empire. With the exception of the Southeast, the peripheral areas gradually emerge from the shadows. It is in this perspective that this thesis takes place: the relations between the Hittite empire and the political entities situated in the East, whose territory had been considered the cradle of a people of obscure origin : the Armenians.A number of Hittite cuneiform inscriptions have been studies with tha aim of finding traces of the Proto-Armenians in Eastern Anatolia in the second millennium B.C.Our research constituted according to the following plan: Within the framework of the first chapter, we will examine the history of regional philology, including languages. We will present the schools of thought and the methods applied by the great Western and Soviet scholars of the 19th century for the classification of these neighboring regional languages which belong to different linguistic families.In the second chapter, we will study the historical geography of Eastern Anatolia (areas mentioned by Hittite and Armenian sources), considered the cradle of the Armenians.The third chapter was devoted to the comparative study of the Hittite-Armenian vocabulary. In the last chapter (chapter 4), we will present and study the Hittite texts relating to Eastern Anatolia.

La vallée du moyen Euphrate, trait d’union entre la Mésopotamie du sud et la Syrie occidentale, est, durant la fin du la fin du IIIème millénaire et le début du IIème millénaire, gouverné par un šakkanakku installé à Mari (Tell Hariri, Syrie). Cette époque ainsi nommée « époque des šakkanakku » est, depuis deux décennies, étudiée avec un intérêt grandissant, en raison des découvertes archéologiques datant de cette époque. Une vue d’ensemble des données archéologiques et historiques de vallée du moyen Euphrate durant l’époque des šakkanakku suggèrent que le royaume de Mari, durant cette époque, s’est affirmé comme une puissance indépendante et prospère jusqu’au 19ème siècle (fin de l’époque des šakkanakku) où les données sont moins explicites sur le plan historique. Grâce à de nouvelles données textuelles provenant de Mari, mais également de Terqa (au nord de Mari) dont la majorité date de la fin de l’époque des šakkanakku, on a pu mettre en évidence des permanences et des ruptures entre la fin de l’époque des šakkanakku et l’époque suivante (époque « amorrite ») dans plusieurs domaines comme la langue, la « tradition scribale » ou encore dans la tradition juridique. Du point de vue dialectal, les textes du 19ème siècle montrent que la tradition linguistique est fortement ancrée dans l’univers syrien. Après l’avènement de l’amorrite Yahdun-Lim qui mit fin à l’époque des šakkanakku, la composante syrienne demeure présente, mais elle reste moins importante en raison d’une réforme de l’écriture modélisée sur la pratique sud mésopotamienne (Iraq actuelle), certainement due à la prépondérance politique d’Ešnunna durant l’extrême fin du 19ème siècle. Enfin, cette nouvelle documentation a également permis d’aborder des questions plus historiques notamment l’interaction des derniers šakkanakku de Mari avec des condottieres amorrites dont le père de Yahdun-Lim durant le 19ème siècle. / The valley of the Middle Euphrates, hyphen between South Mesopotamia and Western Syria, was ruled by a šakkanakku lived in Mari (Tell Hariri, Syria) during the end of the third millennium and early second millennium. This time period named "šakkanakku-period" is particularly studied since twenty years An overview of archaeological and historical data from the Middle Euphrates valley during the time of šakkanakku suggest that the kingdom of Mari during that time has established itself as a power independent and prosperous until the 19th century (end of the time of šakkanakku) where data are less explicit historically. The new text data from Mari, and Terqa (north of Mari), of the most dated from the end of šakkanakku-period, shows continuance and ruptures between the end of šakkanakku-period and the next period ("Amorite-period"). This continuance and ruptures are examined in several areas such as language, "scribal tradition" or in the legal tradition. The dialect of this text (19th century) shows that linguistic tradition is deeply rooted in the universe Syria. After the advent of the Amorite Yahdun-Lim who ended the time of the šakkanakku the Syrian characteristics in the dialect remains present, but it is less important because a reform of writing modeled on southern Mesopotamia (Iraq current), probably due to the preponderance of political Ešnunna during the end of the 19th century. Finally, this new text has also allowed dealing the historical interaction of the last šakkanakku Mari with condottieri Amorite whose father Yahdun-Lim in the 19th century.

In most cases in a deceased person’s estate, there are problems with co-ownership where more than one family member inherits the deceased family estate assets. To escape the perils of co-ownership the beneficiaries consensually agree to divide the inherited communallyshared asset/s. This agreement can take place immediately after the death of the family estate owner or some time later regarding some or all of the said assets. On the conclusion of the division agreement, the contractual party who receives the awarded assets enjoys sole ownership and the other contractual parties by agreement retract their ownership. In a jurisprudential content analysis of forty-six recorded family deceased division agreements from Old Babylonian Larsa and Nippur, essential elements are identified which are the framework and qualification requirements for a family deceased division agreement. Within this framework the concepts, terms and elements of the agreement are categorised as natural and incidental elements, which reflect the specific law traditions and choices of contractual parties and show the unique scribal traditions in the different Old Babylonian city-states of Larsa, Nippur and Sippar. The aim of the study is to shed a more focused light on the interpretation of recorded Old Babylonian division agreements and to show that the division agreement was a successful, timeless, estate administration mechanism and tool to obviate any undesirable consequences of co-ownership of the bequeathed property. / Old Testament & Ancient Near Eastern Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)

In most cases in a deceased person’s estate, there are problems with co-ownership where more than one family member inherits the deceased family estate assets. To escape the perils of co-ownership the beneficiaries consensually agree to divide the inherited communallyshared asset/s. This agreement can take place immediately after the death of the family estate owner or some time later regarding some or all of the said assets. On the conclusion of the division agreement, the contractual party who receives the awarded assets enjoys sole ownership and the other contractual parties by agreement retract their ownership. In a jurisprudential content analysis of forty-six recorded family deceased division agreements from Old Babylonian Larsa and Nippur, essential elements are identified which are the framework and qualification requirements for a family deceased division agreement. Within this framework the concepts, terms and elements of the agreement are categorised as natural and incidental elements, which reflect the specific law traditions and choices of contractual parties and show the unique scribal traditions in the different Old Babylonian city-states of Larsa, Nippur and Sippar. The aim of the study is to shed a more focused light on the interpretation of recorded Old Babylonian division agreements and to show that the division agreement was a successful, timeless, estate administration mechanism and tool to obviate any undesirable consequences of co-ownership of the bequeathed property. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 1977. / No Abstract Available

O núcleo cuneiforme é um sítio neural mobilizado após a exposição ao predador, ou ao odor do gato e, a sua estimulação promove respostas defensivas como congelamento motor e fuga. Trabalhos mostram que lesões que acometem o setor dorsal rostral e a parte ventrolateral caudal da substância cinzenta periaquedutal e o núcleo cuneiforme abolem as respostas defensivas e aumentam os comportamentos exploratórios. Com isso, postulamos que o núcleo cuneiforme seria importante na modulação de respostas comportamentais defensivas e, dessa forma, investigamos as suas projeções eferentes e aferentes, para que possamos amplificar o conhecimento acerca do circuito responsivo a ameaça predatória. Para isso, foram realizadas injeções iontoforéticas unilaterais de leucoaglutinina do Phaseolus vulgaris no núcleo cuneiforme para o estudo de suas eferências e, injeções iontoforéticas unilaterais de Fluorogold no núcleo cuneiforme para o estudo de suas aferências. Através dos resultados obtidos, observamos que o núcleo cuneiforme apresenta conexões com estruturas importantes para expressão do comportamento de defesa e estaria em posição de receber informações das pistas do predador, uma vez que é aferentado por estruturas que compõem o circuito responsivo a ameaça predatória (i.e núcleo hipotalâmico anterior, parte dorsomedial do núcleo ventromedial hipotalâmico, parte ventrolateral do núcleo pré-mamilar dorsal e coluna dorsolateral da substância cinzenta periaquedutal). Com os dados das eferências postulamos que o núcleo cuneiforme estaria em posição de retroalimentar o circuito responsivo a ameaça predatória e participaria de um circuito neural que modularia a expressão das respostas de avaliação de risco frente ao predador. O colículo superior através de suas projeções eferentes mobilizaria a coluna dorsolateral da substância cinzenta periaquedutal e o núcleo cuneiforme. O último por sua vez, através das projeções para o núcleo septal medial modularia a geração do ritmo teta no eixo septo-hipocampal. Adicionalmente, o núcleo cuneiforme retroalimentaria a coluna dorsolateral da substância cinzenta periaquedutal, a porção dorsomedial do núcleo ventromedial hipotalâmico e o núcleo hipotalâmico anterior, que através de suas eferências mobilizaria o septo lateral rostral ventrolateral, que potencialmente influenciaria a formação hipocampal. / The cuneiform nucleus is a neural site mobilized after exposure to the predator, or cat odor, and its stimulation promotes defensive responses such as motor freezing and escape. Studies show that lesions affecting the rostral dorsal sector and the caudal ventrolateral part of the periaqueductal gray matter and the cuneiform nucleus abolish defensive responses and increase exploratory behavior. In this way, we postulate that the cuneiform nucleus would be important in the modulation of defensive behavioral responses and, in this way, we investigate the efferent and afferent projections of the cuneiform nucleus, so that we can amplify the knowledge about the \"predatory threat responsive circuit\". For this, unilateral iontophoretic injections of leucoagglutinin from Phaseolus vulgaris were performed in the cuneiform nucleus for the study of their eferences and, unilateral iontophoretic injections of Fluorogold in the cuneiform nucleus for the study of their afferences. Through the obtained results, we observed that the cuneiform nucleus has connections with structures important for the expression of the defense behavior and would be in a position to receive information from the clues of the predator, since it is inferred by structures that make up the \"predatory threat responsive circuit\" (ie anterior hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial part of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus, ventrolateral part of the dorsal pre-mammillary nucleus and dorsolateral column of the periaqueductal gray matter). With the data of the inferences we postulated that the cuneiform nucleus would be in position to feed back the \"predatory threat-responsive circuit\" and would participate in a neural circuit that would modulate the expression of the risk assessment responses to the predator. The superior colliculus through its efferent projections would mobilize the dorsolateral column of periaqueductal gray matter and the cuneiform nucleus. The latter, in turn, through the projections to the medial septal nucleus would modulate the generation of theta rhythm in the septohippocampal system. Additionally, the cuneiform nucleus would feedback the dorsolateral column of the periaqueductal gray matter, the dorsomedial portion of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus and the anterior hypothalamic nucleus, which through its efferences would mobilize the ventrolateral rostral lateral septum, which would potentially influence the hippocampal formation.

De nombreux patients parkinsoniens souffrent de troubles du sommeil, et à un stade avancé de troubles de la marche dopa-résistants. Des résultats expérimentaux et cliniques orientent vers un dysfonctionnement de la région locomotrice mésencéphalique (MLR) formée des noyaux pédonculopontin (PPN) et cunéiforme (CuN). La stimulation cérébrale profonde du PPN chez les patients parkinsoniens ayant des troubles de la marche modifiant aussi l'architecture du sommeil, un dysfonctionnement de ce noyau pourrait expliquer en partie ces symptômes. Afin d'étudier l'anatomie et le rôle du PPN et du CuN à l'état normal et à l'état parkinsonien, ce projet a associé une étude comportementale et anatomique de la MLR. Axe comportemental. Nous avons analysé les troubles du sommeil dans un modèle primate de maladie de Parkinson avancée, puis l'effet du traitement dopaminergique et de la mélatonine, et d'une lésion cholinergique du PPN surajoutée. Les troubles du sommeil sont similaires à ceux observés chez les patients, et améliorés par la L-dopa et la mélatonine. La lésion du PPN aggrave les troubles du sommeil en aigu, puis améliore la qualité du sommeil à distance. Axe anatomique. Nous avons défini l'hodologie du PPN et du CuN chez le singe et l'homme en fonction des trois territoires anatomo-fonctionnels des ganglions de la base. Le PPN intègre des informations très diverses (sensori-motrices, associatives et limbiques), le CuN est impliqué dans un réseau limbique. L'innervation cholinergique du PPN sur le NST a été caractérisée en microscopie optique et électronique chez le singe et l'homme, afin de préciser leur implication dans les effets cliniques de la stimulation du NST. / Parkinsonian patients suffer from disabling sleep disorders, and at an advanced stage gait disorders become resistant to dopaminergic treatment. Evidence from experimental and clinical studies consider the implication of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR), associating the pedunculopontine (PPN) and the cuneiform nuclei (CuN). Deep brain stimulation in this regionto treat doparesistant gait disorders in parkinsonian patients, was shown to improve sleep parameters. Dysfunction of this network could explain part of the pathophysiology of these symptoms. In order to have an anatomo-functional study of the PPN and the CuN at normal and parkinsonian state, this project has associated a behavioral axis in monkeys and an anatomic axis in monkeys and humans. Behavioral study. Sleep disorders have been analyzed in an advanced Parkinson disease primate model. These symptoms were improved with dopaminergic treatment and melatonin.After a cholinergic PPN lesion, there was an acute worsening of the symptoms, which improved three weeks after. Anatomic study. We analyzed the connections between the PPN and the CuN relating to the three anatomo-functional territories of the basal ganglia in monkeys and humans. The PPN integrated information from the three territories (sensori-motor, associative and limbic), compared to the CuN which connected to limbic territories. We then studied the subthalamic cholinergic innervation from the PPN at optic and ultra-structural level in monkeys and humans, comparing it with the dopaminergic innervation. Our results showed a homogeneous cholinergic innervation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) compared to the heterogeneous dopaminergic innervation.

Understanding Gilgamesh – brokenly – is to understand life brokenly. The Epic of Gilgamesh is the narrative of life. It records the full cycle of the nerve and aplomb of youth, of the doubt and crisis of midlife, of the acceptance and quiescience of maturity. Moreover, this understanding is a broken understanding. It starts with the clay tablets that are broken in a literal sense of the word. Further, the narrative is a narrative of broken-ness – the story ends in tears. A man has lost his last chance of obtaining life everlasting. Yet he manages to recuperate despite his failure. The first part of this thesis examined the world of Gilgamesh. Initially he was known as the Sumerian king Bilgames. He makes his appearance in the form of oral compositions that are recited or sung in the royal courts of kings during the Sumerian period: sheer entertainment, nothing really serious. At his side is his loyal servant Enkidu who supports his master in everything he does. Akkadian gradually ousts Sumerian as vernacular, yet the latter continues to dominate as the language of culture and court. Bilgames survives the reign of the Sargonic dynasty, and even revives during the glorious Ur III period of Shulgi and of Ur-Nammu. Sumerian Bilgames-poems are recorded in writing. However, by the time that Hammurapi draws up his legal codex, the Sumerian Bilgames is known as the vibrant Akkadian king Gilgamesh. His servant Enkidu is elevated to the status of friend. Together they defy men, gods, monsters. When Enkidu dies, Gilgamesh goes even further in search of life everlasting. He reaches Uta-napishtim the Distant in order to learn the secret of eternal life. The optimism of the Old Babylonian Kingdom is replaced by the reflection and introspection of the Middle period. Life is difficult. Life is complex. The Gilgamesh Epic is once again re-interpreted and supplemented by a prologue and an epilogue: both begin and end at the same place, at the walls of Uruk. Here Gilgamesh looks back and forward to his life and contemplates about the meaning of life in general. The second part of this thesis dealt more specifically with the story – the literary aspects of the Epic. Genette’s theory illuminated several interesting literary devices with regards to the rhythm and pace of the narrative. However, much of the reflective nature of the Epic was also revealed. There were moments of looking forward, and looking backward: after Gilgamesh broke down in tears at the end of the Epic, he suddely gained perspective on life. Somehow a broken narrative focused into a meaningful whole that may just make future sense. Jauss’s theory illuminated why Gilgamesh refuses to be forgotten, why he is once again alive and well in the twenty first century. Although he was buried in the ruins of Nineveh for a thousand plus years, he is suddenly back on the scene – and not for academic reasons only. Not only scholars of the Ancient Near East take an interest in the old Epic, but also people from all sectors of life. Somehow Gilgamesh seems to respond to questions that are asked even by those who understand nuclear physics – but who grapple with the paradox of living meaningfully. Understanding Gilgamesh – brokenly – understands life. / Thesis (DLitt)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Ancient Languages / unrestricted

The Mesopotamian inscriptions and collections in ancient Mesopotamia consist of different meanings extended over long time-periods and with social, political, economic and ethnic differences. Scholars in determining whether the texts are an authentic source for Mesopotamian law traditions developed different theories and each of these theories has different variations. In a literature study to obtain if the inscriptions and collections are an authentic source, the different theories and methodologies of the inscriptions and collections were mentioned and the inscriptions and collections were tested in accordance with the characteristics of the Mesopotamian law traditions. Until new interpretation of documents of daily activities and legal activities, which can prove, that these texts are an authentic source, the interpretation of the collections and inscriptions on the legal issues of ancient Mesopotamians must be applied with caution and studied together with the greater corpus of cuneiform texts. / Old Testament and Ancient Near East Studies / M.A. (Ancient Near East Studies)