京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第24368号 / 法博第291号 / 新制||法||179(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 愛知 靖之, 教授 川濵 昇, 教授 和久井 理子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DGAM

For a graph G=(V,E), a nonempty subset S contained in V is called a defensive alliance if for each v in S, there are at least as many vertices from the closed neighborhood of v in S as in V-S. If there are strictly more vertices from the closed neighborhood of v in S as in V-S, then S is a strong defensive alliance. A (strong) defensive alliance is called global if it is also a dominating set of G. The alliance partition number (respectively, strong alliance partition number) is the maximum cardinality of a partition of V into defensive alliances (respectively, strong defensive alliances). The global (strong) alliance partition number is defined similarly. For each parameter we give both general bounds and exact values. Our major results include exact values for the alliance partition number of grid graphs and for the global alliance partition number of caterpillars.

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This study sought to understand how high school social studies teachers identify and evaluate uses of digital technologies to implement in their classrooms. The research was a case study of three teachers guided by the question: What factors and relations shape social studies teachers' uses of digital technologies within a unit of instruction? The research question was intentionally broad to help grasp the factors and relations perceived by the teachers and not ones predetermined by the researcher. For more than thirty years the literature on digital technology use in social studies classrooms has been filled with promises of potential, calls for change in instructional practices with technology, and expressions of frustration when that change does not come. It is still fairly unclear how teachers experience uses of digital technologies and internalize their experiences to form perceptions of best practice with technology. This dissertation looked at how three high school social studies teachers experienced and defined effective technology use and the factors impacting their perceptions. The findings indicate the teachers' pedagogical approach to social studies instruction, their perceptions of their students engagement, technical knowledge, and behavior, and their experiences with the reliability and accessibility of the technology tools available to them were the biggest factors and relations impacting digital technology use in a unit of instruction. Teachers acted as gatekeepers of technology integration through a reliance on defensive teaching tactics limiting student access to digital technology beyond watching presentations and videos. These actions were, in part, due to actions that aligned with implicit racial biases found in other research around how teachers perceive students of color uses of technology. Despite stated beliefs about the desire to engage students with technology, each teacher knowingly chose to focus on using technology for knowledge transmission to meet their ultimate goal of higher SOL test scores. / Doctor of Philosophy / This study sought to understand how high school social studies teachers identify and evaluate uses of digital technologies to implement in their classrooms. The research was a case study of three teachers guided by the question: What factors and relations shape social studies teachers' uses of digital technologies within a unit of instruction? This dissertation looked at how three high school social studies teachers experienced and defined effective technology use and the factors impacting them. The findings indicate the teachers' instructional approach to social studies, their perceptions of their students engagement, technical knowledge, and behavior, and their experiences with the reliability and accessibility of the technology tools available to them were the biggest factors and relations impacting digital technology use in a unit of instruction. Teachers acted as gatekeepers of technology integration through a reliance on limiting student access to digital technology beyond watching presentations and videos. These actions were, in part, due to what aligns with an implicit racial biases found by research around how teachers perceive students of color's uses of technology. Despite stated beliefs about the desire to engage students with technology, each teacher knowingly chose to focus on using technology for knowledge transmission to meet their ultimate goal of higher SOL test scores.

Blood-feeding mosquitoes, by transmitting parasites and viruses to their hosts, kill several hundred thousand people every year. Mosquito populations are currently developing raising levels of insecticide resistance, and there is a need for a better understanding of their behavior so that new control solutions can be imagined, and existing ones can be improved. There has been a vast number of studies examining the host seeking behavior of mosquitoes, however there is a lack of knowledge concerning how mosquitoes are evading the threats their hosts pose via their defensive behaviors. Female mosquitoes are indeed in this unique position where their fitness and reproduction depend on them being able to locate hosts as well as evade them. In order to do this, they rely on sensory cues that they must be able to continuously re-evaluate during host tracking to potentially decide to quickly escape at any point during these interactions. Host seeking is mediated by multiple sensory modalities such as vision, olfaction, and thermosensation. However, it is not clear whether mosquitoes may also be using some of these same cues to identify that their host is turning into a threat. Focusing solely on visual cues in the context of escape behavior, we used a looming stimulus to elicit escape responses from the Yellow Fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. A virtual reality environment was adapted from previous work, to display the looming stimulus while the mosquito is in a variety of conditions (i.e., landed, in free or tethered flight). Results from these experiments allowed us to characterize the escape responses of mosquitoes, by determining the angles and distances to the stimuli that will most likely trigger an avoidance response. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / Mosquitoes are the deadliest animals in the world because of the several diseases they can transmit. Females are the only ones that bite, since they require a blood meal in order to produce offspring. The task of obtaining this blood meal from a mobile, and defensive host can be extremely dangerous. The females must find a host, approach it, land, feed, and flee without being killed so they can reproduce. At any point, the host might detect the mosquito and try to kill it, typically by swatting at it. For this reason, mosquitoes have evolved the ability to navigate in close proximity to the host, while assessing their level of defensiveness and avoiding these threats. Insects, in general, are well known to display escape behaviors in response to visual, predator-like, looming stimuli. However, in spite of great epidemiological importance, very little is known about the mechanisms that allow mosquitoes to evade their predators, as well as swatting from their hosts. Mosquitoes use visual, olfactory, and thermal cues to track their hosts but what kinds of sensory cues are being used to avoid threats? As a first step towards bridging this knowledge gap, we analyzed the behavioral responses of the Yellow Fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, to looming visual stimuli. For this, we used a virtual-reality environment designed for mosquitoes, where we displayed looming squares to mosquitoes in a variety of conditions (for example: landed, in flight). Results from these experiments allowed us to characterize the escape responses of mosquitoes, by determining the angles and distances to the stimuli that will most likely trigger an avoidance response. Ultimately, better understanding mosquito vision in the context of their escape behavior, can help us improve the design of control tools, such as traps, to increase their efficiency.

As medidas defensivas contra tomadas de controle constituem o núcleo de estudo desta dissertação. São instrumentos jurídicos adotados principalmente por companhias abertas com dispersão acionária, visando à proteção contra uma eventual tentativa de tomada de controle. O assunto é de especial interesse no atual momento do mercado de capitais brasileiro, que vem apresentando significativo desenvolvimento nos últimos anos e propiciando meios para a proliferação no Brasil de companhias abertas com dispersão acionária. O estudo do tema é feito concomitantemente à crescente utilização no Brasil de proteções contra tomadas de controle, inclusive por companhias não dotadas de dispersão acionária. Algumas medidas defensivas são inspiradas na experiência prática de outros países e vêm sendo transplantadas para o Brasil sem a adequada harmonização às características do nosso regime jurídico. Este trabalho analisa os efeitos da utilização de medidas defensivas e, na medida do possível, a admissibilidade da adoção de determinadas defesas no Brasil. São também abordados os balizamentos para a postura da administração de companhias diante de tentativas de tomada de controle. São estudados os padrões de tratamento do tema nos principais modelos existentes na experiência internacional, a fim de fornecer subsídios para a criação de uma identidade brasileira no tratamento das defesas contra tentativas de tomada de controle. / The defensive anti-takeover measures constitute the core area of study in this dissertation. These are legal devices adopted mainly by publicly-held companies with widespread ownership dispersion, aiming at protection against an eventual takeover attempt. The subject is of special interest at the current moment of the Brazilian capital markets, which have shown significant development in the recent years, providing means for the proliferation in Brazil of publicly-held companies with widespread ownership dispersion. The study of the issue is done concomitantly with the increase of utilization in Brazil of anti-takeover protections, including by companies without widespread ownership dispersion. Some defensive measures are inspired by the practical experience of other countries, being transplanted to Brazil without the proper harmonization with the characteristics of our own legal system. This work analyzes the effects of the utilization of defensive measures and, to the extent possible, the admissibility of adoption of certain defenses in Brazil. The boundaries for the behavior of the management of companies under takeover attempts are also approached. The patterns for the treatment of this issue in the main existing models in foreign experience are studied, so as to provide subsidies to the creation of a Brazilian identity in the treatment of the defenses against takeover attempts.

As medidas defensivas contra tomadas de controle constituem o núcleo de estudo desta dissertação. São instrumentos jurídicos adotados principalmente por companhias abertas com dispersão acionária, visando à proteção contra uma eventual tentativa de tomada de controle. O assunto é de especial interesse no atual momento do mercado de capitais brasileiro, que vem apresentando significativo desenvolvimento nos últimos anos e propiciando meios para a proliferação no Brasil de companhias abertas com dispersão acionária. O estudo do tema é feito concomitantemente à crescente utilização no Brasil de proteções contra tomadas de controle, inclusive por companhias não dotadas de dispersão acionária. Algumas medidas defensivas são inspiradas na experiência prática de outros países e vêm sendo transplantadas para o Brasil sem a adequada harmonização às características do nosso regime jurídico. Este trabalho analisa os efeitos da utilização de medidas defensivas e, na medida do possível, a admissibilidade da adoção de determinadas defesas no Brasil. São também abordados os balizamentos para a postura da administração de companhias diante de tentativas de tomada de controle. São estudados os padrões de tratamento do tema nos principais modelos existentes na experiência internacional, a fim de fornecer subsídios para a criação de uma identidade brasileira no tratamento das defesas contra tentativas de tomada de controle. / The defensive anti-takeover measures constitute the core area of study in this dissertation. These are legal devices adopted mainly by publicly-held companies with widespread ownership dispersion, aiming at protection against an eventual takeover attempt. The subject is of special interest at the current moment of the Brazilian capital markets, which have shown significant development in the recent years, providing means for the proliferation in Brazil of publicly-held companies with widespread ownership dispersion. The study of the issue is done concomitantly with the increase of utilization in Brazil of anti-takeover protections, including by companies without widespread ownership dispersion. Some defensive measures are inspired by the practical experience of other countries, being transplanted to Brazil without the proper harmonization with the characteristics of our own legal system. This work analyzes the effects of the utilization of defensive measures and, to the extent possible, the admissibility of adoption of certain defenses in Brazil. The boundaries for the behavior of the management of companies under takeover attempts are also approached. The patterns for the treatment of this issue in the main existing models in foreign experience are studied, so as to provide subsidies to the creation of a Brazilian identity in the treatment of the defenses against takeover attempts.

In the popular sport of football, the exploration of key performance indicators has garnered significant interest among researchers, coaches, and analysts. While machine learning approaches, such as the expected goals model, have provided valuable insights into the attacking aspects of the game, the defensive side has received comparatively less attention. This thesis focuses on the defensive aspect of football, particularly during the opposition’s build-up phase, a strategy increasingly adopted by many teams. The goal of this project is to integrate valuable features from existing research with newly generated ones, developed in consultation with football experts, to create a model that provides insights into a team’s defensive behavior during the opponent’s build-up phase. The study utilizes synchronized event and tracking data from the Allsvenskan 2022 and 2023 seasons. An algorithm is developed to filter and analyze build-up sequences by generating appropriate defensive features. Subsequently, a logistic regression-based machine learning model is implemented to predict the outcome of an event during a build-up sequence, as well as the overall outcome of the sequence. This approach, enables the introduction of two new metrics aimed at evaluating a team’s defensive behavior during the opponent’s build-up phase. Additionally, a web-based application is developed to visualize and communicate the project results and insights to football experts and data analysts. Finally, the findings of this thesis highlight the benefits of combining tracking data with event data in football analytics. / Nyckeltalsundersökningar för att utvärdera och utveckla fotbollsklubbars prestation har väckt stort intresse bland forskare, tränare och analytiker. Traditionellt sett har dessa nyckeltal härletts genom observationsanalys. Dock har den ökande förekomsten av teknik inom den professionella fotbollsvärlden skapat möjligheter för att implementera mer automatiserade metoder för taktisk analys. Denna studie kommer specifikt att fördjupa sig inom det taktiska området av fotboll, som framstår som den mest relevanta och dynamiska delen av spelet. Målet med studien är att applicera modern teknologi, så som maskininlärning, på befintlig forskning, för att utveckla en modell som ger insikter om försvarsspelet under motståndarens uppbyggnadsfas. Studien undersöker synkroniserad händelse- och spårningsdata från Allsvenskan, Sveriges Högsta fotbollsserie, säsongerna 2022 och 2023. Efter att ha utvecklat en algoritm för att filtrera uppbyggnadssekvenser, användes denna data för att generera omfattande egenskaper som beskriver kvaliteten på ett lags försvarsspel. Därefter implementeras en maskininlärningsmodell, med hjälp av logistisk regressionsanalys, för att förutse utfallet av både en uppbyggnadssekvens och försvarsspelet. Resultatet visar på värdet av att kombinera spårningsdata med händelsedata inom fotbollsanalys. Modellens prestanda förbättrades avsevärt, både när det gäller att förutsäga utfallet av ett defensivt spel och en uppbyggnadssekvens.Dessutom har resultatet av studien lett till användbara insikter om försvarsspel för dataanalytiker inom fotboll. En webbaserad applikation utvecklades också för att visualisera och kommunicera resultaten.

Existe um processo de evolução do esporte, uma busca pelo dinamismo que influenciou o jogo técnica e taticamente, acompanhando a estruturação da modalidade manuais de Basquete foram criados como um dos primeiros utilizados no Brasil pela Escola de Educação Fisica do Exército em 1971 até os dias atuais. Nessa perspectiva, o presente trabalho, através de um levantamento histórico da evolução do esporte, tem como objetivo identificar a evolução e o comportamento da defesa no Basquetebol Brasileiro Masculino Adulto, identificando quais são as ações defensivas coletivas dentro de um jogo formal de Basquetebol brasileiro masculino adulto; os fatores que levaram os sistemas defensivos a sofrerem alterações; como a defesa no Basquetebol se articula na forma como o esporte e jogado nos dias atuais. Criado pelo James Naismith com 5 normas para a prática do jogo, para os dias atuais com 8 regras divididas em 50 artigos, o basquetebol passou por um processo de evolução e diversas alterações na dinâmica do jogo aconteceram, por conta desse processo de evolução e alteração das regras, desde os primeiros relatos do sistema defensivo individual até os dias de hoje, que levou a uma classificação dos sistemas defensivos. Para organização pedagógica do trabalho, escolheu-se seguir a classificação dos sistemas defensivos apresentada por Paes, Montagner e Ferreira (2009) e para o cumprimento da análise proposta, foram entrevistados 14 profissionais, dentre eles, técnicos, ex-atletas, árbitros e especialistas. O estudo utilizou uma abordagem qualitativa de natureza aplicada no qual foram realizadas entrevistas individuais de profundidade, baseadas em um tópico guia seguindo a proposta metodologia da entrevista narrativa e para a análise dos dados, a Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin (2016). Ao todo, foram criadas 103 unidades de registro através da análise proposta, divididas nas fases do tópico guia da entrevista. O jogo conceito, atleticismo e a pressão foram grupos focais de análise com maior incidência na categoria de características do jogo, além dos três grupos aparecerem em mais de uma categoria e terem outros grupos que de alguma forma, podem ser relacionados a eles, o jogo conceito e as nomenclaturas ganham destaque, sendo talvez a próxima fase do jogo, a próxima evolução, de um esporte cada vez mais atlético e com o espaço reduzido devido ao atleticismo e as valências físicas dos atletas, sendo o atleticismo um fator determinante para alterações no basquetebol como esporte e em seus sistemas de jogo. Seguindo os objetivos do trabalho, foi apresentada a interpretação para evolução dos sistemas defensivos, dentro dessa evolução, foi apresentada uma classificação com quatro grandes grupos de sistemas defensivos. Concluiu-se que o basquetebol evoluiu devido o atleticismo dos jogadores, que levou ao maior contato físico, os sistemas se articulam através do jogo conceito, assim sendo, se faz necessária a atualização dos conteúdos dos grupos, porém, a classificação tradicional dos sistemas defensivos é considerada válida pelos entrevistados / Since its creation in 1891 basketball has been evolving, internationalized and institutionalized, to the modality as it is practiced today. There is a process of evolution of the sport, a search for dynamism that influenced the game technically and tactically, accompanying the structuring of the game manuals of that was created similar to the one first used in Brazil by the Armys Physical Education School in 1971 until present day. In this perspective, the present work, through a historical survey of the basketball evolution, aims to identify the evolution and defensive behavior in the male Brazilian basketball, identifying which are the collective defensive actions within a basketball game; the factors that led the defensive systems to change; as the basketball defense is articulated the way the game is played in the present day. This research was conducted through interviews with former athletes, coaches, referees and experts of the sports. Created by James Naismith with 5 rules to play the game, for the present days with 8 rules divided in 50 articles, basketball has undergone a process of evolution and several changes in game dynamics appeared, due to this process and the changes of the rules, from the first reports of the individual defensive system to the present days, wihich led to a classification of defensive systems. For the pedagogical organization of this research, it was chosen to follow the defense methods presented by Paes, Montagner and Ferreira (2009) and for the fulfillment of the proposed analysis, 14 professionals were interviewed, among them, former athletes, coaches, referees and basketball specialists. The Study used a qualitative approach of applied nature, using the individual interview of depth, based on a topic guide following the proposed methodology of the narrative interview and for analysis of the data, Bardins Contend Analyses (2016). Altogether, 103 recording units were created through the proposed analysis, divided into phases of the interview guide topic. The game concept, athleticism and pressure were focus groups of analysis with more incidence in the game characteristics category, besides these three groups appear in more categories and have other groups that of some form, can be related to them, the game concept and the terminologies are highlihjted, being perhaps the next phase of the game evolution, in an increasingly athletic and with lesser space on the court due to the athleticism and physical values of the athletes, being the athleticism a determinant factor for changes in the basketball. Following the objectives of the work, we presented the interpretation of the defensive systems evolution, a classification with four large groups of defensive systems. It was concluded that basketball evolved due to athleticism of the players, which led to greater physical contact, systems are articulated through the concept game, thus, it is necessary to update the contents of the groups, however, the classification of defensive systems still is valid

A análise de jogo é uma área de recente história acadêmica na qual ainda predominam investigações de caráter exploratório, o que se pode observar na literatura pela grande variedade de abordagens adotadas. Nesse trabalho é apresentada uma metodologia fundamentada na representação do status da relação de oposição entre as equipes para o estudo da circulação da bola em diferentes situações da fase ofensiva. Essa representação contemplou parâmetros essenciais das situações de jogo: as condições espaciais, temporais e técnico-táticas das ações ofensivas. A principal referência espacial utilizada foi o conceito de espaço de ocupação defensiva (EOD). A dinâmica das situações foi apreendida mediante a ordenação temporal das ações permitindo identificar encadeamentos de ações ofensivas espaço temporalmente estruturadas na forma de padrões. Esses padrões foram pré-concebidos para atender às diferentes possibilidades de circulação da bola em relação ao EOD. Uma analise das características da circulação da bola na fase ofensiva em equipes européias de altíssimo nível competitivo foi realizada como forma de explorar as potencialidades e limitações dessa metodologia / Match analysis is a recent academic research field in which exploratory investigations still predominate. One can see that in literature by the broad range of adopted approaches. In this work is presented a methodology grounded in the representation of oppositional relation status to the study of ball circulation in different situations of offensive phase. This representation considered essential parameters of match situations: spatial, temporal and technical-tactical conditions of offensive actions. The main spatial reference adopted was the concept of space of defensive occupation (SDO). The situations dynamics was captured trough the temporal ordering of actions allowing the recognition of chains of offensive actions spacetemporally structured in form of patterns. These patterns were pre-conceived to encompass the possible different ways of ball circulation in relation to the SDO. An analysis of ball circulation characteristics in the offensive phase of very high level European teams was conducted to explore the potentialities and limitations of this methodology