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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Efeito antioxidante do fitomedicamento Echinodorus macrophyllus na nefrotoxicidade do quimioterápico ciclofosfamida / Antioxidant effect of the phytomedicine Echinodorus macrophyllus in the nephrotoxicity of the cyclophosphamide

Espedito Ladier do Nascimento 27 November 2013 (has links)
Medicamentos fitoterápicos são aqueles cuja matéria-prima é exclusivamente originária de vegetais, descartando-se qualquer associação que inclua em sua composição outras substâncias ativas isoladas não vegetais. A lesão renal aguda (LRA) é caracterizada pelo rápido declínio da função renal, definida por um aumento absoluto da creatinina sérica de pelo menos 0,3mg/dl, elevação de 50% (1,5 vezes) do valor basal ou redução do fluxo urinário, documentado como oligúria ou menor que 0,5ml/kg por hora por mais de seis horas. Este estudo investigou o efeito protetor do Echinodorus macrophyllus (Ema) na nefrotoxicidade induzida pela ciclofosfamida. Foram utilizados ratos da raça Wistar, machos, adultos, distribuídos nos grupos: Controle: animais que receberam solução de cloreto de sódio 0,9% por via intraperitoneal (i.p.), (1,5ml/kg, dose única), Ema: animais que receberam Echinodorus macrophyllus, (2g/kg 1 x ao dia, durante 5 dias, por gavagem), CCF: animais que receberam ciclofosfamida (150mg/kg dose única, i.p.), CCF + Ema: animais que receberam Echinodorus macrophyllus e ciclofosfamida no 5º dia (i.p.). Foram avaliadas a função renal (FR) (clearance de creatinina); a lesão oxidativa (peróxidos urinários, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico TBARS e tióis no tecido renal) e feita análise histológica renal (lesão tubulointersticial). Os resultados confirmaram a lesão nefrotóxica de caráter oxidativo induzida pela ciclofosfamida. O Ema demonstrou efeito renoprotetor antioxidante, com melhora da FR, redução dos níveis de peroxidação lipídica e metabólitos oxidativos. A análise histológica indicou dano significativo ao tecido renal pela CCF, que foi reduzido nos animais tratados com Ema. Este estudo demonstra claramente a LRA induzida pela ciclofosfamida e o efeito renoprotetor do Ema / Herbal medicines are those whose raw materials are exclusively originated from vegetables, excepting any association that includes in its composition other isolated active substances. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by a rapid decline in renal function defined by an absolute increase in serum creatinine of at least 0.3 mg/dL, a 50% (1.5 times) baseline increase or urinary flow reduction, documented as oliguria or less than 0.5 ml/kg per hour for a period surpassing six hours. This study investigated the protective effect of Echinodorus macrophyllus (Ema) in cyclophosphamide-induced nephrotoxicity. We used male adults Wistar mice, divided into four groups: Control group: animals receiving sodium chloride solution 0.9 intraperitoneally (ip) (1.5 ml/kg, single dose); Ema: animals that received Echinodorus macrophyllus (2g/kg one time daily for 5 days by gavage); CCF: animals receiving cyclophosphamide (150mg/kg single dose, i.p), CCF + Ema: animals receiving Echonodorus macrophyllus and cyclophosphamide on day 5. We evaluated renal function (RF) (creatinine clearance), oxidative damage (urinary peroxides, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances - TBARS and thiols in kidney tissues) and we also carried out histologic kidney analyses (tubulointerstitial injury). Data confirmed the oxidative nephrotoxic injury induced by cyclophosphamide. Ema proved to have renoprotective and antioxidant effects, with improvement in RF, reduced levels of lipid peroxidation and oxidative metabolites. The histologic analysis indicated significant damage to renal tissue by CCF, which was reduced in animals treated with Ema. This study clearly demonstrates LRA induced by cyclophosphamide and the renoprotective effect of Ema
52

Efeito do extrato etanólico da entrecasca de Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. na cistite hemorrágica em ratos / Effect of ethanol extract of the inner bark of Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. on the hemorrhagic cystitis in rats

Matos, Alexandre Santos 26 July 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Introduction: Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is the main side effect of cyclophosphamide (CP) chemotherapy. This condition is characterized by the macro and microhaematuria, dysuria, suprapubic pain and increased urinary frequency. It is believed that acrolein, a CP metabolite, induces the generation of reactive oxygen species in the uroepithelial cell, resulting in peroxynitrite formation, which can cause damage to these cells. Mesna is the choice drug used to prophylactically treat HC, because it prevents the acrolein contact with the uroepithelium. Besides, antioxidant substances are thought to have a protective effect on HC, mainly because of the reduction of peroxynitrite formation through the inhibition of superoxide production. In this way, natural compounds or extracts with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties may possess potential to treat HC. Objectives: In the present study the effect of the ethanol extract of the inner bark of Caesalpinia pyramidalis (EECp) was investigated in the HC model in rats. Methods: In order to induce HC, animals received an i.p. injection of CP (200 mg/kg). A control group received only saline (0.9%) by the same route. One hour before this injection, animals were pre-treated with vehicle (Tween 80, 5%, p.o.) or EECP (100-400 mg/kg, p.o.). Mesna was used as a control and was administrated 5 min before and 4 and 8 h after the CP injection. In this manner, there were used 6 experimental groups: (i) Vehicle+Saline; (ii) Vehicle+CP; (iii) EECp (100 mg/kg)+CP; (iv) EECp (200 mg/kg)+CP; (v) EECp (400 mg/kg)+CP; (vi) Mesna+CP. After 24 h of CP or saline injection, animals were euthanized and the inflammatory/oxidative parameters were measured: (i) myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the urinary bladder and lung tissues; (ii) malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in the urinary bladder and lung tissues; (iii) edema index in bladder; (iv) serum concentrations of nitrite and nitrate; (v) total and differential leukocyte counts in the peripheral blood; (vi) histological analyses of the urinary bladder. Results: The injection of CP increased the MPO activity in the urinary bladder (P<0.001) and significantly altered all the histological parameters evaluated, when compared with the saline+vehicle group. Besides, it augmented the bladder weight (P<0.01), when compared with the saline+vehicle group, without changing the MDA concentrations. Systemically, we observed higher serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate and lung MPO activity, as wells as a decrease in the total leukocyte and mononuclear counts, with a slight increase in the polymorphonuclear counts (P<0.05), when compared with saline+vehicle group. Pre-treatment with EECp reduced the leukocyte influx to the urinary bladder, evidenced by the reduction of the MPO activity (P<0.001 for 100 and 400 mg/kg and P<0.05 for 200 mg/kg) and the histological score (P<0.05 for 100 mg/kg), accompanied by the diminution of the total histological score (P<0.05 for 100 mg/kg) and the basal concentration of MDA (P<0.05 for 100 and 400 mg/kg), when compared with the vehicle+CP group. It was also observed an attenuation of the lung injury caused by CP administration, by the reduction of the MPO activity (P<0.05 for 200 and 400 mg/kg) and basal MDA concentration (P<0.05 for 200 and 400 mg/kg), when compared with the vehicle+CP group. The pretreatment with EECp also reduced the serum concentration of the nitrate and nitrite (P<0.05 for 100 mg/kg and P<0.01 for 400 mg/kg), in addition to the polymorphonuclear cell counts (P<0.05 for all doses used), without any significant alteration in the total leukocyte and mononuclear counts. Conclusions: These results suggested that EECp possesses moderate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on the HC and attenuates the CP-induced lung injury, being of interest for future studies involving therapeutical strategies to treat the effects associated with the chemotherapy with CP. / Introdução: A cistite hemorrágica (CH) é o principal efeito indesejado associado à quimioterapia com ciclofosfamida (CF). Esta condição é caracterizada pela presença de macro e micro hematúria, disúria, dor suprapúbica e aumento da frequência urinária. Acredita-se que a acroleína, metabólito da CF, induz a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio no uroepitélio, resultando em CH. A prevenção desta patologia é feita com mesna, que atua impedindo o contato da acroleína com o uroepitélio. Entretanto, substâncias antioxidantes tem efeito protetor na CH e acredita-se que elas comprometam a produção de peroxinitrito por diminuir a produção de ânion superóxido e, desse modo, substâncias de origem natural com propriedades antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórias podem representar uma alternativa em potencial no tratamento da CH. O extrato etanólico de Caesalpinia pyramidalis (EECp) possui propriedades antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórias e, portanto, acredita-se que o mesmo possa modular vias inflamatórias envolvidas na CH. Objetivo: O presente estudo investigou o efeito do EECp na prevenção da CH induzida por CF. Métodos: A CH foi induzida pela injeção i.p. de CF (200 mg/kg) em ratos Wistar. Outro grupo recebeu somente salina (0,9%) pela mesma via. Os animais foram pré-tratados 1 h antes da injeção de CF ou salina com veículo (Tween 80 a 0,5%; v.o.) ou EECp (100-400 mg/kg; v.o.). O mesna foi administrado 5 min. antes e 4 e 8 h depois da indução da CH. Foram utilizados 6 grupos experimentais: (i) Veículo+Salina; (ii) Veículo+CF; (iii) EECp (100 mg/kg)+CF; (iv) EECp (200 mg/kg)+CF; (v) EECp (400 mg/kg)+CF; (vi) Mesna+CF. Após 24 h da injeção de CF ou salina os animais foram eutanasiados e alguns parâmetros inflamatórios foram medidos: (i) atividade de mieloperoxidase (MPO) na bexiga e no pulmão; (ii) concentração de malondialdeído (MDA) na bexiga e no pulmão; (iii) índice de edema na bexiga; (iv) concentrações séricas de nitrito e nitrato; (v) contagem total e diferencial de leucócitos em sangue periférico e (vi) análise histológica da bexiga. Resultados: A injeção de CF aumentou a atividade de MPO na bexiga (P<0,001) e alterou significativamente todos os parâmetros histopatológicos analisados, além de provocar aumento da massa da bexiga (P<0,01), sem alterar a concentração de MDA neste tecido, quando comparado ao grupo Veículo+Salina. Sistemicamente, observou-se elevação dos níveis séricos de nitrito e nitrato e da atividade de MPO pulmonar, bem como diminuição da contagem total de leucócitos e mononucleares, com aumento no número de polimorfonucleares, em relação ao grupo Veículo+Salina. O EECp causou a redução do influxo de leucócitos para a bexiga induzido pela CF, evidenciado pela diminuição do escore histológico (P<0,05 para 100 mg/kg) e a da atividade de MPO (P<0,001 para 100 e 400 mg/kg e P<0,05 para 200 mg/kg) na bexiga, acompanhado da diminuição do escore histológico total (P<0,05 para 100 mg/kg) e da concentração basal de MDA (P<0,05 para 100 e 400 mg/kg), quando comparado ao grupo Veículo+CF. Sistemicamente, a administração de EECp atenuou a lesão pulmonar induzida pela CF, demonstrada pela redução da atividade de MPO (P<0,05 para 200 e 400 mg/kg) e da concentração basal de MDA (P<0,05 para 200 e 400 mg/kg) neste tecido; reduziu as concentrações séricas de nitrito e nitrato (P<0,05 para 100 mg/kg e P<0,01 para 400 mg/kg) e diminuiu o número de leucócitos polimorfonucleares no sangue (P<0,05 para todas as doses usadas), quando comparado ao grupo Veículo+CF. Conclusão: Estes resultados permitem concluir que o EECp tem efeito anti-inflamatório e antioxidante moderados na CH, bem como atenua a lesão pulmonar induzida pela CF, podendo ser utilizado em estudos envolvendo estratégias terapêuticas futuras para o tratamento de efeitos associados à quimioterapia com CF.
53

Efeitos do extrato de Chenopodium ambrosioides L. na cistite induzida pela ciclofosfamida / Effects of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. extract on cyclophosphamide induced cystitis

Antonio Gonçalves Filho 27 March 2013 (has links)
A cistite hemorrágica (CH) consiste em um processo inflamatório difuso de origem infecciosa ou não que resulta em um sangramento da mucosa vesical. As CH crônicas recorrentes induzidas pela ciclofosfamida (CYP) são um desafio na prática clínica pela alta morbidade e por vezes mortalidade dos pacientes. O tratamento da CH induzida pela ciclofosfamida consiste no uso de MESNA, disulfiram, N-acetil-cisteína, anti-inflamatório, oxigênio hiperbárico, hiper-hidratação e irrigação vesical, mas novas terapias têm sido investigadas, inclusive usando produtos naturais. A espécie vegetal Chenopodium ambrosioides L., conhecida popularmente como mastruz, mastruço e erva-de-Santa-Maria, tem sido relatada pela população como anti-inflamatório e analgésico. O presente estudo investigou os efeitos do extrato bruto hidroalcoólico de folhas de Chenopodium ambrosioides na CH induzida pela ciclofosfamida em ratos. Vinte e nove ratos receberam 150 mg/kg de CYP por via intraperitoneal (i.p.) para indução de CH e em seguida foram divididos em três grupos: controle negativo (CN), tratados com soro fisiológico a 0,9%; extrato bruto hidroalcoólico de Chenopodium ambrosioides (EBHCa), tratado com dose única de 50 mg/kg de extrato bruto hidroalcoólico de Chenopodium ambrosioides (EBH) e controle positivo (CP), tratados com dose única de 15 mg/kg de diclofenaco de potássio, todos por gavagem. Após 48 horas da indução da CH os animais foram sacrificados para retirada da bexiga, que foi preparada para análise histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica. O EBH foi capaz de diminuir o peso da bexiga e histologicamente a inflamação aguda e crônica da bexiga, a extensão do infiltrado inflamatório na parede vesical e a neoformação capilar do mesmo modo que o diclofenaco de potássio, quando comparados ao grupo CN. Observou-se ainda uma redução da expressão imuno-histoquímica de cicloxigenase-2 (COX-2) e do fator nuclear kappa B (NF&#61547;B) na bexiga. No presente estudo o EBH das folhas de Chenopodium ambrosioides apresentou atividade anti-inflamatória, semelhante ao diclofenaco de potássio, no tratamento da CH induzida pela CYP. / Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) consists of a diffuse inflammatory process that results on the bleeding of the bladder mucosa due to infectious or noninfectious etiology. Chronically recurrent CYP induced HC remains a challenge to clinical practice given its high morbidity and sometimes mortality of patients. Treatment consists of administering MESNA, disulfiram, N-acetylcysteine, anti-inflammatory, hyperbaric oxygen, hyperhydration and bladder irrigation, though new therapies have been investigated, such as the use of natural products. Popularly known as mastruz, mastruço and erva-de-Santa-Maria, Chenopodium ambrosioides L. has been generally reported by people as having anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The following study investigated the effects of a hydroalcoholic crude extract (EBH) of Chenopodium ambrosioides leaves on cyclophosphamide (CYP) induced HC in rats. In order to induce HC, twenty nine rats were intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered 150mg/kg of CYP and then divided into three groups: negative control (NC) were treated with 0,9% saline solution; hydroalcoholic crude extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides (EBHCa) were treated with a single dose of 50 mg/kg of EBH administered and positive control (PC) were treated with a single dose of 15 mg/kg of diclofenac potassium, all of them by gavage. After 48 hours of HC induction, all rats were sacrificed, their bladders removed and prepared for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. EBH was able to decrease bladder weight and histologically decrease acute and chronic bladder inflammation, decrease on the infiltrated inflammatory extension of the bladder wall and capillary neoformation in the same way of those from group CN. There was also a reduction in the immunohistochemical expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF&#61547;B) in the bladder. In this study, Chenopodium ambrosioides leaves EBH showed anti-inflammatory activity which was similar to results from diclofenac potassium used on treatment of CYP induced HC.
54

Efeito do extrato etanólico da entrecasca de Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. na cistite hemorrágica em ratos / Effect of ethanol extract of the inner bark of Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. on the hemorrhagic cystitis in rats

Matos, Alexandre Santos 26 July 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Introduction: Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is the main side effect of cyclophosphamide (CP) chemotherapy. This condition is characterized by the macro and microhaematuria, dysuria, suprapubic pain and increased urinary frequency. It is believed that acrolein, a CP metabolite, induces the generation of reactive oxygen species in the uroepithelial cell, resulting in peroxynitrite formation, which can cause damage to these cells. Mesna is the choice drug used to prophylactically treat HC, because it prevents the acrolein contact with the uroepithelium. Besides, antioxidant substances are thought to have a protective effect on HC, mainly because of the reduction of peroxynitrite formation through the inhibition of superoxide production. In this way, natural compounds or extracts with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties may possess potential to treat HC. Objectives: In the present study the effect of the ethanol extract of the inner bark of Caesalpinia pyramidalis (EECp) was investigated in the HC model in rats. Methods: In order to induce HC, animals received an i.p. injection of CP (200 mg/kg). A control group received only saline (0.9%) by the same route. One hour before this injection, animals were pre-treated with vehicle (Tween 80, 5%, p.o.) or EECP (100-400 mg/kg, p.o.). Mesna was used as a control and was administrated 5 min before and 4 and 8 h after the CP injection. In this manner, there were used 6 experimental groups: (i) Vehicle+Saline; (ii) Vehicle+CP; (iii) EECp (100 mg/kg)+CP; (iv) EECp (200 mg/kg)+CP; (v) EECp (400 mg/kg)+CP; (vi) Mesna+CP. After 24 h of CP or saline injection, animals were euthanized and the inflammatory/oxidative parameters were measured: (i) myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the urinary bladder and lung tissues; (ii) malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in the urinary bladder and lung tissues; (iii) edema index in bladder; (iv) serum concentrations of nitrite and nitrate; (v) total and differential leukocyte counts in the peripheral blood; (vi) histological analyses of the urinary bladder. Results: The injection of CP increased the MPO activity in the urinary bladder (P<0.001) and significantly altered all the histological parameters evaluated, when compared with the saline+vehicle group. Besides, it augmented the bladder weight (P<0.01), when compared with the saline+vehicle group, without changing the MDA concentrations. Systemically, we observed higher serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate and lung MPO activity, as wells as a decrease in the total leukocyte and mononuclear counts, with a slight increase in the polymorphonuclear counts (P<0.05), when compared with saline+vehicle group. Pre-treatment with EECp reduced the leukocyte influx to the urinary bladder, evidenced by the reduction of the MPO activity (P<0.001 for 100 and 400 mg/kg and P<0.05 for 200 mg/kg) and the histological score (P<0.05 for 100 mg/kg), accompanied by the diminution of the total histological score (P<0.05 for 100 mg/kg) and the basal concentration of MDA (P<0.05 for 100 and 400 mg/kg), when compared with the vehicle+CP group. It was also observed an attenuation of the lung injury caused by CP administration, by the reduction of the MPO activity (P<0.05 for 200 and 400 mg/kg) and basal MDA concentration (P<0.05 for 200 and 400 mg/kg), when compared with the vehicle+CP group. The pretreatment with EECp also reduced the serum concentration of the nitrate and nitrite (P<0.05 for 100 mg/kg and P<0.01 for 400 mg/kg), in addition to the polymorphonuclear cell counts (P<0.05 for all doses used), without any significant alteration in the total leukocyte and mononuclear counts. Conclusions: These results suggested that EECp possesses moderate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on the HC and attenuates the CP-induced lung injury, being of interest for future studies involving therapeutical strategies to treat the effects associated with the chemotherapy with CP. / Introdução: A cistite hemorrágica (CH) é o principal efeito indesejado associado à quimioterapia com ciclofosfamida (CF). Esta condição é caracterizada pela presença de macro e micro hematúria, disúria, dor suprapúbica e aumento da frequência urinária. Acredita-se que a acroleína, metabólito da CF, induz a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio no uroepitélio, resultando em CH. A prevenção desta patologia é feita com mesna, que atua impedindo o contato da acroleína com o uroepitélio. Entretanto, substâncias antioxidantes tem efeito protetor na CH e acredita-se que elas comprometam a produção de peroxinitrito por diminuir a produção de ânion superóxido e, desse modo, substâncias de origem natural com propriedades antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórias podem representar uma alternativa em potencial no tratamento da CH. O extrato etanólico de Caesalpinia pyramidalis (EECp) possui propriedades antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórias e, portanto, acredita-se que o mesmo possa modular vias inflamatórias envolvidas na CH. Objetivo: O presente estudo investigou o efeito do EECp na prevenção da CH induzida por CF. Métodos: A CH foi induzida pela injeção i.p. de CF (200 mg/kg) em ratos Wistar. Outro grupo recebeu somente salina (0,9%) pela mesma via. Os animais foram pré-tratados 1 h antes da injeção de CF ou salina com veículo (Tween 80 a 0,5%; v.o.) ou EECp (100-400 mg/kg; v.o.). O mesna foi administrado 5 min. antes e 4 e 8 h depois da indução da CH. Foram utilizados 6 grupos experimentais: (i) Veículo+Salina; (ii) Veículo+CF; (iii) EECp (100 mg/kg)+CF; (iv) EECp (200 mg/kg)+CF; (v) EECp (400 mg/kg)+CF; (vi) Mesna+CF. Após 24 h da injeção de CF ou salina os animais foram eutanasiados e alguns parâmetros inflamatórios foram medidos: (i) atividade de mieloperoxidase (MPO) na bexiga e no pulmão; (ii) concentração de malondialdeído (MDA) na bexiga e no pulmão; (iii) índice de edema na bexiga; (iv) concentrações séricas de nitrito e nitrato; (v) contagem total e diferencial de leucócitos em sangue periférico e (vi) análise histológica da bexiga. Resultados: A injeção de CF aumentou a atividade de MPO na bexiga (P<0,001) e alterou significativamente todos os parâmetros histopatológicos analisados, além de provocar aumento da massa da bexiga (P<0,01), sem alterar a concentração de MDA neste tecido, quando comparado ao grupo Veículo+Salina. Sistemicamente, observou-se elevação dos níveis séricos de nitrito e nitrato e da atividade de MPO pulmonar, bem como diminuição da contagem total de leucócitos e mononucleares, com aumento no número de polimorfonucleares, em relação ao grupo Veículo+Salina. O EECp causou a redução do influxo de leucócitos para a bexiga induzido pela CF, evidenciado pela diminuição do escore histológico (P<0,05 para 100 mg/kg) e a da atividade de MPO (P<0,001 para 100 e 400 mg/kg e P<0,05 para 200 mg/kg) na bexiga, acompanhado da diminuição do escore histológico total (P<0,05 para 100 mg/kg) e da concentração basal de MDA (P<0,05 para 100 e 400 mg/kg), quando comparado ao grupo Veículo+CF. Sistemicamente, a administração de EECp atenuou a lesão pulmonar induzida pela CF, demonstrada pela redução da atividade de MPO (P<0,05 para 200 e 400 mg/kg) e da concentração basal de MDA (P<0,05 para 200 e 400 mg/kg) neste tecido; reduziu as concentrações séricas de nitrito e nitrato (P<0,05 para 100 mg/kg e P<0,01 para 400 mg/kg) e diminuiu o número de leucócitos polimorfonucleares no sangue (P<0,05 para todas as doses usadas), quando comparado ao grupo Veículo+CF. Conclusão: Estes resultados permitem concluir que o EECp tem efeito anti-inflamatório e antioxidante moderados na CH, bem como atenua a lesão pulmonar induzida pela CF, podendo ser utilizado em estudos envolvendo estratégias terapêuticas futuras para o tratamento de efeitos associados à quimioterapia com CF.
55

Farmacocinética enantiosseletiva da ciclofosfamida em pacientes com câncer de mama / Enantioselective Pharmacokinetics of Cyclophosphamide in Breast Cancer Patients

Bruno José Dumêt Fernandes 05 September 2008 (has links)
A ciclofosfamida (CPA) é um agente alquilante da classe das oxazafosforinas amplamente usada no tratamento de múltiplas formas de câncer e de doenças autoimunes em adultos e crianças. A CPA está disponível na clínica como racemato, no entanto, dados pré-clínicos demonstraram diferenças na eficácia e toxicidade dos seus enantiômeros, sendo o enantiômero (S)-(-)-CPA o de maior índice terapêutico. O presente estudo investigou a enantiosseletividade e a influência do CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 e CYP3A na disposição cinética da ciclofosfamida (CPA) em pacientes portadoras de câncer de mama. Foram incluídas na investigação 15 pacientes previamente submetidas ao procedimento de retirada do tumor e tratadas com CPA racêmica (900-1000 mg) e epirrubicina. A atividade in vivo do CYP3A foi avaliada empregando o midazolam como fármaco marcador. As amostras seriadas de sangue foram coletadas até 24 horas após a administração do primeiro ciclo da CPA. Os enantiômeros da CPA foram extraídos do plasma, usando mistura de acetato de etila:clorofórmio (75:25, v/v) e separados na coluna Chiralcel® OD-R com fase móvel constituída por acetonitrila:água (25:75, v/v), contendo 0,2% de ácido fórmico. Os enantiômeros da CPA foram analisados por LC-MS-MS, sendo que os íons protonados e seus respectivos íons-produtos foram monitorados nas transições 261>141 para a CPA e 189>104 para o padrão interno (antipirina). A recuperação foi maior que 95% para ambos os enantiômeros da CPA e o limite de quantificação foi de 2,5 ng/mL de plasma para cada enantiômero. Os coeficientes de variação e os erros relativos obtidos na avaliação da precisão e exatidão intra e inter-ensaios foram menores que 10%. Os parâmetros farmacocinéticos foram calculados empregando o programa WinNonlin e utilizando modelo monocompartimental e cinética de primeira ordem. Os parâmetros farmacocinéticos com razões enantioméricas diferentes da unidade foram avaliados com base no teste de Wilcoxon (P0,05). A disposição cinética da CPA é enantiosseletiva em pacientes com câncer de mama, com acúmulo plasmático do enantiômero (S)-(-)-CPA (AUC 195,00 vs 174,80 g.h/mL) em função do clearance preferencial do enantiômero (R)- (+)-CPA (5,13 vs 5,99 L/h). Os clearances de ambos os enantiômeros da ciclofosfamida não diferem em função dos genótipos CYP2B6, CYP2C9 e CYP2C19 e da atividade in vivo do CYP3A avaliada pelo clearance do midazolam. / Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is an alkylating oxazaphosphorine agent widely used in the treatment of multiple forms of cancer and autoimmunes disesases in adults and children. CPA is used as a racemic mixture, although preclinical data have demonstrated differences in the efficacy and toxicity of its enantiomers, with the (S)-(- )-CPA exhibiting a higher therapeutic index. The present study investigated the enantioselectivity and influence of CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A on the kinetic disposition of cyclophosphamide (CPA) in patients with breast cancer. Fifteen patients previously submitted to removal of the tumor and treated with racemic CPA (900-1000 mg) and epirubicin were included in the study. The in vivo activity of CYP3A was evaluated using midazolam as a marker drug. Serial blood samples were collected up to 24 h after administration of the first cycle of CPA. The CPA enantiomers were extracted from plasma using a mixture of ethyl acetate:chloroform (75:25, v/v) and separated on a Chiralcel® OD-R column, with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile:water (25:75, v/v) and 0.2% formic acid. The CPA enantiomers were analyzed by LC-MS-MS, and the protonated ions and their respective ion products were monitored at transitions of 261>141 for CPA and of 189>104 for the internal standard (antipyrine). Recovery was higher than 95% for both CPA enantiomers and the quantification limit was 2.5 ng/mL plasma for each enantiomer. The coefficients of variation and relative errors obtained for the evaluation of the intra- and interassay precision and accuracy were less than 10%. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with the WinNonlin program using a monocompartmental model and first-order kinetics. The pharmacokinetic parameters presenting enantiomer ratios different from one were evaluated using the Wilcoxon test (P0.05). The kinetic disposition of CPA was enantioselective in patients with breast cancer, with plasma accumulation of the (S)-(-)-CPA enantiomer (AUC 195.00 vs 174.80 g.h/mL) due to the preferential clearance of the (R)-(+)-CPA enantiomer (5.13 vs 5.99 L/h). Clearances of both CPA enantiomers did not differ between the CYP2B6, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genotypes or as a function of in vivo activity of CYP3A evaluated by the midazolam clearance.
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Enantiosseletividade na disposição cinética e no metabolismo da ciclofosfamida e ajuste de dose do bussulfano em pacientes submetidos a transplante de células tronco hematopoéticas / Enantioselectivity on the kinetic disposition and metabolism of cyclophosphamide and busulfan dose adjustment in patients who underwent stem cell marrow transplantation.

Francine Attié de Castro 21 August 2013 (has links)
O bussulfano (BU) e a ciclofosfamida (CY) são fármacos utilizados nos regimes de condicionamento pré-transplante de células tronco hematopoéticas (TCTH). O BU apresenta estreito intervalo terapêutico, alta variabilidade interindividual na farmacocinética e graves reações adversas. O presente estudo avaliou a administração de uma dose teste de BU oral para a individualização do regime de dosagem, definiu o melhor tempo de coletas esparsas para o monitoramento terapêutico do BU e validou um algoritmo baseado em modelo compartimental e farmacocinética populacional em pacientes submetidos ao TCTH. Trinta pacientes portadores de doenças hematológicas tiveram o tratamento com BU individualizado baseado em uma dose teste oral de 0,25 mg/Kg de BU. As doses foram baseadas no clearance aparente calculado na dose teste e as concentrações plasmáticas foram confirmadas após a quinta dose de tratamento. Os coeficientes de variação obtidos entre os valores de clearance avaliados na dose teste e na quinta dose foram <= 30%, exceto para 5 pacientes. Não foram observadas associação entre os parâmetros farmacocinéticos do BU e a evolução clínica dos pacientes. Com a finalidade de estimar os melhores tempos de coletas ideais para aplicação no monitoramento terapêutico do BU, um modelo farmacocinética populacional foi utilizado e um esquema de coletas esparsas com não mais de cinco amostras por paciente (t = 0,5; 2,25; 3; 4 e 5 horas após a dose) demonstrou ser suficiente para a caracterização da farmacocinética do BU. O presente estudo avaliou também a farmacocinética dos enantiômeros da ciclofosfamida (CY) e seus metabólitos (4-hidroxiciclofosfamida e carboxiciclofosfamida), em pacientes submetidos ao TCTH. Foram investigados pacientes portadores de esclerose sistêmica (n=10) e esclerose múltipla (n=10) em regime de condicionamento com 50 mg CY /kg/dia durante 4 dias. Dois ensaios específicos baseados na análise por LC-MS/MS foram desenvolvidos e validados para analisar os enantiômeros da CY e seus metabólito 4- hidroxiciclofosfamida (HCY) e carboxiciclofosfamida (CEPM) em plasma humano. Os parâmetros farmacocinéticos dos enantiômeros da CY e seus metabólitos foram calculados empregando o programa WinNonlin e mostraram acúmulo plasmático dos enantiômeros (S)- (-)-CY (AUC 215, 0 vs 186,2 ?g.h/mL para os paciente EM e 219,1 vs 179,2 ?g.h/mL para os paciente ES) e HCY (1), provavelmente o (R)-(+)-HCY (AUC 5,6 vs 3,7 ?g.h/mL para os paciente EM e 6,3 vs 5,6 ?g.h/mL para os paciente ES) em ambos os grupos de pacientes investigados. A disposição cinética do metabólito CEPM não mostrou enantiosseletividade. A farmacocinética da CY e seus metabólitos HCY e CEPM não diferiu entre os pacientes portadores de EM ou ES. Não foi observado correlação entre o metabolismo da CY e os genótipos avaliados (CYP2B6 e CYP2C9). Não foi possível correlacionar os valores de AUC0-? dos enantiômeros da CY e/ou dos metabólitos HCY e CEPM com a toxicidade ao uso de CY em virtude do pequeno número de pacientes investigados. / Busulfan (BU) and cyclophosphamide (CY) are drugs used during conditioning treatment for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). BU presents narrow therapeutic window, high interindividual variability in the pharmacokinetics and serious adverse effects. The present study evaluated the administration of a BU test dose for dose individualization, set the best sparse sampling scheme for BU therapeutic monitoring and validated an algorithm based on compartmental and population pharmacokinetics model in HSCT patients. Thirty patients received BU individualized treatment based on an oral test dose of 0.25 mg/kg. Doses were based on apparent clearance calculated with BU test dose. Plasma concentrations were confirmed after the fifth treatment dose. Coefficients of variation obtained between the clearance values evaluated in the test dose and fifth dose were <= 30%, except for 5 patients. No association between BU pharmacokinetic parameters and clinical outcome was observed. To estimate the ideal sampling scheme for BU therapeutic drug monitoring, a population pharmacokinetic model was used. Sparse sampling scheme with no more than five samples per patient (t = 0.5, 2.25, 3, 4 and 5 hours after dosing) was shown to be sufficient to characterize the BU pharmacokinetics. This study also evaluated the pharmacokinetics of the cyclophosphamide enantiomers and its metabolites (4-hydroxycyclophosphamide and carboxicyclophosphamide) in HSCT patients. We investigated patients with systemic sclerosis (SS) (n = 10) and multiple sclerosis (MS) (n = 10) in the conditioning regimen with CY 50 mg/kg/day for 4 days. Two specific tests based on LC-MS/MS analysis were developed and validated to analyze the CY enantiomers and its metabolite 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (HCY) and carboxicyclophosphamide (CEPM) in human plasma. Pharmacokinetics of CY enantiomers and its metabolites were calculated using WinNonlin software and showed plasma accumulation of (S)-(-)-CY (AUC 215.0 vs 186.2 ?g.h/mL for the MS patient and 219.1 vs. 179.2 ?g.h/mL for the SS patient) and HCY (1), probably the (R)-(+)-HCY (AUC 5.6 vs 3.7 ?g.h /mL for MS patients and 6.3 vs 5.6 ?g.h/ mL for the SS patients) enantiomers in both groups of investigated patients. CEPM kinetics disposition showed lack of enantioselectivity. The pharmacokinetics of CY and its metabolites (HCY and CEPM) did not differ between patients with MS or SS. There was no correlation between the metabolism of CY, CYP2B6 and CYP2C9 genotypes. It was not possible to correlate the AUC0-? of CY enantiomers and/or its metabolites (HCY and CEPM) with CY toxicity due to the small number of patients investigated.
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Chemomobilization with Cyclophosphamide and Filgrastim in Multiple Myeloma Patients Following Lenalidomide Treatment

Gerfen, Ashlee, Green, Myke January 2012 (has links)
Class of 2012 Abstract / Specific Aims: Autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) is the current gold standard following induction therapy to improve survival of multiple myeloma (MM). Lenalidomide (LEN) is used for treatment of MM before ASCT, but exposure may impair autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) mobilization. Chemomobilization with cyclophosphamide (CTX) has not been evaluated in this setting. CTX + filgrastim was investigated to determine if LEN-associated mobilization impairment can be abrogated. Methods: 36 pts (group A=12 pts who received ≥2 cycles of LEN and group B=24 pts without LEN) were analyzed retrospectively. Baseline characteristics were matched (p>0.05 for all variables). All pts received CTX (median group B, 1.5g/m2; median group A, 3gm/m2(p=0.18)) and filgrastim 10µg/kg/day. Primary outcomes include number of CD34+ cells collected and number of leukapheresis sessions. Secondary outcomes include failure to collect CD34+ cells and total CD34+ cells collected after second leukapheresis. Main Results: Total median number of CD34+ cells collected in group B=9.15x106/kg CD34+ cells and group A=7.43x106/kg CD34+ cells (p=0.159). Median number of apheresis sessions in group B=2 and group A=3 (p=0.42). Two of 12 pts with antecedent LEN usage failed to collect while no patient without previous LEN exposure failed to collect (p=0.105). Total number of CD34+ cells collected after 2 apheresis sessions for group B=8.13x106/kg CD34+ cells and group A=3.34x106/kg CD34+ cells (p=0.06). Conclusions: Chemomobilization with CTX + filgrastim yields robust PBSC collections irrespective of antecedent lenalidomide. There was a trend towards lesser PBSC collection in LEN-treated pts.
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The impact of cyclophosphamide on male germ cell quality and consequences on early post-fertilization events /

Barton-Maclaren, Tara S. January 2007 (has links)
No description available.
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Possible Drug-Induced Pancreatitis in a Patient Receiving Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, and Prednisone Chemotherapy

Gardner, R., Bossaer, John 10 December 2019 (has links)
Drug-induced pancreatitis is a condition characterized by sudden inflammation of the pancreas that can be mild or severe but usually subsides. Signs and symptoms consist of abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, low-grade fever and pain radiating to the lower back. The incidence of acute drug-induced pancreatitis is approximately 2% but in patients that have disease states that predispose them to the development of pancreatitis, such as malignancy, hypercalcemia, tumor lysis syndrome, and immunosuppression it is found to be much higher. Conditions that should be considered in the differential diagnosis are cholelithiasis, hyperlipidemia, pancreatic tumor and alcoholism. Additionally, several medications have been reported to have an association with inducing pancreatitis. The focused medications are cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone. All three of these drugs come with a probable association of medications that can induce pancreatitis. Having risk factors and potential drugs that could induce pancreatitis make it challenging to pinpoint the cause. A 79-year-old male presented to the hospital with generalized weakness and altered mental status lasting approximately 5 days. A clinical diagnosis of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma was made and chemotherapy was started during the stay. CVP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone) chemotherapy was given along with a rasburicase for potential tumor lysis syndrome. All labs were within normal limits prior to chemotherapy except for calcium, which was 10.9mg/dL and 12.42mg/dL after correction for the albumin being 2.1gm/dL. The following day the patient complained of severe abdominal pain and had mild abdominal distention. A diagnosis of pancreatitis was made after labs revealed: amylase >600 U/L, corrected calcium 12.04mg/dL, glucose 260mg/dL, a bump in BUN from 34 to 50mg/dL and a normal lipid panel. The patient also had a CT scan that revealed cholelithiasis. Subsequently the chemotherapy was stopped and normal saline was given at 50mL/hr due to his heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Upon discontinuation of the chemotherapy, the patients abdominal pain resolved within 2 days and labs started to return to normal. Labs revealed: corrected calcium 10.5mg/dL, glucose 98mg/dL and BUN 40mg/dL. The chemotherapy agent was switched to intrathecal methotrexate, in which the patient had no trouble tolerating and the abdominal pain never returned. Ultimately, the patient developed worsening heart failure and 20 days later expired. The complexity of pinpointing conditions, risk factors, or drug causes for pancreatitis is outlined in this case. This patient had several risk factors for developing pancreatitis such as malignancy and hypercalcemia but didn’t have any signs/symptoms. After CVP chemotherapy was started, the signs/symptoms matched the labs and clinical diagnosis but cholelithiasis revealed. Once the chemotherapy was stopped all signs/symptoms subsided and labs returned to normal. The most likely cause was the chemotherapy due to the timeline from initiation of therapy to the onset of pancreatitis symptoms but this case is extremely complex due to other conditions and risk factors.
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Health Issues Related to the Management of Antineoplastic Drugs

Rillo, Ryan A. 14 July 2009 (has links)
No description available.

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