This thesis called Start Building an Economically Stable Business deals with those activities which may not be forget by any future entrepreneur. From the initial idea, through the organization of the future business to the rules of competition. It is aim was to outline the readers pitfalls that they may be in efforts to build their own business wait to highlight the places where often there are problems and conflicts and to propose solutions to prevent such situations, or is directly addressed. Consequently, these findings are applied to the company Hightech Development Ltd. like the improvements in the design of the existing distribution system.

<p>Our only example of life is that of Earth- which is a single lineage. We know very little about what life would look like if we found evidence of a second origin. Yet there are some universal features of geometry, mechanics, and chemistry that have predictable biological consequences. The surface-to-volume ratio property of geometry, for example, places a maximum limit on the size of unassisted cells in a given environment. This effect is universal, interesting, not vague, and not arbitrary. Furthermore, there are some problems in the universe that life must invariably solve if it is to persist, such as resistance to radiation, faithful inheritance, and resistance to environmental pressures. At least with respect to these universal problems, some solutions must consistently emerge.</p><p> In this dissertation, I develop and defend my own account of universal biology, the study of non-vague, non-arbitrary, non-accidental, universal generalizations in biology. In my account, a candidate biological generalization is assessed in terms of the assumptions it makes. A successful claim is accepted only if its justification necessarily makes reference to principles of evolution and makes no reference to contingent facts of life on Earth. In this way, we can assess the robustness with which generalizations can be expected to hold. I contend that using a stringent-enough causal analysis, we are able to gather insight into the nature of life everywhere. Life on Earth may be our single example of life, but this is merely a reason to be cautious in our approach to life in the universe, not a reason to give up altogether.</p> / Dissertation

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-06-22T14:19:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO COMPLETA.pdf: 1175952 bytes, checksum: a828e1732995b6bfc8de572793aba76d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-22T14:19:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO COMPLETA.pdf: 1175952 bytes, checksum: a828e1732995b6bfc8de572793aba76d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-16 / CAPES / O problema da definição do conceito do direito ou ao menos da caracterização do fenômeno jurídico apresenta variações quanto às implicações de sua solução e às preocupações em torno dele. As variedades do problema que interessam a este trabalho estão ligadas à ontologia e à epistemologia na filosofia do direito: ‘O que é o direito?’ enquanto (1) uma pergunta sobre a definição da essência do direito e (2) sobre a definição de um objeto de investigação específico para ciências sobre o suposto fenômeno jurídico – a filosofia do direito, a teoria do direito, a e a ciência do direito, por exemplo. Desafiando suas premissas e buscando evitar tanto o problema ontológico quanto o epistemológico, proponho uma mudança de perspectiva a partir de preocupações pragmáticas que chamo de “ponto de vista do gestor”: a visão de quem deve administrar os recursos econômicos finitos destinados a financiar a atividade científica na área de direito. Defendo que, partindo daí, o problema da definição do conceito do direito enquanto um problema ontológico e enquanto um problema epistemológico é desnecessário, cuja solução é inútil para fazer avançar as pesquisas na área de direito. Proponho uma reorientação da controvérsia que tem implicações sobre como ver a pesquisa e a educação nesse campo. / The problem of definition of the concept of law or at least the description of features of legal phenomenon presents variation about the implications of its solution and about the worries around it. The forms of this problem I am interested in are related to ontology and epistemology in legal philosophy: ‘What is the law?’ as (1) a question about the definition of the essence of law and (2) about the definition of a specific object of investigation for sciences about the supposed legal phenomenon – philosophy of law, legal theory, and science of law, for instance. Challenging its premises and trying to avoid both the ontological problem and epistemological problem, I propose a change of perspective from pragmatic concerns what I call the “manager's point of view”: a vision of who should manage the finite economic resources to finance scientific activity in the area of law. I argue that, starting from there, the problem of defining the concept of law as an ontological problem and as a epistemological problem is an unnecessary problem whose solution is useless to advance research in the field of law. I propose a reorientation of the controversy that has implications on how to see the researches and the education in this field.

Ansvaret för val av läromedel som ska användas i Religionskunskap är fördelat till varje enskild skola. Som en följd av detta används olika läromedel i det svenska skolsystemet i vilket olika definitioner av religion presenteras. Följaktligen har studien undersökt hur läromedel i Religionskunskap framställer och diskuterar definitioner av religion. Studien har även undersökt hur man kan använda olika definitioner av religion i undervisningen och hur studiens resultat påverkar den ämnesdidaktiska diskussionen. Studien granskar åtta läromedel. Studien analyserar resultatet utifrån Skolinspektionens kritik gällande läromedels framställning av olika definitioner av religion. Resultatet visar tendentiösa inslag, ett fokus på kunskap och reflektion samt tillkortakommanden mot styrdokumenten. Av tidigare nämnda skäl blir lärare ansvarig att komplettera och belysa problematiken för elever vilket diskuteras genom möjliga ämnesdidaktiska undervisningsstrategier och teorier.Sökord:

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is an important social problem, but historically the scientific research has focused mostly on the female victims. Several reviews exist on female victims, but no on male victims. The prevalence rates presented in the literature are very heterogeneous, which has been explained by variations in methodology, a lack of a clear recognized definition and a missing golden standard. This thesis reviews prevalence rates in studies on IPV with a male victim, and answers the following questions; (1) What are the total prevalence rates in relation to the different study characteristics and do we see any significant differences within these characteristics? (2) How does the definition of intimate partner violence and study characteristics affect the prevalence rate? (3) What type of relationship do we see between the quality of studies and prevalence rate?A systematic review has been carried out resulting in 49 relevant studies on male victims of IPV. The data from these 49 studies have been extracted based on the operationalization of “definition” in categories of type of violence, type of instrument and number of survey questions and in the operationalization of study quality based on a quality index by Looney et al. (2000). A students t-test and linear regression models was conducted to answer the research questions. This study finds that men are more often victims of psychological violence than physical violence, which is in contrast to female victims. The study also finds that the introduction of each of the definition-variables results in higher prevalence rates. This indicates, that factors related to the definition are important elements in the study of IPV prevalence in male victims.

Research has shown that there is a link between violence against women and pets in domestic relationships. The violence against the pet is often used to harm the woman in different ways and the consequences of the violence against the pet often brings psychological and emotional harm to the woman (Holmberg et al. 2017; Holmberg 2011; Adams 1995; Diesen & Diesen 2009; Faver & Strand 2003; Flynn 2000b; Isdal 2001). Since violence against pets affects women psychologically it could be considered as a part of the psychological violence against women. However, do social workers which works with battered women at the social services consider violence against pets as psychological violence against women? The aim for this essay was therefore to examine social worker’s perception of psychological violence and their knowledge about the importance and role of the animal in the exerted violence in domestic violence. This is to examine, from a social constructivism perspective, how the social worker’s definition of psychological violence in domestic relationships is concerned and whether it involves violence against animals or not.By applying social constructivist theory, victimization and earlier research on answers from four qualitative interviews with social workers in Malmö stad the study showed that violence against pets is not a part of the definition of psychological violence. Only two out of the four interviewed social workers mentioned the direct link between consequences of violence against pets and psychological violence against women. However, in these cases the social workers only connected the controlling effects of violence against the pet with psychological violence against woman, not the emotional effects. This despite that all the four social workers mentioned the emotional effects when they accounted for the effects violence against pets has on women. This may be due to problems with the internalization of the consequences of violence against animals in the definition of psychological violence, in the social problem of domestic violence and in the concept of abuse against women.

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A crime of rape (selected issues) Abstract The thesis deals with the concept of the crime of rape. The ambition of the graduate was not to give an all-embiscite interpretation of this crime from the point of view of criminal law and criminology, but to deal with the basic characteristics of rape and to respond to a possible change in the current law definition of rape. The introduction to the thesis first presents the basic historical development of this crime. Historical developments are demonstrated on three fictional stories so that the reader of the thesis can better imagine the main changes that have taken place in the area of basic constituent elements of the crime. Another part of the thesis consists of an analysis of the basic constituent elements of the of rape in § 185 of the Criminal Code. The interpretation of the basic constituent elements of this offence, complements the interpretation by legal theory and the interpretation of the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic. The following chapter in the thesis deals with the construction of the legal definition of rape as sexual intercourse without expressing voluntary consent. This chapter presents a list of states that legislate the crime of rape as sexual intercourse without consent. The following is an analysis of the...

Les Soins de Support sont apparus en France dans les années 90. Héritiers du mouvement des Soins Palliatifs et de la médecine des maladies chroniques, ils occupent une place singulière dans les services de cancérologie. La définition des Soins de Support n’est pourtant pas harmonisée au sein des études, des pratiques et des discours. L’enjeu de ce travail est de poser ce constat, d’en analyser les causes puis de proposer des perspectives menant à un positionnement commun dans le paysage médical contemporain.Il s’agira ainsi de démontrer qu’une définition des Soins de Support est souhaitable et qu’un socle de convictions propres la permet. Méthodes : Une revue de littérature par mots clés a été menée afin de décrire l’utilisation de la définition de Soins de Support dans les études les concernant. Des axes récurrents ont, ensuite, été dégagés. Les Soins de Support sont définis en tant qu’amélioration de la qualité de vie, prise en charge des effets secondaires, modèle d’organisation des soins ou bien à partir de la durée de prise en charge. Cette revue de littérature donne lieu à une restitution par thématiques. Un travail de terrain, fondé sur l’observation et des entretiens auprès de 32 professionnels, patients, proches et associations a été réalisé au sein de quatre établissements de soin : l’Institut Curie, l’Institut Curie Saint Cloud, l’Hôpital Kremlin Bicêtre, l’hôpital Henri Mondor. Il a permis de tester les axes issus de la revue de littérature et d’en mettre en lumière de nouveaux. Le temps, les projets, le corps et la notion de collectif se sont révélés au cœur des discours des acteurs des Soins de Support.Ce travail est qualitatif et non représentatif. Analyse et discussion : Un premier temps dévoile les références auxquelles se rattachent les Soins de Support et les tensions qu’elles produisent les unes par rapport aux autres. Les Soins de Support sont partagés entre des philosophies de l’action définissant la maladie comme réduction des capacités, et des philosophies du soin refoulant les notions telles que l’autonomie en étudiant la relation à l’autre. Un second temps permet de condenser en trois axes unanimes le positionnement des Soins de Support. Tout d’abord, les Soins de Support appuient leurs actions sur une compréhension du temps comme épaisseur vécue. Il s’agit d’accompagner le patient dans un cheminement propre, et d’inscrire le temps des horloges, des techniques et de la physiologie dans le temps de celui qui vit l’événement de la maladie. Ensuite, les Soins de Support mettent en œuvre une compréhension du soin en tant qu’acte collectif. L’équipe de soin se constitue avec le malade au cours de sa maladie. Elle comprend des professionnels soignants et non soignants, ainsi que des membres de la société civile. Elle se forme aux grés des besoins et en fonction des enjeux qui jalonnent le parcours du patient. Enfin, les Soins de Support brisent le monopole médical du savoir sur la maladie. Chaque situation exige la construction collective de la compréhension de la maladie. Il s’agit de comprendre la maladie en tant que carrefour des connaissances médicales, techniques, sociales, culturelles, psychologiques, mais aussi comme questionnement existentiel et affectif. La conviction profonde des Soins de Support est que la pluralité des approches et des regards permet par l’échange de tracer avec le patient ses possibilités et de l’y aider. / Description : Support Cares appeared in France in the 90s. Heirs of Palliative Care Mouvement and chronic diseases medicine take a singular place in cancer departments. Nevertheless, the definition of Support Cares is not harmonized within studies, practices and speeches.The stake in this work is to put this report, to analyze the causes then to propose perspectives leading to a common positioning in the contemporary medical landscape. It will so be a question of demonstrating that a definition of Support Cares is advisable and that a base of appropriate convictions allows it. Methods : A literature review by keywords was led to describe the use of Support Cares definition in the studies concerning them. Then, Recurring axes were cleared. The Support cares are defined as the quality of life improvement, treating the side effects, the care organization model or from the care duration. This literature review gives rise to a return by themes.A field work, based on the observation and interviews with 32 professionals, patients, relatives and associations was conducted within four Care establishments : Curie institute, Saint Cloud Curie Institue, Kremlin Bicêtre Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital. It allowed to test axes stemming from the literature review and to highlight new ones. Time, projects, body and notion of collective proved to be in the heart of the Care Actors speeches.This work is qualitative and not representative.Analysis and discussion : A first time reveals the references with which Support Cares are connected and the tensions they produce in relation to each other. The Support Cares are shared between philosophies of the action defining the disease as reduction of capacities, and Care philosophies repressing notions such as autonomy by studying the relationship. A second time allows to condense in three unanimous axes the Support cares positioning. First of all, Support Cares opress their actions an understanding time as real-life thickness. It is a question of accompanying the patient in a unique path progress, and registering the time of clocks, techniques and physiology in the time of the one who lives the disease event. Then, the Support Cares implement an understanding of the care as a collective act. The Care team establishes with the ill person during his disease. It understands nursing and not nursing professionals, as well as members of the civil society. It forms in the wills of needs and according to the stakes which mark out the route of the patient. Finally, the Support Cares break the knowledge medical monopoly on the disease. Every situation requires the collective construction of the desease understanding. It is a question of understanding the disease as crossroads of medical, technical, social, cultural, pasychological knowledge, but also as existential and emotional questioning.The deep conviction of the Support Cares is that the plurality of the approaches and the looks enable by exchanging to draw with the patient his possibilities and to bring that about.

1) Das niedrige und bezueglich einer eventuellen Logik unzureichende Niveau der Aristoteles‘schen Syllogismen sollte spaetestens nach diesem Aufsatz klar sein. Falls darueberhinaus die oft fehlende Deduktion unsererseits zurecht kritisiert wurde, so war dies moeglich durch die Eigenentwicklung einer Regel, die die Rangfolge von Begriffen, Woertern und Inhalten definiert. Auch die Tatsache, dass Aristoteles gemaess dieser Regel in unterschiedliche Richtungen argumentiert hat, liess sich mit dieser Regel belegen. 2) Es wird in diesem Aufsatz folgerichtig vorgeschlagen, a) sich nur noch zweier (2-er) logischer Operatoren zu bedienen, b) die Benennungen fuer die Informatiker in Richtung groesserer Klarheit und Zeitgewinn zu aendern und c) im Falle der „Castell-Logik“ (interne Bezeichnung) die 2 o.g. logischen Operatoren durch die analogen arithmetischen zu ersetzen. 3) Auch die Reflexionen ueber den Begriff „Logik“ in diesem Aufsatz sind entweder total neu (wir haben sie in der Literatur nirgends definiert vorgefunden) oder wurden zumindest hier erstmalig konsequent angewandt. Obwohl auch sie simpel sind, hat diese stringente und einheitlich angewendete Logik-Definition (z.B. „Die Realitat gibt uns die Gesetzmaessigkeiten vor. Und wir stellen sie nach“ ....und zwar fuer Rekonstruktionen der Vergangenheit oder Planungen fuer die Zukunft) den vorliegenden Aufsatz erst ermoeglicht.:Deduktives Folgern in den Syllogismen des Aristoteles? Die behauptete Ueberlegenheit der mathematischen Logik vs. Sprachlogik. Definition des Begriffs Logik. Ein Beispiel aus der sog. Sprachlogik. 'Wenn-dann' als logischer Operator. 'Wenn-dann' in der eigenen Castell-Logik.