During the last decades airpower has become a useful tool for military interventions. Earlier research argues that air operations during the first Gulf war proved that strategic bombing could be effective due to modern technology and precision guided munitions. John Warden developed a theory based on strategic bombing, where he sees the enemy as a system, which is illustrated by a five-ring-model. The theory is widely discussed in the modern airpower debate, and has also been criticized because it has not been proved in any large-N study. Therefore, this essay aims to test Wardens five-ring-model in a comparative case study where two modern air operations have been chosen for investigation. The two operations are Operation Deliberate Force that took place Bosnia, 1995, and Operation Odyssey Dawn/Unified Protector that took place in Libya, 2011. The two operations have many similarities but differ in the time it took to reach their designated goals. The results indicate that Wardens theory is not capable of explaining why the two operations differed in the time it took to achieve its goals. The operations did not act according to Wardens five-ring-model to a sufficiently large extent when other targets were more frequently attacked than the ones that Warden advocates to be the most effective. Warden states that his theory is very general and can be used for any opponent, but the results of this essay indicate that it may be to general to be able to explain the outcome of an operation.

Airpower has shown its usefulness throughout many wars and was seen as a key instrument in the Libyan war 2011. However, the use of airpower and how it should be applied has been a highly debated topic for as long as airpower has been around. Two theorists, John A. Warden III and Robert A. Pape, have received a lot of attention and there is a debate regarding which one of these theorists has the best solution on how to use airpower. The purpose with this essay is to apply some of the two theorists’ ideas on the Libyan war 2011 and investigate their explanatory power in the conflict. To reach an answer, a case study has been used with a theory testing method which would further seek to contribute to the debate that exists between the two theorists. Results show that some parts of the theorists’ ideas have a high explanatory power in the conflict and some parts do not. As individuals, they cannot explain the whole war, but together their ideas have a high explanatory power in the conflict. Based on the ongoing debate that provides two different ways of using airpower, the conclusions suggest that a combination of the two theorists’ ideas might be the answer to how airpower can be employed in the best way for future operations. Further research is required to investigate this thesis. / <p><strong>Uppsatsen skriven VT 2017 under Termin 4 Officersprogrammet 15-18 med inriktning</strong><strong>mot flyg. Examen genomförs VT 2018. </strong></p>

Les simulations, de plus en plus, sont capables de saisir la complexité de l'époque de réionisation, durant laquelle l'hydrogène neutre de l'Univers a été ionisé par les premières sources lumineuses. Des bases de données représentatives de la multitude de signaux possibles seront nécessaires pour contraindre les paramètres des modèles quand des observations 21~cm seront disponibles. À cette fin, et en préparation des observations à venir sur des instruments comme SKA, nous avons développé une base de données de cones de lumières EoR haute-résolution (21ssd.obspm.fr), ainsi qu'une modélisation du bruit thermique. Nous avons également développé un formalisme permettant de quantifier la différence entre les modèles de cette base de données, en utilisant le spectre de puissance et la fonction de distribution des pixels. Nous trouvons que les deux diagnostiques sont sensibles à des paramètres différents des modèles, ce qui signifie que les deux peuvent être utilisés ensemble de manière complémentaire pour extraire l'information maximale. De plus, en utilisant le code 21cmFAST, nous avons développé des stratégies pour échantillonner l'espace des paramètres d'une manière optimale (plus homogène et isotrope), afin de fournir le meilleur point de départ entrainer un réseau de neurones. Ce réseau retrouve les paramètres du modèle en se basant sur une observable. Nous observons une amélioration modérée dans la précision de ses prédictions quand nous utilisons l'échantillonnage optimisé lors de son entrainement. / Simulations are increasingly able to capture the intricacies of the Epoch of Reionization, during which the neutral hydrogen in the Universe was ionized by the first luminous sources. Databases encompassing the range of possible signals will be needed to constrain parameter values when 21~cm observations are available. In preparation for upcoming experiments such as the SKA, we have developed a database of high-resolution EoR lightcones (21ssd.obspm.fr), along with realistic thermal noise modelling. We examine frameworks with which we can quantify the difference between entries in this database, specifically with the power spectrum and pixel distribution function. We find that the two diagnostics are sensitive to different parameters, meaning they can be used together to extract maximumal information. Then, using the 21cmFAST code, we explore how to optimally sample a parameter space (so that it is more homogeneous and isotropic), in order to provide the best set-up for parameter extraction. Finally, the improved sampling is used in training a neural network. The neural network uses observables as input data, and attempts to estimate the corresponding parameter values. When the optimal sampling is used as training data, we find that the neural network is able to estimate parameter values with a modest improvement in accuracy.

The debate amongst theorists on how to best utilize airpower is still ongoing. There is some consensus among scholars that attacking military targets directly is an effective strategy, one of those theorists is Robert A. Pape. Most research on the subject only examine historical cases and does not factor in more contemporary difficulties. The purpose of this study is to examine Robert A. Pape’s airpower theory of denial in a comparative case study. The two cases, Operation Odyssey Dawn and Enduring Freedom, are succesful contemporary operations where airpower played a major role in a military intervention with the intent to examine which part of Pape’s theory is still curant in modern and dynamic conflicts. The results show that the denial strategy contributed to the success in both cases for the most part by providing air support to ground troops. The effect of operational interventions differed between the cases and the reasons why may have several explanations. Strategic intervention had neither effect nor occurrence in either case which may be due to the operations reaching objectives in a short amount of time and to restrictions on collateral damage. Further research is required to cement the conclusions.

In this essay I try to understand the philosophical value of Nietzsche's critique of morality in Daybreak: Thoughts on the Prejudices of Morality, a book that in the context of Nietzsche studies has often been overlooked. I do this by examining the way in which he criticizes the ungrounded assumptions or so-called prejudices of moral objectivity and the idea that there exists an absolute morality. I also explore the positions from which he criticizes these prejudices, namely from ideas of subjectivity and history, and their respective relation to morality. Finally, I reflect upon what Nietzsche has to say about the possibility of a new understanding of ethics by exploring the implications of his view of bodily affections and linguistic concepts.

Uppsatsen gör en kvalitativ närläsning av utvalda passager i science fiction-verken Dune - Frank Herbert (1965), The Left Hand of Darkness - Ursula K. Le Guin (1969) och Dawn - Octavia E. Butler (1987). Materialet analyseras utifrån ett ekokritiskt perspektiv. Dess samband med posthumanistisk teori aktualiseras också i dess gemensamma ifrågasättande av människan och dess självbild. Syftet är att undersöka hur verken både återspeglar och aktualiserar ekokritiska perspektiv i gestaltning av människan och miljö. Vidare diskuteras resultatet i förhållande till gymnasieskolans värdegrundsinnehåll kopplat till klimatförändringar och hållbar utveckling för att presentera hur science fiction kan behandla dessa frågor i undervisningen. Slutsatserna visar att verken återspeglar ekokritiska perspektiv i deras gestaltning av människan i en alternativ framtid där relationen gentemot naturen ges en stor betydelse, till exempel som bärande av en kultur och i gestaltning av människors försök till kontroll gentemot dess omgivning. De alternativa perspektiven bär vikt i förhållande till den posthumanistiska kritiken av människan genom att ifrågasätta och gestalta människan i en biologisk och kulturell förändring. Verken visar hur science fiction-genren ger nya perspektiv på människans framtida varande. Samtliga insikter går att koppla till samtida diskussioner gällandes klimatförändringar och dess konsekvenser på människan och blir därav högst aktuella att behandla på gymnasieskolan.

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Horizon: Zero Dawn (2017) är ett spel som berättar en hel berättelse genom miljö och indexikalt berättande. De tekniker som spelet använder för detta har i denna analys identifierats och analyserats för att förstå hur och när de används. Analysen ären fallstudie av en teorikonsumerande karaktär som fokuserar på definitionerna av indexikalt berättande och miljöberättande men den har sin grund i semiotisk analys. I analysen hittades tre olika kategorier av indexer eller miljöer som används i spelet för att förmedla olika viktig information. Analysen kom även fram till att spelet använde sig av en struktur som liknade detektivberättelser i hur de levererade information till spelaren. Då detta är den enda analysen av denna karaktär så behövs det nu bara fler studier som gör liknande analyser av andra spel för att bekräfta de resultat som hittades i denna analys.