Kristýna Komárková ABSTRACT The diploma thesis deals with dealing with errors while teaching French as a foreign language with regard to speaking. The first part of the thesis contains the definition of the term error, its conception within modern teaching methods, classification of errors and most common causes of their occurrence. Corrective strategies analysis and particularities of dealing with errors within spoken language can also be found within the theoretical part of the thesis. Those theoretical findings are then applied in the practical part of the thesis which contains two case studies that are subject of the analysis of the corrective strategies used in French language classes at primary school. The practical part continues with a survey conducted between both teachers and pupils. The questionnaire is designed in order that it is possible to compare the views of pupils and teachers on the issue of error correction in the process of teaching and learning foreign languages. In particular, teachers are asked about the procedure and techniques they apply while they are dealing with pupils' errors, while questions for pupils focus more on their feelings that the error and error correction arise in themselves. The aim of the thesis was to compare teachers' and pupils' opinions on dealing with...

Management of water resources is afflicted with uncertainties. Nowadays it is facing more and new uncertainties since pace and dimension of changes (e.g. climatic, demographic) are accelerating and are likely to increase even more in the future. Hence it is crucial to find pragmatic ways to deal with these uncertainties in water management. This thesis argues for an analytical yet pragmatic approach to enable decision-makers to deal with uncertainties in a more explicit and systematic way and allow for better informed decisions. The approach is based on the concept of framing and mental models, referring to different ways in which people make sense of the world and of uncertainties. It is analysed how uncertainties are framed and dealt with in water management practice and strategies are elaborated how dealing with uncertainties can be improved in water management practice. The research for this thesis has been closely linked to the EU research project NeWater (New Approaches to Adaptive Water Management under Uncertainty, www.newater.uos.de) (2005-2009). It draws on practical experiences of water managers at local and regional level in river basin management in three case studies, i.e. the German Wupper, the Dutch Kromme Rijn, both sub basins of the river Rhine, and the Doñana region located in the Guadalquivir Estuary in Spain. For the assessment of framing of uncertainty two different methods were developed and applied in the three river basins. Both aim at identifying parameters of importance in the process of framing uncertainty in order to understand how uncertainties get framed. The empirical research confirmed that indeed water managers are faced with a range of uncertainties and that so far no systematic approaches are applied for dealing with those in management practice. The results in the case studies suggest that there are no universal findings as to how actors frame uncertainties but rather that framings are dependent on the respective uncertainty situation, on roles (e.g. project leader, public administration, scientist etc.), and most often on personal traits. The case study findings moreover suggest that there are no universally valid parameters of influence in the framing of uncertainties. Neither could a clear superiority of one approach over the other be discerned. Nonetheless, the parameters of framing of uncertainty proved to be a supportive tool for preparing and structuring decision-making in the case studies and developing improvement options for dealing with uncertainty. Beyond the results of the development of approaches for the assessment of framing of uncertainty in water management practice, processes of communication and learning turned out to be of major importance. Making framings of uncertainties explicit by help of parameters of framing proved to be useful in the case studies for revealing different points of views on the uncertainties and with regard to the strategies to deal with them. This is a first step in enabling dialogue among opposed framers and an important precondition for reframing and learning which is crucial for the long-term performance in management of natural resources.

PURPOSE - The issue of drug markets on social media platforms are under-researched. To help address the research gap, this paper accounts for the emerging drug dealing trends surrounding the community on TikTok. The purpose of this paper is to understand how drug dealers use a trending social media platform, namely TikTok, to advertise and sell illegal drugs and how the environment on TikTok facilitates drug promotions on the platform. METHOD - Data were gathered during seven weeks of netnographic fieldwork conducted among Swedish accounts on TikTok marketing drugs through video- and image posts. All evidence of content in which drug marketing was evident, including drug dealer profiles and open interactions of drug dealers and customers in the comment sections, was saved, coded and analyzed. The concepts of routine activity theory were applied and discussed in relation to the prevalence of the drug markets on TikTok. FINDINGS - In total, 116 posts with content of advertisements of illegal drugs were identified, divided into 43 Sweden-based profiles. Some drug dealer profiles were more professional than others and offered various drug types and services. Drug dealers adopted several marketing strategies, facilitated by the functions and algorithms of TikTok, to promote their drug dealing profiles and promotions. KEYWORDS -  netnography, cyber-environment, drug promotion, sale of drugs, algorithms, social media platforms, drug dealing activity. / TikTok, a social media platform which has grown to be one of the most popular communities globally to create and share short videos and live streams with millions of viewers everyday has recently become a new way of promoting the sale and distribution of illegal drugs. Drug dealing on TikTok has recently caught the attention of the Swedish news media, since Swedish Police Officers have reported observing increasingly more drug advertisements flourish in the comment sections with various code words for drugs, such as snow emojis symbolizing cocaine (Dagens Nyheter, 2021; Aftonbladet, 2021). This trend is an urgent issue; not only because of the increasingly strategic marketing strategies targeting young users on the platform with readily available menus of illegal drugs in supply available 24/7, but considering the thousands of minors who may be influenced by the increasingly more approachable promotions and readily available distribution offers; and the consequences of young people's health and well-being that follows. By exploring the settings of TikTok through a netnographic method, this study aims to identify the marketing and sale of drugs on TikTok and account for characteristics surrounding the drug dealing activity.

Sexual abuse is not being reported adequately. Teachers are in an ideal position to deal with and report sexual abuse. However, research, as well as practical experience, shows that teachers are not sufficiently trained to deal with sexual abuse. Various establishments offer training initiatives to teachers, but it is unclear what the teachers’ perceptions are of the training after completion thereof. The goal of this research was to explore the perceptions of teachers after they had been exposed to an available training programme called “Understanding the Scope of Child Abuse”. The programme forms part of the training material of Forensic Assessment Consultation Training (FACT). FACT is a training company which offers support and training to professional people on the topic of sexual abuse. The researcher followed a qualitative approach. Twenty teachers from Welkom, Odendaalsrus, Virginia, Wesselsbron and Bothaville were involved in two separate training sessions. After completion of the training sessions, two focus group interviews were conducted in order to explore the participants’ perceptions regarding the training programme. The results show clearly that the perceptions of the teachers who participated in the Understanding the Scope of Child Abuse programme were significantly positive. It is also clear that there was a certain need among teachers for information such as provided by the programme. Besides the dispensation of relevant information, which was regarded as valuable and appropriate, participants valued the group consolidation and felt confident to share experiences regarding sexual abuse. Participants cherished the information not only as teachers, but also in their capacity as parents. They agreed there was a need for such training, even before participating in the study. It was recommended that colleagues, student teachers and parents should undertake the same training, conducted in a similar way. / MSW (Forensic Practice), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Sexual abuse is not being reported adequately. Teachers are in an ideal position to deal with and report sexual abuse. However, research, as well as practical experience, shows that teachers are not sufficiently trained to deal with sexual abuse. Various establishments offer training initiatives to teachers, but it is unclear what the teachers’ perceptions are of the training after completion thereof. The goal of this research was to explore the perceptions of teachers after they had been exposed to an available training programme called “Understanding the Scope of Child Abuse”. The programme forms part of the training material of Forensic Assessment Consultation Training (FACT). FACT is a training company which offers support and training to professional people on the topic of sexual abuse. The researcher followed a qualitative approach. Twenty teachers from Welkom, Odendaalsrus, Virginia, Wesselsbron and Bothaville were involved in two separate training sessions. After completion of the training sessions, two focus group interviews were conducted in order to explore the participants’ perceptions regarding the training programme. The results show clearly that the perceptions of the teachers who participated in the Understanding the Scope of Child Abuse programme were significantly positive. It is also clear that there was a certain need among teachers for information such as provided by the programme. Besides the dispensation of relevant information, which was regarded as valuable and appropriate, participants valued the group consolidation and felt confident to share experiences regarding sexual abuse. Participants cherished the information not only as teachers, but also in their capacity as parents. They agreed there was a need for such training, even before participating in the study. It was recommended that colleagues, student teachers and parents should undertake the same training, conducted in a similar way. / MSW (Forensic Practice), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Law / LL.M.

Formation of a contract is nowadays more sophisticated than it formerly used to be due to major progress in communication technologies and technical development, and therefore, looking on negotiation process only through the notions of offer and acceptance alone appears to be somewhat insufficient. It is not unusual and infrequent that long term and complicated dealings take place prior to the conclusion of a contract, especially in more or less complex business matters. During various negotiation stages, many parties may incur different kinds of significant expenses in order to prepare well for the next phase of the negotiations and, eventually, for the targeted contractual performance. For the conclusion of a contract it may also be necessary to inform the other party about the terms and conditions which are essential for the first party's final decision about the contract, while some of this information might be considered as strictly confidential. Although the fundamental principle of contractual freedom allows the parties to act freely in negotiations and the contractual process is generally regarded as a non-binding relationship, there are some restrictions set up with the aim to protect good faith of the parties and support their fair dealings. According to the abovementioned, a situation...

- The Principle of Fair Business Transactions The submitted thesis called The Principle of Fair Business Transactions deals with assessment of impacts of private law's recodification on this principle and the issue of its application. The thesis consists of two main parts - theoretical and analytical. The theoretical part is divided into general and specific. The general theoretical part focuses on the specification of the business principle and its emplacement among other similar private law's principles such as principle of good faith and fair dealing and good manners. The aim of this part was to define divergences of each of the principles and the aftermaths of breaking these principles. It is impossible to go through the topic of the principle of fair business transactions globally, especially due to the extensiveness and variety of usage of the principle in business law relationships. Therefore, special attention has been paid to the principle of fair business transactions in the field of contractual penalty in the next theoretical part. In the analytical part, I endeavour to deal with the issue of the exercising of the right of a contractual penalty. In the first part, there is a short discourse on the contractual penalty itself, definition of an inadequate amount of the contractual penalty...

Evidence in civil contentious proceedings with regard to the accusatorial principle Abstract The goal of this master's thesis is to provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principle of civil contentious proceedings - the accusatorial principle, according to which the activities of process subjects are guided in the context of evidence. Under this principle, Czech courts look for facts to the extent claimed by parties because they have a decisive role in contentious proceedings. The parties to the proceedings develop the legal proceeding through their mutual adversarial activities and are responsible for establishing the facts, as the burden of proof and the burden of persuasion lays on them. The court has to make an objective and impartial decision on the basis of the gathered evidence in the civil litigation. If neither party is sufficiently active, they are at risk of an unsuccessful outcome of the litigation. However, the accusatorial principle is modified by law and other procedural principles. Exceptions are therefore allowed, and on their basis the court may intervene and provide their own additional evidence. The law allows it on the basis of two cumulative conditions - evidence must be necessary for establishing the facts and the basis for the taking evidence must be in the file. The...

THESIS TITLE Dealing with a child's illness through family system ABSTRACT The aim of the Master's thesis Dealing with a child's illness through family system is to create a work focusing on the subjective perception of the difficulties of managing a child's illness in a family. The thesis is of theoretical and empirical nature. The theoretical part describes theoretical solutions, opinions of individuals and research conducted regarding the matter of ill children, the psychology of illness, family and the family system. The empirical part consists of qualitative research focused on the family's subjective experience of the situation. The data was collected using the methodology of in-depth semi-structured interviews decoded utilizing open code. The data was analyzed using principles of multiple casestudies and inspired by phenomenological research design.The research output is casuistry describing concrete ways and possibilities of how the family can cope with the difficult situation. The goal of a casuistry is to shed some light onto the issue of having a ill child in the family in order to better understand the situation and empathy needed from the family network and professionals involved. One of the main findings of the thesis is that a mother plays a key role in the process of managing an illness. She...