Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T17:20:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo5899_1.pdf: 2498452 bytes, checksum: 092fee119703377957dd03debce7ab3b (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / A economia do Estado do Maranhão, até o início da década de 1980, baseava-se em pequenas indústrias de extração de óleo de babaçu. O Maranhão representava uma área de estagnação e decadência que mal se ligava às áreas de industrialização do Grande São Paulo e do Grande Rio, onde funcionava um eixo de desenvolvimento da economia brasileira. Um dos últimos estados a ser atingido pelo desenvolvimento capitalista moderno, somente a partir do início da década de 1980 o Maranhão experimenta participar de uma nova etapa de sua economia. Nesse período acontece a implantação do Projeto Carajás, da Companhia Vale do Rio Doce CVRD, cuja logística desenvolvida contribuiu para transformar o Estado num dos pólos industriais e agrícolas mais atrativos do país, e de cujos produtos destinam-se na quase totalidade ao mercado externo. A estrutura de logística de transporte da CVRD, constituída fundamentalmente a partir da Estrada de Ferro Carajás (EFC), ligando as minas da Serra de Carajás (PA) a São Luís (MA) e do Terminal Marítimo de Ponta da Madeira, em São Luís, teve papel extremamente importante para essa virada na economia maranhense, permitindo que os produtos resultantes dessa nova economia obtivessem competitividade no mercado internacional. Neste trabalho mostra-se que, a partir da implantação do projeto Carajás, as exportações maranhenses alcançaram números nunca antes obtidos. A balança comercial do Maranhão, que nos primeiros cinco anos da década de 1980 (inclusive) apresentava-se constantemente negativa, mudou de sinal a partir de 1985. Esse indicador manteve-se positivo mesmo durante a segunda metade da década de 1990, período em que a região Nordeste e o próprio Brasil apresentaram saldos negativos em suas balanças comerciais

En el presente artículo se reportan algunos resultados preliminares de una investigación sobre el impacto psicosocial de la justicia transicional en el Perú, a diez años de la entrega del Informe final de la Comisión de la Verdad y la Reconciliación - CVR. El objetivo consistió en conocer las percepciones que se tienen sobre los pro- cesos de justicia transicional, en particular en el caso de la CVR en el Perú. Para ello, se analizaron materiales gráficos y discursivos que dan cuenta de una narrativa individual y colectiva en víctimas directas e indirectas de la ciudad de Huamanga que fueron obtenidos en el marco de un estudio mayor sobre el impacto psicosocial de la CVR. Los resultados sugieren que existen diversas vivencias de la violencia, caracterizadas por ser recurrentes y continuas en el tiempo a pesar de los procesos de justicia transicional. Más aún, que estos últimos tienen costos emocionales al momento de realizarse, pero que también pueden traer oportunidades que nos permitan construir una convivencia democrática en la sociedad. / The present article reports on preliminary results of a research inthe psychosocial impact of transitional justice in Peru, after ten years of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Committee - TRC. Its general objective was to learn about the perceptions on transitional justice processes, particularly in the case of the TRC in Peru. Graphics and discursive materials that account for individual and collective narrative of direct and no direct victims in Huamanga were analyzed, which were obtained as part of a larger study on the psychosocial impact of the Truth and Reconciliation Committee - CVR. The results suggest that there are different expe- riences of violence that are characterized by being recurrent and continuous in time despite transitional justice processes and that the processes have emotional costs but also benefits that allow us to build democratic coexistence in a society.

Cuando en agosto de 2003 la Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación (CVR) hizo entrega al Estado peruano de su Informe Final, la veracidad y objetividad de la memoria histórica recogida en dicho informe fue puesta en tela de juicio casi de inmediato. Muchos de los cuestionamientos que empezaron a plantearse se originaban no en un análisis acucioso del contenido del informe sino en una serie de prejuicios en torno a la CVR. Tales prejuicios parecen haberse instalado como verdades en el imaginario de muchos peruanos y han tenido un papel fundamental en la discusión que existe entre la historia oficial sobre la violencia ocurrida en las dos últimas décadas del siglo XX y la memoria histórica del conflicto armado interno recogida en el informe de la CVR. Por ello, el propósito de este artículo es reflexionar, desde la experiencia docente universitaria, sobre esta tensión entre historia oficial y memoria histórica.

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Anos de intensos conflitos armado internos resultaram em inúmeros fatos de violência e violações de direitos humanos na Guatemala (1960-1996) e no Peru (1980-2000). Depois do fim destes enfrentamentos se estabeleceram Comissões de Verdade com o fim de investigar o acontecido durante os mesmos e de elaborar relatos que incluíssem as causas dos conflitos, os períodos de violência, os atos de violência perpetrados e as consequências e sequelas dos mesmos na população. Em ambos os países, os principais afetados pela violência foram as populações indígenas, o setor historicamente mais excluído e marginalizado. Nesta dissertação analisa-se comparativamente as abordagens usadas pela Comisión de Esclarecimiento Histórico (CEH) da Guatemala e a Comisión de la Verdad (CVR) do Peru nos seus Relatórios Finais para retratar a situação de impacto diferenciado da violência que as mulheres indígenas sofreram durante os enfrentamentos armados internos acontecidos nestes países. Baseados no conceito de colonialidade do poder de Aníbal Quijano e da colonialidade do gênero de María Lugones, buscar-se-á entender a etnia, o gênero e a classe social como fatores de exclusão indissolúveis que repercutiram nas experiências e no impacto diferenciado da violência que sofreram as mulheres indígenas durante os conflitos armados internos acontecidos na Guatemala e no Peru. / Years of intense internal armed conflicts resulted in countless acts of violence and human rights violations in Guatemala (1960-1996) and Peru (1980-2000). After the end of these conflicts, Truth Commissions were established in order to investigate what occurred during these clashes and elaborate reports that would include the causes of the struggles, the periods of violence, the acts of violence that were carried out and the consequences and effects on the population. In both countries the indigenous populations, the most excluded and marginalized historically, were the main victims of horrendous crimes. In this dissertation we compare the approaches that the \"Historical Clarification Truth Commission\" of Guatemala and the \"Truth and Reconciliation Truth Commission\" of Peru used in their Final Reports regarding the differential impact of violence on indigenous women during the armed conflicts that took place in these countries. Based on the concept of coloniality of power by Aníbal and coloniality of gender by María Lugones, we argue that ethnicity, gender and social class are indissoluble factors that greatly influenced the experiences and the singular impact of violence on indigenous women during the armed conflicts in Guatemala and Peru.

The increasing awareness on the effect of carbon emissions in our planet has led to several countries to adopt targets for their reduction. One way of contributing to this aim is to use and distribute electricity more efficiently. In this context, Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR), a well-known technique that takes advantage of the positive correlation between voltage and demand to reduce energy consumption, is gaining renewed interest. This technique saves energy by only reducing customer voltages, without relying on customer actions and, therefore, can be controlled by the Distribution Network Operator (DNO). CVR not only brings benefits to the electricity system by reducing generation requirements (fewer fossil fuel burning and carbon emissions), but also to customers, as energy bill reductions. The extent to which CVR can bring benefits mainly depends on the customers load composition and their voltages. While the former dictates the voltage-demand correlation, the latter constraints the voltage reduction that can be applied without violating statutory limits. Although CVR has been studied for many years, most of the studies neglect the time-varying voltage-demand characteristic of loads and/or do not assess end customer voltages. While these simplifications could be used to estimate CVR benefits for fixed and limited voltage reductions, realistic load and network models are needed to assess the performance of active CVR schemes, where voltages are actively managed to be close to the minimum limit. Moreover, distribution networks have been traditionally designed with limited monitoring and controllability. Therefore, CVR has been typically implemented by adopting conservative voltage reductions from primary substations, for both American and European-style networks. However, as new infrastructure is deployed in European-style LV networks (focus of this work), such as monitoring and on-load tap changers (OLTCs), the opportunity arises to actively manage voltages closer to end customer (unlocking further energy savings). Although these technologies have shown to effectively control voltages in LV networks, their potential for CVR has not been assessed before. Additionally, most CVR studies were performed in a context where distributed generation (DG) was not common. However, this has changed in many countries, with residential photovoltaic (PV) systems becoming popular. As this is likely to continue, the interactions of residential PV and CVR need to be studied. This thesis contributes to address the aforementioned literature gaps by: (i) proposing a simulation framework to characterise the time-varying voltage-demand correlation of individual end customers; (ii) developing a process to model real distribution networks (MV and LV) from DNO data; (iii) adopting a Monte Carlo-based quantification process to cater for the uncertainties related to individual customer demand; (iv) assessing the CVR benefits that can be unlocked with new LV infrastructure and different PV conditions. To accomplish (iv), first, a simple yet effective rule-based scheme is proposed to actively control voltages in OLTC-enabled LV networks without PV and using limited monitoring. It is demonstrated that by controlling voltages closer to customers, annual energy savings can increase significantly, compared to primary substation voltage reductions. Also, to understand the effect of PV on CVR, a centralized, three-phase AC OPF-based CVR scheme is proposed. This control, using monitoring, OLTCs and capacitors across MV and LV networks, actively manages voltages to minimize energy consumption in high PV penetration scenarios whilst considering MV-LV constraints. Results demonstrate that without CVR, PV systems lead to higher energy imports for customers without PV, due to higher voltages. Conversely, the OPF-based CVR scheme can effectively manage voltages throughout the day, minimising energy imports for all customers. Moreover, if OLTCs at secondary substations are available (and managed in coordination with the primary substation OLTC), these tend to regulate customer voltages close to the minimum statutory limit (lower tap positions), while the primary OLTC delivers higher voltages to the MV network to also reduce MV energy losses.

This thesis focuses on the challenges in production to create a live-action cinematic virtual reality film that aims to trigger a certain emotional response in the viewer. Cinematic virtual reality (CVR) is the term referred to throughout this thesis that has been used by Mateer (2017) in his paper. However, the definition of CVR will differ to some extent from Mateers ́ (2017) and reasons for it will be provided. Firstly, the techniques employed in the production of the cinematic virtual reality film that may elicit an emotional response and character engagement are taken from the theory of cognition and emotion in film by Smith, M. (1995) Engaging Characters: Fiction, Emotion and Cinema and David Bordwell ́s Narration and the Fiction Film (1985). The theoretical framework has been applied to an analysis of a Pixar-style animated CVR film called Invasion! (2016) in order to extract guiding principles that have informed the making of my own CVR film. The importance of creating presence through immersion is highlighted as necessary in sustaining engagement and evoking emotions (Ding et al., 2018). An emotional response of entrapment, fear, insecurity and wonder is desired to be elicited by watching my CVR film. As well, emotional engagement with the character in the CVR film is aimed for to enhance the emotional response. Sound and visual cues are used that may serve to facilitate directing the viewer through the story as mentioned by Mateer (2017). Techniques identified that may create an emotional response are direct address, spatial proximity and orientation. The production of my CVR film has been informed by these techniques, however, challenges in production may have weakened the outcome such as the difficulties in monitoring the shoot resulting in problems adjusting lighting, directing the actress and avoiding object distortion on stitching lines. Furthermore, on set sound recording has been a major challenge. My CVR film is evaluated according to these challenges and possible solutions for improvement are offered. Cinematic Virtual Reality is a medium that offers new ways for storytelling and experiences. My CVR film places the viewer in the imaginary position of a fairy thus offering a perspective of the world and connected emotions that go beyond the possible experiences in everyday life. The aim is to contribute to a deepened understanding of cinematic virtual reality filmmaking by presenting some of the techniques and production challenges of creating an emotionally compelling CVR film experience.

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