Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Galhardo Fernandes.pdf: 1640801 bytes, checksum: c007b11879c8633edbc5b47562a84bb8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-19 / The objective of this study is to evaluate the structural changes to which sub-Saharan Africa has been subjected. Among its main points are the relationship between foreign direct investment, and how it changed the productive structure of the studied countries. With a sizeable real growth, sub-Saharan Africa has drawn the attention of investors and, as we shall see, the GDP growth was also accompanied by growth of FDI's. In order to address relevant issues in this study, from the 49 countries present in sub-Saharan Africa only ten were selected. However, the national aggregate output of these ten countries amount more than 80% of the GDP of the region in 2013, according to the World Bank. Therefore, it is indeed a small sample from the point of view of the number of countries covered, but it does not loose the economic dimension that Africa has. In recent studies, much is said about African growth. In fact, the growth in the 2000s stands out, even though it is often calculated on very small bases compared to the central and transitional countries. Therefore, this dissertation proposes to conduct an analysis of how the macroeconomic growth and FDI inflows have changed the African structure and thus answer questions about the role of Africa after this growth and how trade and financial relations with the center countries have occurred; that is, answer questions that do not arise when gross domestic product alone is analyzed / O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as mudanças estruturais às quais foi submetida a África Subsaariana. Entre os principais pontos abordados estão a relação entre os investimentos diretos externos e no que esses investimentos modificaram a estrutura produtiva dos países estudados. Com crescimentos reais vultosos, a África Subsaariana tem chamado a atenção dos investidores e, como veremos, o crescimento do produto interno bruto (PIB) foi acompanhado de crescimento dos investimentos diretos estrangeiros. (IDE). A fim de abordar pontos de relevância neste trabalho, dos 49 países presentes na África Subsaariana foram selecionados apenas dez; no entanto, o produto nacional agregado destes dez países compôs mais de 80% do PIB desta região em 2013, segundo o Banco Mundial. Trata-se, portanto, de uma amostra reduzida do ponto de vista do número de países abordados, mas sem perder a dimensão econômica que a África tem. Em estudos recentes, muito se diz sobre o crescimento africano. De fato, o crescimento verificado na década de 2000 é digno de nota, mesmo sendo muitas vezes calculado sobre bases muito pequenas em comparação com as dos países do centro ou em transição. Assim sendo, este trabalho se propõe a realizar uma análise da maneira como o crescimento macroeconômico e os ingressos de IDE têm mudado a estrutura africana e, diante disso, responder questões sobre o papel da África após esse crescimento, e também da maneira como as relações comerciais e financeiras têm acontecido com os países do centro enfim, a responder questões que não se apresentam quando analisado somente o produto interno bruto

This thesis examines the location and role of the runanga institution. As a prominent contemporary organization for Maori development, relevant theory locates runanga with regard to a broader developmental framework and their potential to function within it. The position of runanga, as a facilitator of Maori development, is assessed with reference to Dependency theory, World Systems theory and Modes of Production. These theories highlight the systematic historic dis-empowerment of Maori through the processes of colonisation with particular regard to runanga. The thesis also considers the evolution of the runanga since its migration from Hawaiki, its utilisation as a forum of colonial resistance, its co-option into the governmental system and its contemporary resurgence. This provides a historical overview of the runanga as an institution. In addition, Te Runanga 0 Ngati Whitikaupeka has been used as the case study which considers the issues of becoming a runanga and includes what the structure of the runanga might look like for Ngati Whitikaupeka as an iwi. The theories of Community Development and Empowerment are offered as means to counter the further dis-empowerment of Maori, where institutions such as runanga can utilise these notions to facilitate positive outcomes for iwi and Maori development. Field research contained in this thesis identifies some of the specific concerns and aspirations of Ngati Whitikaupeka iwi members. In utilising the notions of empowerment and community development the field research provides an explicit statement of Iwi aspirations to maintain the connection between Ngati Whitlkaupeka Iwi members at the flax-roots and Te Runanga 0 Ngati Whitikaupeka as a representative body that can facilitate those aspirations. Supplementary to this the iwi aspirations that have been identified in this study are intended to provide some direction for the runanga as the representative decision-making body moving into the future.

The aim of this thesis is to comprehensively describe and evaluate the linguistic work of the German grammarian and teacher Max Wilhelm Götzinger (1799–1856). Götzinger‘s work has been little considered in linguistics and historiography of linguistics apart from some articles mainly on his grammatical theory. The first editions of Anfangsgründe (1825) and Die Deutsche Sprachlehre für Schulen (1827), which up to now have been considered to be lost, could be retrieved and used for this study. Aspects of Götzinger‘s didactics and grammar can still today be re-garded as modern. In many respects his didactic ideas were opposed to the methods of teaching inspired by rationalist grammar and prevailing in the schools of his time. His own method is inductive and the aim of teach-ing was mainly to make pupils familiar with the structure of the German language. Götzinger‘s grammatical system was inspired by his experience as a teacher. The logical judgement and the subject-predicate concepts were replaced by a verb centred concept of syntax and Götzinger‘s system of word classes began with the verb instead of the noun. He did not regard correct thinking, which was the main purpose of rationalist grammar, but communication as the basic aim of the teaching of grammar. His notion of the verb as the centre of the clause has basic features in common with modern dependency theories introduced by Lucien Tesnière. Götzinger performed pioneering work in the field of dialectology and he is understood be the first to include a comprehensive description of the dialects of the German speaking countries Even if there also are good reasons to criticise many aspects of his work, e.g. indistinct terminology, inconsistency in sticking to his theory, and subjectivity in the description of the dialects, Götzinger‘s achieve-ment as to the state of the art of his time and also with regard to modern linguistics must be considered remarkable.

The method of my thesis is "historical document analysis" whose major line is dependency theory of Marxism which I will pick up famous scholar's books or journals within. Dependency theory of Marxism consists of underdevelopment school and dependent development school. The former has A. G. Frank, T. Dos Santos and Samir Amin etc.. The latter has F. H. Cardoso, E. Faletto, Peter B. Evans, J. A Caporaso and R. H. Chilcote etc.. Dependency theory of Structuralism which is a complement to dependency theory of Marxism has Raúl Prebisch, Celso Furtado and Osvaldo Sunkel. As to state development's research of dependency theory, it includes three parts: origins, schools and prospection. First part is origins. The academic thinking of dependency theory which is one of theories about researches of colonialism and imperialism in the 1960s follows Marxism's foundation¢w¢wi.e. productivity and productive relations. Though, dependency theory on the sphere of international relation belongs to a pan-Marxism family¢w¢was is neo-Marxism. However, Marx himself also ever declared that he wasn't a Marxist, namely, that researchers who follow Marx only take a part of Marx's intelligence, not all¢w¢weven distort that. So, the first step to understand economic asymmetry relations between peripheral and central state is back to the tradition of classical Marxism¢w¢wnamely, Marx's, Lenin's and Engel's intelligence¢w¢wand searches origins of dependency theory about peripherial state. Second part is schools which follow so-called "Two Stages" of Classical dependency and Dependent development theory. In first stage, it will begin to analyse United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) school's views and turns to underdevelopment school's views. From this kind of analysis, we can understand underdevelopment school's critique of ECLA school and innovation. For these management, the thesis will be written with "inside" and "outside" relations. Before that, I will elaborate illumination of P. Baran, P. Sweezy and Prebisch on Frank's peripheral state. In second one, the thesis begines with Cardoso's, Faletto's, Caporaso's and Chilcote's views about historical-structural approach in order to emphasize methodical changes from Classical dependency theory to Dependent development theory, and show state's development problems affected by inner classes and transnational companies with Evans' "triple alliance". The last part is prospection. Dependency theory gets rise from 1950s. As time goes by, the methodology of dependency theory doesn't satisfy with academic researches in the age of globalization. So the thesis will dig out the value which is that dependency theory can countine to criticize the unfair structure of capitalism in the age of globalization from new researches of dependency theory's scholars which include dependency theory of Marxism and Structuralism.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Master of Technology: Public Relations Management in the Faculty of Informatics and Design at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2013 / The aim of this study was to explore the benefits and potential of improved inter-organisational collaboration as compared to non-collaboration between the identified stakeholders in this research. This research established the level of current inter-organisational collaboration and satisfaction between the identified Western Cape Province stakeholders and verified whether this collaboration could be seen as contributing to tourism growth in the region. It also determined how improved inter-organisational collaboration and communication can be achieved to ensure tourism marketing effectiveness. In the lead-up to the 2010 FIFA World Cup™, regional stakeholders formed strategic partnerships to ensure a successful soccer event. The researcher sees such a collaborative approach as limited to major events or projects such as the 2011 bid for the Design Capital 2014. Inter-organisational collaboration is not clearly visible in the destination and tourism marketing of the region and this lack of collaboration has been highlighted. For the purpose of this study, the Resource Dependency Theory of Collaboration was utilised to highlight the inter-dependency between the identified regional stakeholders with vested interest in the Western Cape Province and Cape Town's tourism industry. The researcher conducted qualitative research which is situated in an interpretivist paradigm with its emphasis on experience and interpretation. The qualitative research is seen as being suitable for this research as detailed information has to be sourced through interviews. A qualitative exploratory approach, comprising face-to-face interviews with key informants in the industry was undertaken. The key informants engaged were drawn from a range of organisations engaged or who have a vested interest in the tourism industry which is a key economic driver in the Western Cape Province and Cape Town. The outcome of this study firstly was to establish the current levels of inter-organisational collaboration between the identified stakeholders and how this affects tourism growth. A closer look was taken to look at the current overlapping in the marketing initiatives embarked upon by the destination and tourism marketing organisations in the Western Cape Province, namely Wesgro and Cape Town Tourism and how these can be avoided. Secondly, the study explored how higher inter-organisational collaboration can ensure the achievement of effective tourism marketing of the region. As per the research findings, the researcher compiled recommendations on optimising inter-organisational collaboration among key regional stakeholders. These recommendations should contribute towards streamlining resources and redirecting some of the allocated funds from tourism marketing to other socioeconomic activities that can benefit the citizens of the region, such as developing emerging small to medium tourism enterprises and entrepreneurs.

No fim dos anos 1970, dois choques externos o segundo salto nos preços do petróleo e o reajuste na taxa básica de juros norte-americana marcam o início de tendências econômicas divergentes entre o Leste da Ásia e a América Latina. Para os prósperos tigres, a próxima década seria uma janela para o chamado catching up, culminando com a promoção simbólica de seu prodígio, a Coréia do Sul, ao status de país desenvolvido quando da realização dos Jogos Olímpicos em Seul. Na América Latina, inversamente, os anos 1980 são geralmente apelidados de Década Perdida, inaugurando uma era de regressão econômica e instabilidade política. A Argentina, provavelmente a menos dinâmica dentre as economias que então se industrializavam, é geralmente evocada como um desastre que tipifica a sina regional. A vasta maioria das investigações acerca desta divergência se concentra nas políticas econômicas domésticas e em seus resultados objetivos. Não obstante, tais políticas foram formuladas e aplicadas sob uma combinação de circunstâncias internacionais e políticas que podem variar consideravelmente de país para país ao longo do tempo. O objetivo deste texto é examinar em que medida algumas das particularidades destes dois casos naquilo que concerne ao processo político interno e à evolução da economia internacional moldaram a reação de cada qual ao cenário adverso. / At the end of the 1970s, a couple of external shocks namely, the second leap in petroleum prices and the readjust of American basic interest rate mark the beginning of divergent economic trends for East Asia and Latin America. For the prosperous tigers, the following decade would be a time for catching up, culminating with the symbolic promotion of its prodigy, South Korea, to the rank of a developed country by the time of Seouls Summer Olympics. In Latin America, inversely, the 1980s are generally nicknamed the Lost Decade, inaugurating an era of economic regression and political instability. Argentina, probably the worlds less dynamic industrializing economy at that time, is usually evoked as a disaster that typifies the regional fate. The vast majority of the investigations about this diversion concentrate on domestic economic policies and their objective results. Nonetheless, such policies were formulated and launched under a combination of international and political circumstances that can vary considerably from country to country and along the course of time. The aim of this text is to examine to what extent have some of these two cases particularities in what concerns to the domestic politic process and the evolution of international economy molded each national reaction to the adverse scenario.

IKEA is probably one of the most well known Swedish companies in the world. During thepast decades millions of people all across the globe have decorated their homes according tothe style of IKEA. But just exactly how big and influential are they? Many, if not to say all,municipalities in Sweden wants IKEA to establish and build their famous stores in one oftheir towns. But at what cost? When deciding on a municipality to establish in, IKEAnormally tends to have an advantage when it comes to controlling the conditions and terms ofthe establishment.To undertake this dissertation I use a theory based upon the inter-organizational theoriescalled resource dependency theory. The theory stresses the importance of controlling andobtaining resources as an organization among other organizations in order to survive. Fromthe theory one can see a pattern that organizations with a lot of resources tend to have biggeradvantage when dealing with other organizations.The question I want to answer was if the municipality of Karlstad has eroded its dominantplane when dealing with strong financial actors like IKEA?This is a case study of IKEA and their establishment in Karlstad. Unfortunately IKEA choosenot to be a part of the thesis due to lack of time. The method used in the dissertation is basedupon interviews with high senior officials that were involved in the establishment in one wayor another. To supplement the interviews a document study was performed.The result of the study is surprising in two ways. First of all the fact that IKEA has been sucha strong actor during the negotiations which gave them nearly whatever they asked for. Thesecond reason is the fact that the municipality has eroded its dominant plane in such anobvious way. If IKEA did want to, they could have built a store where ever they wanted.IKEA is probably one of the most well known Swedish companies in the world. During thepast decades millions of people all across the globe have decorated their homes according tothe style of IKEA. But just exactly how big and influential are they? Many, if not to say all,municipalities in Sweden wants IKEA to establish and build their famous stores in one oftheir towns. But at what cost? When deciding on a municipality to establish in, IKEAnormally tends to have an advantage when it comes to controlling the conditions and terms ofthe establishment.To undertake this dissertation I use a theory based upon the inter-organizational theoriescalled resource dependency theory. The theory stresses the importance of controlling andobtaining resources as an organization among other organizations in order to survive. Fromthe theory one can see a pattern that organizations with a lot of resources tend to have biggeradvantage when dealing with other organizations.The question I want to answer was if the municipality of Karlstad has eroded its dominantplane when dealing with strong financial actors like IKEA?This is a case study of IKEA and their establishment in Karlstad. Unfortunately IKEA choosenot to be a part of the thesis due to lack of time. The method used in the dissertation is basedupon interviews with high senior officials that were involved in the establishment in one wayor another. To supplement the interviews a document study was performed.The result of the study is surprising in two ways. First of all the fact that IKEA has been sucha strong actor during the negotiations which gave them nearly whatever they asked for. Thesecond reason is the fact that the municipality has eroded its dominant plane in such anobvious way. If IKEA did want to, they could have built a store where ever they wanted.

The purpose of the study is to examine if the gender composition of a board has an effect on a company’s financial performance by analyzing their operating margin and return on capital employed (ROCE). The study is based on a quantitative method, studying companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. Previous research has not been studying the gender composition of boards of Swedish companies and its effect on the company's financial performance in regard to their operating margin and return on capital employed. Therefore, this study has examined that in order to draw a conclusion regarding its possible effects. The data that is collected will be used as support in the analysis in order to understand how the current composition and effects are connected. This study will contribute with knowledge for companies in Sweden regarding gender composition of boards and the possible effects on their financial performance. But also, as support for the ongoing discussion regarding board composition and the current inequality in gender representation. In conclusion the study shows that return on capital employed and the proportion of women in the board has a positive relationship. Meaning that the bigger proportion of women in a board, the better return on capital employed the company has. However, for operating margin there was not a significant relationship and therefore a conclusion regarding that cannot be made.

No description available.