This diploma thesis focuses on language cliché in contemporary TV news. The aim of the theoretical part is to define the term cliché, specify its key features and describe language of the TV news. The analytical part focuses on finding and describing language clichés in the analysed material, which consists of TV news texts from three different Czech TV stations. The analysed material is restricted on preselected period of time. The chosen material is acquired from Newton Media archive, and the descriptions of particular clichés are accompanied by frequency and collocation data from language corpus SYN2015. The core of this diploma thesis is systematic definition of the term cliché and the linguistic analysis of particular clichés that can be found in contemporary TV news.

This dissertation examines the attitudes of people regarding the worship music that is being used in South African Protestant churches during the last decade of the twentieth century. The research is aimed at the man-in-the-pew to identify general trends across a variety of denominations. 4920 questionnaires were sent to 980 churches countrywide and completed anonymously. Questions are divided into three categories: personal information, church related, personal opinions. Every question has space for comments. Chapter one is a general discussion on people's opinions and attitudes and the aim and method used. Chapter two is an historical synopsis. Chapter three is an analysis of the questionnaire including hypotheses, graphs, results and comments. Chapter four, the conclusion, identifies general trends regarding formality and informality, choirs and music groups, background music, traditional versus contemporary, education and influence of leaders, the need for policies, use of media and instruments. Proposals are suggested. / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / M. Mus.

O vinho possui uma composição química complexa que, além de água e etanol, contém grande variedade de substâncias orgânicas e inorgânicas. Esta composição é influenciada por diversos fatores correspondentes à área específica de produção, como características do solo, condições ambientais, cultivar da uva e o processo de elaboração do vinho. Assim, o estudo dos elementos minerais apresenta grande interesse, sendo utilizado, aliado a ferramentas de análise estatística multivariada, na diferenciação de vinhos de acordo com sua origem geográfica. Neste trabalho são apresentados dois estudos que caracterizaram e diferenciaram vinhos pela sua composição mineral. O primeiro teve por objetivo caracterizar e diferenciar vinhosbase (cvs. Chardonnay e Pinot Noir) provenientes da Serra do Nordeste e Serra do Sudeste do Rio Grande do Sul através de parâmetros físico-químicos e elementos minerais combinada com técnicas de análise multivariada. O segundo teve por objetivo caracterizar e diferenciar amostras de vinhos espumantes produzidos no Brasil, Argentina, Chile, Espanha e França a partir da composição mineral aliada a ferramentas de estatística multivariada. Os parâmetros físico-químicos foram avaliados por espectrofotometria no infravermelho e os elementos minerais por espectrometria de emissão ótica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES). Na caracterização e diferenciação dos vinhos-base os elementos encontrados em maiores concentrações foram o K, Mg e Ca, e em menores concentrações o Ba, Fe, Sr e Al. A Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) mostrou que há uma tendência natural de separação entre os vinhos-base da Serra do Nordeste e Serra do Sudeste. Através da Análise Discriminante (AD) obteve-se para os vinhos-base da cv. Chardonnay cinco descritores químicos (Mg, Ca, Mn, pH e grau alcoólico) e para a cv. Pinot Noir seis descritores (B, Mn, Fe, Na, pH, acidez volátil) com capacidade de distinguir as amostras de vinhos-base de acordo com a origem geográfica. Os elementos Mn e Mg parecem ser os elementos com maior capacidade de discriminação entre os vinhos-base da Serra do Nordeste e Serra do Sudeste. No trabalho de caracterização e diferenciação dos vinhos espumantes, em todas as amostras o elemento K foi encontrado em maiores concentrações, e em menores concentrações os elementos Ba, Cu e Li. A Análise de Agrupamento Hierárquico (AAH) e a ACP demonstraram que há uma tendência natural de separação entre os vinhos espumantes do Brasil e Argentina daqueles dos outros 3 países. Através do emprego da AD obteve-se uma correta classificação de 100, 95, 84, 90, e 83 % para os vinhos espumantes do Brasil, Argentina, Chile, França e Espanha, respectivamente. Os elementos Mn, Li, Sr e Mg foram encontrados como melhores descritores químicos para a discriminação dos vinhos espumantes destes cinco países. / Wine presents a complex chemical composition containing, besides water and ethanol, a large variety of organic and inorganic compounds. This composition is influenced by several factors concerning to specific production area such as soil characteristics, environmental conditions, grape cultivar and winemaking practices. The study of mineral elements presents high interest, being used, when analyzed by multivariate statistics, for wine differentiation according to its geographical origin. Two studies characterizing and differentiating wines by their mineral composition are presented in this work. First study aimed to characterize and differentiate base wines (cvs. Chardonnay and Pinot Noir) from Serra do Nordeste and Serra do Sudeste of Rio Grande do Sul by physicochemical parameters and mineral elements analysis followed by multivariate statistics. Second study aimed to characterize and differentiate samples of sparkling wines produced in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Spain and France by mineral composition analysis followed by multivariate statistics. Physicochemical parameters were evaluated by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). In characterizing and differentiating base wines, elements found in higher and lower concentrations were, respectively, K, Mg, Ca and Ba, Fe, Sr, Al. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that there is a natural separation tendency between wines from Serra do Nordeste and Serra do Sudeste. Five chemical descriptors were obtained by Discriminant Analysis (DA) for base wine from cv. Chardonnay (Mg, Ca, Mn, pH and alcohol) and six descriptors for base wine from cv, Pinot Noir (B, Mn, Fe, Na, pH and volatile acidity). These descriptors were capable of classify samples of base wines according to geographical origin. Mn and Mg elements seem to be the elements with higher discrimination capacity between base wines from Serra do Nordeste and Serra do Sudeste. In sparkling wines characterization and differentiation, element K was found in higher concentration in all samples and Ba, Cu and Li were found in lower concentrations. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and PCA showed that there is a natural separation tendency between sparkling wines from Brazil and Argentina and those from Chile, Spain and France. A classification of 100, 95, 84, 90 and 83 % was obtained by DA for sparkling wines produced in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, France and Spain, respectively. Elements Mn, Li, Sr and Mg were found as the best chemical descriptors for discriminating sparkling wines from these five countries.

O vinho possui uma composição química complexa que, além de água e etanol, contém grande variedade de substâncias orgânicas e inorgânicas. Esta composição é influenciada por diversos fatores correspondentes à área específica de produção, como características do solo, condições ambientais, cultivar da uva e o processo de elaboração do vinho. Assim, o estudo dos elementos minerais apresenta grande interesse, sendo utilizado, aliado a ferramentas de análise estatística multivariada, na diferenciação de vinhos de acordo com sua origem geográfica. Neste trabalho são apresentados dois estudos que caracterizaram e diferenciaram vinhos pela sua composição mineral. O primeiro teve por objetivo caracterizar e diferenciar vinhosbase (cvs. Chardonnay e Pinot Noir) provenientes da Serra do Nordeste e Serra do Sudeste do Rio Grande do Sul através de parâmetros físico-químicos e elementos minerais combinada com técnicas de análise multivariada. O segundo teve por objetivo caracterizar e diferenciar amostras de vinhos espumantes produzidos no Brasil, Argentina, Chile, Espanha e França a partir da composição mineral aliada a ferramentas de estatística multivariada. Os parâmetros físico-químicos foram avaliados por espectrofotometria no infravermelho e os elementos minerais por espectrometria de emissão ótica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES). Na caracterização e diferenciação dos vinhos-base os elementos encontrados em maiores concentrações foram o K, Mg e Ca, e em menores concentrações o Ba, Fe, Sr e Al. A Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) mostrou que há uma tendência natural de separação entre os vinhos-base da Serra do Nordeste e Serra do Sudeste. Através da Análise Discriminante (AD) obteve-se para os vinhos-base da cv. Chardonnay cinco descritores químicos (Mg, Ca, Mn, pH e grau alcoólico) e para a cv. Pinot Noir seis descritores (B, Mn, Fe, Na, pH, acidez volátil) com capacidade de distinguir as amostras de vinhos-base de acordo com a origem geográfica. Os elementos Mn e Mg parecem ser os elementos com maior capacidade de discriminação entre os vinhos-base da Serra do Nordeste e Serra do Sudeste. No trabalho de caracterização e diferenciação dos vinhos espumantes, em todas as amostras o elemento K foi encontrado em maiores concentrações, e em menores concentrações os elementos Ba, Cu e Li. A Análise de Agrupamento Hierárquico (AAH) e a ACP demonstraram que há uma tendência natural de separação entre os vinhos espumantes do Brasil e Argentina daqueles dos outros 3 países. Através do emprego da AD obteve-se uma correta classificação de 100, 95, 84, 90, e 83 % para os vinhos espumantes do Brasil, Argentina, Chile, França e Espanha, respectivamente. Os elementos Mn, Li, Sr e Mg foram encontrados como melhores descritores químicos para a discriminação dos vinhos espumantes destes cinco países. / Wine presents a complex chemical composition containing, besides water and ethanol, a large variety of organic and inorganic compounds. This composition is influenced by several factors concerning to specific production area such as soil characteristics, environmental conditions, grape cultivar and winemaking practices. The study of mineral elements presents high interest, being used, when analyzed by multivariate statistics, for wine differentiation according to its geographical origin. Two studies characterizing and differentiating wines by their mineral composition are presented in this work. First study aimed to characterize and differentiate base wines (cvs. Chardonnay and Pinot Noir) from Serra do Nordeste and Serra do Sudeste of Rio Grande do Sul by physicochemical parameters and mineral elements analysis followed by multivariate statistics. Second study aimed to characterize and differentiate samples of sparkling wines produced in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Spain and France by mineral composition analysis followed by multivariate statistics. Physicochemical parameters were evaluated by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). In characterizing and differentiating base wines, elements found in higher and lower concentrations were, respectively, K, Mg, Ca and Ba, Fe, Sr, Al. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that there is a natural separation tendency between wines from Serra do Nordeste and Serra do Sudeste. Five chemical descriptors were obtained by Discriminant Analysis (DA) for base wine from cv. Chardonnay (Mg, Ca, Mn, pH and alcohol) and six descriptors for base wine from cv, Pinot Noir (B, Mn, Fe, Na, pH and volatile acidity). These descriptors were capable of classify samples of base wines according to geographical origin. Mn and Mg elements seem to be the elements with higher discrimination capacity between base wines from Serra do Nordeste and Serra do Sudeste. In sparkling wines characterization and differentiation, element K was found in higher concentration in all samples and Ba, Cu and Li were found in lower concentrations. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and PCA showed that there is a natural separation tendency between sparkling wines from Brazil and Argentina and those from Chile, Spain and France. A classification of 100, 95, 84, 90 and 83 % was obtained by DA for sparkling wines produced in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, France and Spain, respectively. Elements Mn, Li, Sr and Mg were found as the best chemical descriptors for discriminating sparkling wines from these five countries.

Orientador: Eni de Lourdes Puccinelli Orlandi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudo da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T13:30:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_GrecielyCristinada_D.pdf: 2413084 bytes, checksum: 47250b6f570f64d6494b3c0326a53646 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Analisamos, neste trabalho, processos discursivos desencadeados pelo funcionamento da denominação milícia. Essa denominação começou a circular na mídia, em 2006, para se referir à polícia (junto a outros agentes de segurança pública) que invade áreas de favelas, impondo um domínio, intervindo nas relações sociais, a partir da instauração de um dispositivo normativo. Diante desse acontecimento discursivo, perguntamos: por que chamar a polícia de milícia? A partir dessa questão, investigamos quais são os efeitos metafóricos produzidos por essa e outras substituições, que funcionam em discursos sobre a milícia, a saber: discurso de moradores do Rio de Janeiro, discurso jurídico, discurso jornalístico. Examinamos ainda o discurso de imagens. Nesse percurso, abordamos quatro pontos principais. São eles: i) o de que, em certa instância, essa denominação recobre a violência policial ao dar outro nome à polícia, ou seja, desvincula milícia da Instituição Polícia; ii) por outro lado, é o lugar de policial que configura e sustenta o sentido de milícia enquanto protetora; iii) todavia, tem sua prática associada a grupos criminosos, é então significada como criminosa, um desdobramento da polícia; iv) e a existência da milícia está ligada a um espaço material político-simbólico determinado: a favela, pois é nesse espaço que ela tem sua prática instaurada. Esses quatro pontos, que sinalizam sentidos para milícia, levaram-nos a pensar sobre a construção discursiva dos referentes não só na relação com essa denominação, mas com outras que são mobilizadas no decorrer das análises, visando compreender o processo de produção de efeitos de evidência posto em movimento por diferentes sujeitos, em distintos discursos. Nomes, vozes e imagens, permeados de equívocos, são focalizados nesse processo, no qual os sentidos deslizam, se movimentam, se inscrevem, se significam e ressignificam. Observamos que nomear, seja denominando ou renomeando, é explicitar o silêncio que dispersa o discurso dos sujeitos moradores, é tornar visível a indistinção de sujeitos, afetada pelos efeitos da indeterminação, é trabalhar com a diluição dos sentidos, que, por sua vez, são sempre constituídos por relações. É, ainda, situar-se na fronteira em que o dito, o dizível e o silenciado constituem discursos sobre, dentro do jogo de formações imaginárias, da interpretação e da ideologia / Abstract: Discursive processes initiated by the denomination militia are analyzed in this study. The term "militia" started to appear in the media in 2006, as a reference to the police officers (together with other public security officers) who invade Brazilian shantytowns, imposing dominance, interfering with social relations, starting their actions from the introduction of a normative device. Facing this discursive fact, we could raise a question: what is the reason for naming the police as "militia"? From this question, we investigate what are the metaphorical effects produced by this and other substitutions used in the following discourses about militias: Rio de Janeiro inhabitants? discourse, juridical discourse, journalistic discourse. In our investigation, we approach four main points: i) the fact that, in a certain way, this name covers the police violence, giving the Police another name, i.e., the name unlinks the militia from the police as an institution; ii) on the other hand, the police role configures and keeps the sense of the militia as a protector; iii) however, the militia has its action associated with criminal groups, so it might be understood as something criminal, a deployment of the police; iv) and the fact that the militia existence is connected to a determined symbolic political material space, the shantytown, once this is the space where the militia has established its action. Those four points, which signalize significances for the militia, lead us to consider the discursive construction of referents, not only in relation of that name, but also to others, which are found along the analysis, aiming at understanding the effects production process set in motion by different subjects within distinct discourses. Names, voices and images, surrounded by misunderstandings are focused on this process, in which the meanings slip, move, inscribe themselves, mean and re-mean. We can observe that, nominating, either denominating or renominating, is to show the silence that disperses the inhabitants? discourse, is to make the subjects? indistinction, affected by the effects of indetermination, visible, is to deal with the dilution of meanings, which, in turn, are always built up by relations. It is also being in the boundary where what was said, what is sayable and what is silenced compose discourse on and within the game of imaginary formations, interpretation and ideology / Doutorado / Linguistica / Mestre em Linguística

The subject of this dissertation is the confessional revivalist organisation Evangeliska Fosterlands-Stiftelsen (EFS – approximately the Swedish Evangelical Mission Society) between 1856 and 1910. EFS was founded in 1856 in a Pietistic tradition, and its aim was to revitalise from within what was seen as a too dormant State church, and also to counteract the influence of the emerging free churches. The study has five main sections. The introductory part consists of the theoretical framework and the historical context. In the second chapter EFS’ aims and expectations are studied on a national level. The third chapter examines the content of published and distributed tracts. The fourth chapter focuses on the activities of the itinerant colporteurs, and the fifth and final part studies the work of a local EFS-congregation. The aim of the dissertation is twofold. The first objective is to describe the transformation EFS underwent during the period studied. This process is described in terms related to Jürgen Habermas’ expression “public sphere”. When EFS was founded, as a board, it can be seen as one of other middle- and upper-class associations, and as such a part of the Swedish public sphere. By 1910 EFS had begun to move away from the Swedish State church and had become more like contemporary popular movements and free churches – it had started to take the shape of an limited alternative sphere, a denomination. The second aim is to use EFS as an example to describe and analyse the changed perception of religion during the second half of the 19th century. This change is described as a process of secularisation. Secularisation is seen here as the process that turned religion into an individual, voluntary and optional act of faith, among other religious and non-religious alternatives, for ordinary people. Of particular interest is the paradoxical relation between revivalism and secularisation. Various revivalist movements emphasised the personal relation to God and the individual right to interpret the word of God. The individual choice for salvation was also stressed within revivalism. These movements also created new alternatives to the all-embracing State church. Thus both the position of the Church, and the universal claims of Christianity in general, were undermined. The transformation EFS underwent is seen as an adaptation to the rise of modern society, which became more pluralistic and hence competitive during the final decades of the 19th century. This development meant that new strategies were required for religious organisations overall, in order for them to be able to compete and flourish. / digitalisering@umu

Numerous faith-based organizations (FBOs), denominations, and religious groups are represented in the United States. Faith leaders have the responsibility of addressing the spiritual needs of the congregation; however, the health needs of parishioners may be a point of discussion faith leaders should address. Communities surrounding FBOs may have limited health care services, lack transportation, and have serious health issues. The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative study was to explore the experiences of faith leaders on giving health counseling to their congregation. Faith leaders play an essential role in providing health counseling on various health topics to their congregation and community. A total of 15 faith leaders were recruited from 6 counties in North Carolina by convenience sampling. Face-to-face face semi-structured interviews was the data collection method. The transformational leadership theory was used to examine how faith leaders motivate parishioners through constructs of the framework. Using NVivo, a qualitative data analysis software tool, the coded results indicated that faith leaders need specialized training to provide health counseling to parishioners about health issues shared beyond their field of expertise. The insight gained from faith leaders was important to understand the health-related resources needed to improve the health of parishioners. This study may be useful for faith leaders, public health educators, health policy makers, and researchers seeking to understand faith leaders' experiences; it could impact positive social change by providing resources and training needed to combat health-related issues within congregations.

Each essay in this doctoral dissertation relates to a recent feature of sovereign finance in emerging market economies. In each article, I extend a quantitative macroeconomic model of sovereign debt and default to answer a particular question. In the first chapter, I investigate whether it is better for emerging countries to issue external debt denominated in local or foreign currency using a model with real exchange rates and inflation. I show how the welfare comparisons between the two options of debt denomination depend on the credibility of the monetary policy. In the next essay, I analyze the joint accumulation of sovereign debt and international reserves by emerging countries\' governments. In this theoretical framework, international reserves are a form of precautionary savings that can be used to smooth consumption even after a sovereign default. Statistics calculated with simulated data from a model with partial sovereign default indicate that the combined acquisition of assets and liabilities is an optimal policy in this type of model. In the last chapter, I examine whether low international risk-free interest rates, as observed in developed countries since the most recent global financial crisis, lead to a search for yield - identified via lower spreads even under higher default risk - in emerging markets sovereign bonds. I find that the inclusion of loss averse foreign lenders, a trait highlighted by the behavioral finance literature, in a standard model of sovereign default generates this result. / Cada ensaio desta tese trata de uma característica recente das finanças soberanas em economias de mercado emergentes. Em cada artigo, amplia-se um modelo macroeconômico quantitativo de dívida e default soberanos para responder a uma questão específica. No primeiro capítulo, investiga-se se é melhor para os países emergentes emitir dívida externa denominada em moeda local ou estrangeira usando um modelo com taxa de câmbio real e inflação. Mostra-se como as comparações de bem-estar entre as duas opções de denominação da dívida dependem da credibilidade da política monetária. No segundo ensaio, analisa-se a acumulação conjunta de dívida soberana e reservas internacionais pelos governos dos países emergentes. Nesse arcabouço teórico, as reservas internacionais são uma forma preventiva de poupança que pode ser usada para suavizar o consumo mesmo depois de um default soberano. As estatísticas calculadas com dados simulados de um modelo com default soberano parcial indicam que a aquisição simultânea de ativos e passivos é uma política ótima nesse tipo de modelo. No último capítulo, examina-se se as baixas taxas de juros livres de risco internacionais, observadas em países desenvolvidos desde a mais recente crise financeira global, levaram a uma busca por rentabilidade - identificada por meio de spreads menores mesmo sob maior risco de default - nos títulos soberanos de mercados emergentes. Verifica-se que a inclusão de investidores estrangeiros avessos a perdas, característica destacada pela literatura de finanças comportamentais, em um modelo padrão de default soberano gera esse resultado.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Janice Machado Ribeiro Rodrigues.pdf: 1475606 bytes, checksum: bd39f7308c7aa92d44d2e76db1d6436e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-14 / Religion, much at the contrary to what many might think, raises rash debates in the global scientific community, given its importance for understanding human behavior, extending the boundaries of the Sciences of Religion (SR), as a scientific locus of Religious Education (RE), research object of this study, which has been analyzed in two private Catholic schools, to consider the influences of denomination and secularization in developing their teaching practices from the LDB 9.394 / 96, and if it is still able to influence the building up of their students religiosity. Both are traditional schools, which have contributed to the writing of the history, both educational and Catholic Christian, not only of the city itself but of the entire region of the north of Minas Gerais, as reference schools. In order to accomplish that, it has been necessary a scientific and epistemological approach to the subject, which has contributed to its mapping in the region, the county of Montes Claros / MG, where it is located the State University of Montes Claros, with undergraduate and graduate studies in SR, a relatively new subject area in the context of the courses offered. In order to address the problem which has motivated and structured this work, it have been developed historical reflections about the religious phenomenon, RE s object of study, as well as the influences that denomination and secularization have on it during the Brazilian society s development of modernization. The general purpose has been answered by the comparative analysis of empirical research data, that is, the questionnaires answered by the two institutions students enrolled in the last series of basic education and high school, where it has pointed out the importance of the RE and that it is still able to influence the students religiosity, even considering the existing influences of secularization, which has also been recognized by them. As for the hypotheses, they served to confirm that Catholic institutions suffer the influences of denomination, however, they are open to the modernity that has entered the school through the doors of the teaching practices which have been developed, but, above all, they seek to adequate the subject to the directions that have been established by the PCNs, state and federal guidelines and resolutions, changing it to the extent that it is found justification in the SR. Challenges still exist, because as a subject, the RE is established in the teaching field, which requires, in addition to methodologies, content and teachers able to develop it. The solution found in those schools was to seek in the SR, the theoretical foundation and the teachers specialized in the area, committed to the civic education of independent students / A religião, ao contrário do que muitos pensam, congrega arrojados debates no meio científico mundial, dada a sua importância para a compreensão do comportamento humano, alargando as fronteiras das CRE, como locus científico do Ensino Religioso, objeto de pesquisa deste estudo, analisado em duas escolas católicas da rede particular, quanto às influências da confessionalidade e secularização no desenvolvimento de suas práticas pedagógicas, a partir da LDB 9.394/96, e se o mesmo ainda é capaz de influenciar a construção da religiosidade dos seus educandos. Ambos são educandários tradicionais, que contribuíram com a escrita da história tanto educacional quanto cristã católica, não só do município em si, mas de toda a região norte mineira, como escolas referência. Para tanto, fez se necessário um olhar cientifico e epistemológico sobre o mesmo, o que contribuiu para seu mapeamento na região, o município de Montes Claros/MG, onde se encontra localizada a Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, com o curso de graduação e pós-graduação das CRE, uma área disciplinar relativamente nova, no quadro de cursos oferecidos. No intuito de responder à problemática que motivou e estruturou este trabalho, desenvolveram-se reflexões históricas acerca do fenômeno religioso, objeto de estudo do ER, bem como das influências que a confessionalidade e a secularização exercem sobre ele no decorrer do estabelecimento da modernização da sociedade brasileira. O objetivo geral teve resposta na análise comparativa dos dados da pesquisa empírica, questionários respondidos por alunos matriculados nas últimas séries da educação básica e do ensino médio das duas instituições, onde se percebeu a importância do ER e que o mesmo ainda é capaz de influenciar a religiosidade dos educandos, mesmo considerando as existentes influências da secularização, também reconhecida por eles. Quanto às hipóteses, as mesmas serviram para confirmar que as instituições católicas sofrem as influências da confessionalidade, porém, são abertas à modernidade que adentrou no ensino pelas portas das práticas pedagógicas desenvolvidas, mas que, acima de tudo, buscam a adequação dessa disciplina conforme os direcionamentos estabelecidos pelos PCNs, diretrizes e resoluções estaduais e federais, transformando-a na medida em que se buscam fundamentos nas CRE. Desafios ainda existem, pois como disciplina, o ER se estabelece no campo do ensino, o qual exige, além das metodologias, conteúdos e docentes capazes de desenvolvê-lo, cuja solução encontrada nessas escolas foi buscar nas CRE a fundamentação teórica e os docentes especializados na área, comprometidos com a formação cidadã de educandos emancipados

This thesis consists of five separate papers, broadly within the field of International Finance. The first paper, An Empirical Analysis of the Currency Denomination in International Trade, investigates the choice of currency in international trade transactions by Swedish exporting firms. It uses an extensive dataset on payment transactions between foreign importers and Swedish exporting firms. It is the first paper to examine currency invoicing at such a disaggregated level. The main findings are that high exchange rate volatility reduces the likelihood of using the importers currency while high GDP and GDP per capita in the importing country increases the likelihood. A large market share of a third country increases the likelihood of using the third country's currency. A further finding is a decreased use of Swedish krona and a rise in the use of the euro as a vehicle currency. State Dependent Pricing, Invoicing Currency and Exchange Rate Pass-Through, written jointly with Martin Flodén, analyzes exchange rate pass-through in a dynamic model with menu costs. In the paper, we provide a link between the fixed and flexible price analyses by specifying a dynamic framework with exogenous choice of exporting currency, but with endogenous pricing decisions. We consider the pricing strategies of firms that produce in a home country, sell on a foreign market, and can change the price in response to exchange rate fluctuations, while being subject to menu costs. Our main finding is that when the exporter prefers to set price in the importer’s currency, the exporter also changes prices less frequently than if price was set in the exporter’s home currency. The intuition is that in this setting, the optimal currency choice is the one that on average minimizes the difference between fixed and flexible price profits, and thereby the frequency of price updates. When the importer’s currency is preferred it leads to limited pass-through and a low correlation between exchange rate movements and import prices. The third paper, Demand and Distance: Evidence of Cross Border Shopping , written jointly with Marcus Asplund and Richard Friberg, uses data from 287 Swedish municipalities to estimate how responsive alcohol sales are to foreign prices, and relate the sensitivity to the location's distance to the border. Typical results suggest that the elasticity with respect to the foreign price is around 0.4 in the border region; moving 200 (400) kilometers inland reduces it to 0.2 (0.1).  For example, a 10 percent reduction in the Danish price of spirits causes a fall in per capita sales of roughly 4 percent at the border (Malmö). This large cross price elasticity is almost half the own price elasticity. The effect diminishes gradually as one moves further from the border, but fall in sales is estimated to drop below 1 percent only at 460 kilometer from the border. Not until we reach 1000 kilometers can we reject that the effect is zero. Common Currencies and Equity Prices: Evidence from a Political Event, uses a political event, the Swedish referendum on whether or not to join the European Monetary Union (EMU), as a natural experiment to examine the relationship between common currencies and the market value of exporting firms. If Sweden would have voted to join the EMU, exchange rate uncertainty as well as transaction costs would have been greatly reduced for many exporting companies. Prior to the referendum, these potential gains (adjusted for the probability of joining) should have been included in equity prices. The day after the referendum that probability of was zero and one would expect a decline in equity prices of exporting firms. We find evidence of statistically significant negative abnormal returns on the trading day after the election for only two out of fifteen examined industry indices. The small effects found in this study are in line with earlier research that finds a weak relationship between exchange rates and equity prices. The fifth paper, When is a Lower Exchange Rate Pass-Through Associated with Greater Exchange Rate Exposure?, written jointly with Martin Flodén and Witness Simbanegavi, we study the relationship between exchange rate pass-through and exchange rate exposure (the relation between profits and exchange rates) under flexible prices. We introduce a convex cost function and study the effects of changing the elasticity of costs with respect to output. We do this both in a model of monopolistic competition as well as in the oligopoly models used by Bodnar et al (2002). We find that increasing the convexity of costs reduces both exchange rate pass-through and exposure, both under monopolistic competition and in duopoly settings. The conclusion is thus that if industries differ mainly on the supply side, this would imply a positive correlation between pass-through and exposure. However, our extension does not affect the result in Bodnar et al. that exchange rate pass-through and exposure should be negatively correlated across industries if industries differ mainly on the demand side, more specifically in the substitutability between domestically produced and imported goods. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2006, S. 3-12: sammanfattning, s. 15-120: 5 uppsatser</p>