Bakgrund: Urinblåsecancer finns i olika former och vid muskelinvasiv cancer är radikal operation den vanligaste behandlingen. Förutsatt att cancern inte spridit sig, då görs en cystektomi. Många människor har en naturlig förmåga att hantera kriser och skapar ny balans i tillvaron efter en påfrestande händelse i livet. Sjuksköterskan kan ge råd och stöd i situationen och bör då ha kunskap om förändringar i personens fysiska och psykiska tillstånd. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa hur personer som genomgått cystektomi på grund av urinblåsecancer upplevde att det dagliga livet påverkades. Metod: En litteraturstudie har gjorts där 15 vetenskapliga artiklar har granskats. Resultat: Personerna drabbades av olika problem efter cystektomin. Urinproblem, buk- och avföringsproblem och livsförändring var tydliga, men även problem med en förändrad kroppsuppfattning och problem med det sociala stödet kom fram. Slutsats: Det är olika faktorer som påverkar det dagliga livet efter en cystektomi. Kunskap i hur personerna kan reagera är viktig för sjuksköterskan, för att kunna bemöta problemen och ge råd och stöd om olika copingstrategier för att hantera situationen. Då kan individuell omvårdnad ges, utifrån varje persons behov. / Background: Bladder cancer exists in different forms and in muscle invasive cancer, radical surgery is the standard treatment. Assuming that the cancer has not spread, then, a cystectomy is done. Many people have a natural ability to handle crises and generate a new personal balance. A nurse can offer advice and support in the situation and should have knowledge of changes in the person's physical and mental condition. Aim: The aim was to illustrate how people who have undergone cystectomy because of bladder cancer felt that their daily lives were affected. Methods: A literature review has been done where 15 scientific papers have been reviewed. Results: The subjects suffered from various problems after cystectomy. Urinary Problems, abdominal and stool problems, and change in life were common, but also problems with an altered body image and problems with social support occurred. Conclusion: There are different factors that affect the daily lives after a cystectomy. Knowledge of how people might react is important for nurses, in order to address the problems and provide advice and support on various coping strategies to deal with the situation. When that is the case, individual care can be given, based on each person's needs.

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The aim of this thesis was to describe the medical, cognitive and psychosocial consequences of epilepsy in young adulthood. Four studies were carried out with this patient group. The first two papers were based on a follow-up study regarding young adults with epilepsy that investigated medical and psychosocial aspects and compared the present results with those five years earlier. We then conducted focus group interviews with young adults with epilepsy and subjective cognitive decline to assess the deeper meaning of living with epilepsy accompanied by cognitive difficulties. In the fourth study we studied cognitive dysfunction further, choosing the language function in young adults with epilepsy. We firstly examined whether language impairments were associated to functional brain alterations and secondly related the language performance to demographics, clinical data, Quality of Life (QoL) and self-esteem. The five-year follow up of 97 young adults with uncomplicated epilepsy revealed no improvement regarding seizure frequency or side effects from anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) over time, even though many new-generation AEDs had been established during this period. During the study period 21% had recovered from epilepsy, Seizure frequency among those who still had epilepsy had not improved, and 42% had experienced seizures during the past year. New-generation anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) had been introduced to PWE, especially to women. There is still need for new and more effective treatment options for this group in the future. It is essential to find alternative approaches to develop better treatment options for this group in the future. However QoL was normal compared to the general population, indicating that new options regarding treatment can have made an impact. Lower QoL was correlated to high seizure frequency and to cognitive side effects. Self-esteem and Sence of Coherence were impaired compared to the situation at adolescence. Self-esteem was correlated to seizure frequency and to side-effects of antiepileptic drugs. Sence of Coherence was not correlated to epilepsy-related factors in the same way as QoL, but mirrored the phenomenon of epilepsy. The qualitative study showed that the consequences of epilepsy are not only restricted to the consequences of seizures, but also concerns many other aspects of life. The interviews revealed four themes: “affecting the whole person“, “influencing daily life”, ”affecting relations” and ”meeting ignorance in society”. Another important factor was language function; when one loses some language ability, this gives a feeling of losing one’s capability. The fourth study examined language by neuropsychological methods and correlated this function to brain activation measured by fMRI. Language functions measured in verbal fluency and abstract language comprehension were impaired in participants with both generalized epilepsy and epilepsy of focal onset. Age at onset of epilepsy and education are the most important factors correlating to language function. An additional factor that impacts abstract language comprehension is the frequency of convulsive seizures, while use of topiramate /zonisamide affect verbal fluency negatively. QoL was not correlated to language impairments, but for patients with focal onset seizures there was a correlation between self-esteem and abstract language comprehension. The fMRI investigation revealed altered activity during language tasks in participants with epilepsy compared to controls. In epilepsy with focal seizures originating in the left hemisphere, we found increased bilateral activation of supporting areas, in the anterior mid-cingulate cortex and the anterior ventral insulae, indicating a compensational functional reorganization. In generalized epilepsy, the functional language network showed an imbalance, as this group expressed an inadequate suppression of activation in the anterior temporal lobe during semantic processing. Subtle language impairment can, even if it does not occur in everyday dialogue, be of importance and have consequences for the person affected. The negative consequences of language decline must be addressed in people with epilepsy of different etiology. Young adults with epilepsy are still substantially affected by the condition. The consequences are not only restricted to the seizures, but concern many aspects of life and there is a great need for new treatment options for this group in the future.

Detta examensarbete är en studie om matematik i vardagssituationer i en svensk förskola. Syftet med min studie var att undersöka vilken matematik som uppstår i av- och påklädningssituationer. Ytterligare ville jag ta reda på hur pedagoger arbetar för att lyfta fram och stimulera barnen för att upptäcka matematiken i dessa situationer. Jag har valt att göra en kvalitativ studie. I den empiriska undersökningen använder jag ostrukturerade observationer av pedagoger tillsammans med barnen i tamburen, som kompletteras med löpande protokoll. De kvalitativa intervjuerna med pedagogerna, som var inblandade i undersökningen, användes för att styrka det som observationerna visade. Resultaten visar att en del pedagoger använde av- och påklädningssituationerna för att synliggöra matematiska begrepp. I samtal med barnen utryckte de sig medvetet på ett matematiskt språk och förklarade begrepp för barnen i de situationer det behövdes.

Syfte: Litteraturstudiens syfte var att beskriva upplevelsen av MS-relaterad fatigue, hur den påverkade vardagen och val av egenvårdsstrategier. Metod: Beskrivande litteraturstudie. Resultatdelen innehåller 15 st vetenskapliga artiklar, varav 8 st har en kvantitativ ansats, 5 st har en kvalitativ ansats och 2 st har båda ansatserna. Artiklarna söktes i databaserna PubMed och Cinahl och genom manuell sökning. Resultat: MS-relaterad fatigue var en unik och individuell upplevelse. Fatigue hade en multidimensionell och handikappande inverkan på vardagen, som berörde såväl fysiska, psykiska, sociala och kognitiva aspekter. Personer med MS hade utvecklat olika egenvårdsstragier för att minska, förebygga och dölja konsekvenserna av fatigue. Tre av artiklarna saknade en tillräcklig beskrivning av inklusions- och exklusionkriterier. Fyra artiklar saknade en adekvat beskrivning av bortfall.  Slutsats: MS-relaterad fatigue bidrog till en försämring av fysiska, psykiska, sociala och kognitiva funktioner och stod i direkt relation till sämre livskvalitet. Befintliga egenvårdsstrategier kunde beskrivas utgå ifrån två olika teman: lindra och dölja konsekvenserna av fatigue. Levines bevarandemodell gav en omvårdnadsteoretisk förståelse av MS-relaterad fatigue som saknades i tidigare forskning. / Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the experience of MS-related fatigue, how it affected daily-living and different self-care strategies. Method: Descriptive literature study. The study contains 15 scientific papers, 8 had a quantitative approach, 5 had a qualitative approach and 2 included both approaches. The articles were found by using PubMed and Cinahl and by manual search. Results: MS-related fatigue was a unique and individual experience. Fatigue had a multidimensional and disabling impact on everyday life involving physical, psychological, social and cognitive aspects. People with MS had developed various self-care strategies to reduce, prevent and hide the effects of fatigue. Three of the articles lacked a sufficient description of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Four articles lacked an adequate description of the discontinuity of participation. Conclusion: MS-related fatigue contributed to a deterioration of the physical, psychological, social and cognitive functions and was directly related to lower quality of life. Existing self-care strategies could be described in two themes: to ease and hide the effects of fatigue. Levine's conservation model yielded a theoretical understanding of MS-related fatigue. Previous research did not incorporate a nursing theoretical understanding of MS-related fatigue.

Fatigue är ett vanligt förekommande symtom vid multipel skleros (MS). Denna ihållande och svåra trötthet beskrivs ofta som det svåraste MS-relaterade symtomet att hantera. Symtomet har en negativ påverkan på individens funktionella status samt på livskvaliteten. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa upplevelserna av MS-relaterad fatigue samt hur symtomet påverkar det dagliga livet. Som metod användes en systematisk genomgång av tidigare forskning med en induktiv ansats. Forskning visar att fatigue upplevs som en oavbruten förlamande effekt som uppfattas skilja sig mycket från tidigare upplevd trötthet. Fatigue påverkar hela kroppen och leder till att kroppen blir svårare att styra och hantera. Den begränsade förmågan att utföra önskade aktiviteter påverkar individernas liv negativt. Individer med MS blir tvungna att reglera och planera sitt dagliga liv för att undvika och minska graden av fatigue. En bibehållen självkänsla samt en positiv attityd och en acceptans för sjukdomen och symtomet upplevs minska graden av fatigue. Kommande forskning bör fokusera på individanpassade metoder eller strategier som upplevs minska graden av fatigue.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att belysa patienters upplevelser av det dagliga livet efter en brännskada. Bakgrund: Brännskador är ett trauma för både kropp och själ och är både ett fysiskt och psykiskt lidande. Patienterna lider av bland annat sömnsvårigheter, depression, ångest och klåda. En stor del av omvårdnaden är rehabilitering som hjälper patienten att återgå till vardagen. Hendersons omvårdnadsteori syftar till att sjuksköterskan ska hjälpa patienter att återfå oberoendet gällande sina grundläggande behov och kommer att användas vid tolkning av resultatet. Metod: Litteraturstudie utförd på ett systematiskt sätt, baserad på fem kvalitativa och sju kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar publicerade mellan åren 1995-2010. Resultat: Brännskador innebär både fysiska och psykiska förändringar i det dagliga livet. Resultatet är baserat på fyra kategorier; fysiska och psykiska begränsningar, vård och rehabilitering, det sociala livet och livskvalitet. Patienter upplevde bristande självförtroende, negativ påverkan på relationer, funktionshinder samt arbete och karriär, vilket kunde leda till depression och ångest. Diskussion: Rehabiliteringen var betydelsefull för patienternas tillfrisknande då det var viktigt att sjuksköterskan och anhöriga anpassade sig efter deras behov och få förståelse för den enskilda individen. Det kan vara en god idé att använda sig av Hendersons modell för att brännskadevården ska bli bättre och patienter ska klara av sin vardag på bästa sätt. / Purpose: The purpose of the study is to highlight the daily life experience of patients after burn injury. Background: There is a physical and mental experience associated with burn injuries affecting both body and soul for patients which can be defined as trauma. The outcome of burn injuries can cause the patient to suffer from depression, anxiety and itching. Henderson’s care theory aims to support nurses to help patients to recover through rehabilitation so he/she can gain independency and return back to daily life. Henderson’s theory will be used to interpret the result. Method: Literature study used in a systematic way is based on five qualitative and seven quantitative articles published between 1995-2010. Result: Burn injuries have an effect on the physical and mental change in patients daily life. Result is based on four different categories: physical and mental limitations, care and rehabilitation, ability to socialize and quality of life. Patients experienced insufficient self-confidence, functional disability and negative affect on relationships and carrier which can be a driver for depression and anxiety. Discussion: Rehabilitation is crucial for the patient to recover and it is important that the nurse and relatives adapted according to the patients need. It is also important that understanding for the individual is set in mind to support the patient. It’s a good idea to use Henderson’s model to improve the care of patients after burn injury so they can manage their daily life in the best possible way.

Bakgrund: Multiple skleros är en neurologisk sjukdom i det centrala nervsystemet vilket beror på en kronisk inflammation. Insjuknandet sker i åldern 20-40 år. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva hur det dagliga livet påverkades för personer med Multiple skleros. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie har utförts och analyserats med ett induktivt förhållningssätt. Sökningar gjordes i databaser vilket resulterade i 20 artiklar. Resultat: MS-drabbade upplevde att vardagen påverkades och arbete, relationer samt fritidsaktiviteter blev lidande. En känslomässig följd av MS var oro och rädsla, att inte veta när nästa förlust skulle drabba dem. Diskussion: Ofrivillig social isolering ledde till ett stort lidande hos den MS-drabbade, att dessutom förlora fysiska egenskaper bidrog i sin tur till ett annat lidande. MS begränsningarna skapade en sänkt självständighet, som sjuksköterska är det viktigt att vara medveten om svårigheten att ersätta den MS-drabbades förlorade färdigheter. Slutsats: Som blivande sjuksköterskor är det relevant att vara medveten om att sjukdomen påverkar hela den MS-drabbades livssituation. För att ge optimal omvårdnad bör sjuksköterskan utgå från den MS-drabbades individuella behov. Trots att den MS-drabbade möter motgångar, har de flesta en otrolig kraft för att kämpa vidare / Background: Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disease of the central nervous system due to a chronic inflammatory. Onset occurs between the ages of 20-40 years. Aim: The objective was to describe how the daily lives of people were affected by Multiple Sclerosis Method: A systematic literature study has been conducted were articles analyzed with an inductive approach. Search was made in databases, which resulted in 20 articles. Results: MS-affected felt that affected everyday life and work, relationships and leisure activities began to suffer. An emotional consequence of MS was anxiety and fear of not knowing when the next loss affected them. Discussion: Involuntary social isolation contributed to a great suffering for the MS-affected and on top of that loose physicals skills also contributed another suffering. MS limits created a reduced independence, it is important to be aware of the difficulty to replace the lost skills of the MS-affected. Conclusion: As a future nurse, it is relevant to be aware that the disease affects the whole of the MS-affected life situation. To provide optimal care nurse should be deleted from the MS-affected individual needs. Although the MS-stricken face adversity, most have shown incredible strength to fight on.

This master thesis comprizes of a comparative study between two neighborhoods in two different cities: Nezu-Tokyo and Ortakoy-Istanbul. Although two cities that have been chosen seem incomparable in many respects, the study scale &ndash / neighborhoodsprovide a deeper apprehension to understand the differences or similarities that the two cultures and their architecture share. In the master thesis, the main factors that form, constitute, and limit the neighborhoods, with the help of the photographical medium, will be analyzed. Japanese and Turkish Culture, despite the fact that they belong to different geographies, share a certain closeness and intimacy. In the two cultures, it is possible to observe that, there exists (at least within certain cultural areas) an attempt to protect internal harmonies against the effects of globalizarion. After experiencing the similar characteristics of urban space in these two neighborhoods, this study has focused on the creation of space, within the help of atmoshere and boundary concepts, within a theoretical frame drawn by an aesthetical approach. Although the cities that were chosen are very large in scale, the neighborhoods which were chosen still carry a local character, where citizens spend most of their time and closely affect their surroundings. It could also be claimed that, positioned between v architectural and urban scale, neighborhoods constitute the different faces of a city. In a neighborhood that posseses both traditional characters and effects of urbanization at the same time, we can observe the social habits and individual diversities, rules of a city planning and flux of different ingredients that form the metropolitan and daily life, and neighbor relations. In this regard, my intention, with the close-scope study of two neighborhoods, is to make a research to indicate the very distinct ways to create space and the ways in which everyday life is conveyed, within the context of two different cultures.

As far as the traditional Turkish theater does not refer to any architectural structure / the theater buildings that are built during the nineteenth century are identified with the ideals of modernity and treated as the literally translations of the Western typologies.This study aims to investigate the possbility of a geniune architectural language in the theaters of nineteeenth century Istanbul. While doing this, rather than offering a pure formal analysis,the study concentrates on the cultural panorama of the nineteenth century Istanbul, political and ideological changes, international relations, economic downturn and their impact on theater that starts to appear as a popular leisure time activity of the capital of the Ottoman Empire.