The proportion of children born outside of marriage in Chile increased from 15.9 percent in 1960 to 64.6 percent in 2008. Similar increases have been taken elsewhere as indicative of a Second Demographic Transition (SDT). In this dissertation, I study differences between married and unmarried mothers in Chile and the reasons why such a large proportion of children are born outside of marriage, with the goal of understanding whether the demographic changes we are observing in the country are part of a global movement towards the SDT. The data comes from a postpartum survey implemented in Santiago, the capital city. I analyze differences between women according to the family arrangement they live in, including married women in nuclear households, married women in extended households, cohabiters in nuclear households, cohabiters in extended households, visiting mothers, and single mothers. I consider women’s socioeconomic wellbeing, emotional wellbeing, social support, attitudes and values, and reproductive health. The results show large demographic and socioeconomic differences, marking the socioeconomic advantage of married women in nuclear households, who are the oldest, and the disadvantage of cohabiters in extended households, visiting and single mothers, who are the youngest women in the sample. Married women in extended households and cohabiters in nuclear households are between these two poles. Differences in emotional wellbeing exist, benefiting married women in nuclear households, but they are not so large. Differences in social support continue delineating married women in nuclear households as a privileged group, but visiting mothers appear as a highly supported group too. There are not large differences in attitudes and values, as most women continue holding conservative attitudes on family issues, and most unmarried mothers plan to marry. Differences in reproductive health are large, showing that unplanned births and contraceptive failure are high in the underprivileged and youngest groups. Unmarried women seem to accept their pregnancies with no pressure to marry, and to give priority to other goals, such as their careers and homeownership, before the wedding, which they do not discard for the future. Under these circumstances, it is hard to interpret recent demographic changes in Chile as a SDT. / text

South Africa, being a multicultural society, is faced with unique and unusual circumstances that can influence the interaction between their work and personal lives. However, countries can vary noticeably in cultural norms, values and gender-role beliefs, which can lead to the different experience of work-life interaction. Because of these differences, South African workers could experience the interaction between work and home in different ways, and this interaction may manifest differently in various socio-demographic groups. This makes it difficult to develop strategies and intervention programmes that will help workers integrate their work and personal lives more effectively. The general objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and four dimensions of work-home interaction and to establish which socio-demographic characteristics best predict work-home interaction amongst South African employees. A sample (n = 2040) was taken from four industries in South Africa (i.e. police service, the earthmoving equipment industry, mining and nursing). A socio-demographic questionnaire and the 'Survey Work-Home Interaction - Nijmegen' (SWING) were used. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach alpha coefficients, Pearson product-moment correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to analyse the data. The results indicated that robust predictors included occupation, gender and language for negative work-home interference (WHI), occupation, language and age for positive WHI, language and occupation for negative home-work interference (HWI) and language, occupation, age and education for positive HWI. Recommendations were made for organisations and for future research. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Lietuvoje asmenims, priklausomiems nuo opioidų, vis dažniau yra skiriamas gydymas stacionaruose ir farmakoterapija metadonu ar buprenorfinu. Tokiems pacientams visą parą skiriama slauga, todėl siekiant tobulinti slaugos paslaugų kokybę, svarbu žinoti, kaip slaugos veiksnius vertina patys pacientai, priklausomi nuo opioidų, ir slaugytojai, dirbantys priklausomybės ligų centruose, kokie slaugos veiksniai turi teigiamą arba neigiamą poveikį slaugos procesui ir pacientų lūkesčiams. Darbo tikslas. Išanalizuoti opioidinės priklausomybės pacientų lūkesčių tenkinimą slaugos procese. Tyrimo metodika. Atliktas empirinis kiekybinis tyrimas. Taikyti šie metodai: anoniminė anketinė apklausa pagal standartizuotus klausimynus (juos adaptuojant), statistinis duomenų apdorojimas ir medicininės literatūros analizė. Apklausa vykdyta dviejuose priklausomybės ligų centruose. Tyrime dalyvavo 266 pacientai (priklausomi nuo opioidų), kurie gydėsi priklausomybės ligų centruose, ir 71 slaugytojas iš šių gydymo įstaigų. Tyrimas atliktas vadovaujantis etikos principais. Tyrimo rezultatai. Nustatyta, kad labiausiai turintys įtakos pacientų lūkesčiams veiksniai yra šie: slaugytojų elgesys, jų sąžiningumas, geranoriškumas ir tolerantiškumas, aplinkos pritaikymas gydymui, informacijos apie gydymo ir slaugos svarbą ir vaistų vartojimą suteikimas, skiriamas dėmesys, bendravimas su pacientais ir jo šeimos nariais, pacientų ir jų asmeninių įpročių gerbimas. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad pacientų lūkesčiams turi... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In Lithuania, persons who have opioid dependence are more often assigned to inpatient treatment and pharmacotherapy with methadone or buprenorphine. These patients are allocated with round the clock care service, therefore in order to improve the quality of care, it is important to find out how patients with opioid dependence and carers working in addiction recovery centres rate care aspects, what factors have a positive or negative impact on the process of care and on expectations of patients. Objective of the thesis. Analyze expectations in care process of patients with opioid dependence. Methods. Empirical quantitative research has been conducted. The following methods were applied: anonymous survey using standardized (adapted) questionnaires, processing of statistical data and analysis of medical literature. The survey was carried out in two Centres of Addictive Disorders. 266 patients (addicts on opioids), who were treated in Centres of Addictive Disorders, and 71 nurses from these medical institutions have participated in the research. The study was conducted in accordance with ethical principles. Findings. It was found that factors having most influence to expectations of patients are as follows: behaviour of nurses, their honesty, kindness and tolerance, adaptation of environment to treatment, providing information about importance of treatment and care, and usage of medicines, expressing attention, communication with patients and family members, respecting patients... [to full text]

<p>The issue of women&rsquo / s access to land is a developmental issue. From a fundamental research view point, this study aims to explore the circumstances in which women access land in South Africa. The study examines the inequalities that may arise in the context of land access, land acquisition / land use, activities taking place on land and closely related issues focusing specifically on women in general, and women headed households in particular. The study is based on demographic characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, occupational groups, education, province of residence and ethnic groups. Bringing together the demographic variables and land related variables, the study captures the structural changes between 2004 and 2007. Using 2004 and 2007 GHS secondary data requested from Statistics South Africa, cross tabulation and bivariate statistical analysis by means of SPSS software was performed. The results obtained indicate that the inequality against women&rsquo / s access to land still persists. Some women have access to land for agricultural purpose but few own it. The findings suggest that a number of factors including age, place of residence, marital status, ethnic group, literacy, educational level, of women are associated with the ability of women to access and acquire land. The sustainable livelihood framework is a theory that guided this study. Diversification is commonly used to prevent time of risks and shocks. In general, the study shows that the proportion of women who had access to land was 16% in 2004. This figure dropped to 14% in 2007.</p>

<p>The first objective of this study is to show if diffusion of contraception in areas of traditional high fertility has gone through profound changes. Indeed, we would like to know if contraceptive behaviours have evolved because of new fertility perceptions and also because partners now have greater freedom to make choices in a relationship. The second objective of this study is not only to highlight the levels and trends of contraception and the factors influencing their use (government policies, role of family planning, etc.) in developing countries, but also to consider the population of unmet-needs of contraception. Indeed, the level of contraceptive use depends obviously on users, but also on non-users with no needs and non-users with unsatisfied needs. The understanding of this last category of females is essential to a more accurate estimation of contraception levels, and, therefore for the estimation of fertility levels. This study analyses the contraceptive use in several developing countries in Africa and highlights the unsatisfied needs of contraception, to understand why such needs exist. To do so, we shall analyse available demographic data for thirty-five African countries by using the available Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), from the 1980&rsquo / s to 2000&rsquo / s considering the DHS I, DHS II, DHS III and DHS IV. This great variety of surveys, seventy-nine in total, permits one to compare levels of contraception and &ldquo / unmet-needs&rdquo / from country to country. The surveys also, make it possible to compare the evolution over time of specific countries or specific regions, and to subsequently comprehend the determining factors of contraceptive use or non-use.</p>

<p>The study examines the participation of African immigrants in the South African labour force with the central question revolving around whether the immigrants create jobs through the establishment of their own businesses or take jobs from the locals. Analytical frame work used in this study includes descriptive statistics, chi-square test for association and standardized residuals, two-way analysis of variance and logistic regression. Demographic, locational and socio-economic characteristics were studied using descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Two-factor analysis of variance was used to examine the differences on average in the African immigrants&rsquo / participation in the labour force, while logistic regression was used to investigate the effect of some demographic characteristics on employment and work status.</p>

<p>This study employs the Human Capital Theory (HCT), which postulates that the education of women is positively related to the likelihood of their labour force participation, in order to investigate quarterly dynamics in the labour force. This approach is an advancement of knowledge gained from previous studies such as Serumanga-Zake and Kotze (2004) and Ntuli (2004) who investigated the annual dynamics in FLFP. Investigating quarterly dynamics in FLFP is prudent as the market economy is very dynamic particularly at a point when the world economy is experiencing recession. Data for the study are extracted from the 2008 Quarterly Labour Force Survey conducted by Statistics South Africa. Logistic regression analysis modeling was employed with the dependent variable, FLFP, as a binary outcome. Other variables controlled in the analysis are gender, population group, age, marital status, education status, sector, main industry, main occupation and province. The results show that there is association between education status and FLFP status. Findings from this research are expected to contribute to the knowledge about trends in FLFP in South Africa and aid in planning of interventions aimed at improving the status of women as one of the critical steps in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.</p>

<p>This study assesses the present level of household water access and the willingness to pay in South Africa. Although the general literature informs that progress has been made in positing South Africa above the levels found in most African countries, there are some marked inequalities among the population groups and across the provinces, with some performing well and others poorly in this regard. The study looks at the extent to which households differ in terms of water access and willingness to pay according to the province of residence. The study focuses on household heads / male and female, through different social and demographic attributes, by taking account of variables such as age, education&nbsp / attainment, geographic areas, and population group to name but a few. The data used in this study comes from the 2007 General Household Survey (GHS) conducted by Statistics South Africa. The scope is national and employs cross tabulation and logistic regression to establish relationships and the likelihood of living in a household with access to safe&nbsp / drinking water in South Africa. Results presented in this study suggest that the difference is determined by socio- demographic characteristics of each household such as age, gender, population group, level of education, employment status income, dwelling unit, dwelling ownership, living quarters,household size and income. It throws more light as to what needs to be taken into account when considering demand and supply of and priorities for water intervention from the household perspective.</p>

Vécue comme l’une des plus grandes crises qu’a connue notre génération, la propagation du virus du SIDA est une urgence mondiale sans précédent, notamment en Afrique sub-saharienne où vivent la grande majorité des individus séropositifs. Dans un contexte où aucun vaccin n’existe encore et où les traitements sont onéreux et peu accessibles, les campagnes d’information sur le virus et l’acquisition de connaissances sur les méthodes de prévention, notamment à travers les programmes scolaires, sont cruciaux. La scolarisation est souvent vue comme la solution pour enrayer la propagation du virus et plusieurs études effectuées en Afrique sub-saharienne ont effectivement montré que les individus scolarisés étaient souvent les mieux renseignés sur le VIH/SIDA et son mode de propagation. Au Cameroun, pourtant, la partie de la population qui est la plus touchée par la séropositivité est aussi la plus instruite. C’est sur cet apparent paradoxe que se penche la présente étude. Cette recherche explore les différents facteurs qui sous tendent la relation positive entre le niveau d’instruction et la séropositivité au Cameroun en analysant les données de l’Enquête Démographique et de Santé (EDS) de 2004. Les résultats des analyses bivariées montrent que plus le niveau d’instruction des hommes et des femmes camerounais augmente, mieux ces derniers sont informés sur le VIH et ses modes de transmission. Malgré cet avantage au niveau des connaissances, l’analyse confirme un lien positif entre le niveau d’instruction et la séropositivé fort et statistiquement significatif parmi les femmes camerounaises, mais non significatif chez les hommes. Les résultats des analyses logistiques hiérarchiques suggèrent que c’est une combinaison de facteurs qui explique pourquoi les femmes les plus scolarisées sont aussi les plus touchées par le VIH/SIDA. Le fait qu’elles aient un profil sociodémographique différent (qu’elles soient plus jeunes et plus riches notamment), et qu’elles soient plus urbaines que leurs consœurs moins scolarisées, mais surtout qu’elles aient un temps d’exposition au risque hors union plus long et un nombre de partenaires plus élevés exposent davantage les femmes les plus scolarisées au virus. / Considered the biggest crisis known to our generation, the propagation of the AIDS virus is an unprecedented worldwide emergency, notably in sub-Saharan Africa where the majority of HIV-positive individuals live. In a context where no vaccine exists and where treatments are expensive and difficult to access, information campaigns about the virus and the acquisition of knowledge on prevention, notably through school programs, are essential. Schooling is often seen as the solution to eradicate the propagation of the virus, and studies held in sub-Saharan Africa have actually shown that highest educated individuals are more informed about HIV/AIDS and about its transmission. However, in Cameroon, the most affected part of the population is also the most educated one. This study investigates this apparent paradox. Using the 2004 data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), this research explores the multiple factors explaining the positive relation between the education level and seropositivity in Cameroon. Result from the bivariate analysis show that the level of knowledge about HIV and its transmission increases with the education level of men and women. In spite of this knowledge advantage, the analysis show a strong, positive and statistically significant link between the education level and seropositivity of women, but this link is not significant with men. The results of the hierarchical logistical analysis suggest that a combination of factor explains why the most educated women are more affected by HIV/AIDS. The fact that those women have a different sociodemographic profile (they are younger and wealthier), and that they live in more urban areas than their less educated counterparts, and especially the fact that they have a longer exposition time to HIV before engaging in a union, as well as an a higher number of sexual partners, increases their exposure to the virus.

Wie wird sich der öffentliche Raum unserer Städte verändern, wenn die Bevölkerung altert? Das interaktive Architekturmodell „Eine Stadt für jedes Alter“ geht dieser Frage nach. Entstanden ist es für die Ausstellung „Alle Generationen in einem Boot“ auf der MS Wissenschaft. Das Ausstellungsschiff des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) war aus Anlass des Wissenschaftsjahres 2013, welches unter dem Titel „Die demografische Chance“ stand, auf einer Tour durch Deutschland und Österreich unterwegs. Die Betrachter des Exponats werden zunächst durch Szenarien in die Zukunft versetzt. Gezeigt wird ein Ausschnitt aus dem Alltag von drei Senioren und einem Kind im Jahr 2045. Diese vier Personen können dann als Figuren im Modell gesucht und wiedergefunden werden. Die wesentlichen Aspekte einer altersgerechten und barrierefreien Anpassung des städtischen Raums sind in ihrer Umgebung dargestellt und werden mit Texten erläutert. Die vorliegende Broschüre zeigt Eindrücke des Architekturmodells und liefert Informationen zu den zukünftig zu erwartenden Entwicklungen in den Bereichen Mobilität, Wohnen und Versorgung sowie Pflege und Betreuung.