Le domaine de Kerazan, ensemble encore méconnu, fut légué à l’Institut de France par Joseph-Georges Astor en 1929. Situé en plein cœur du Pays Bigouden, sur la route de Pont-l'Abbé à Loctudy, le manoir de Kerazan est aujourd'hui l’un des fleurons de l’art de vivre au XIXe siècle, en sud Finistère. S’étalant du XVIe siècle à 1934, toute une collection d’arts décoratifs imprègne le manoir : toiles de maîtres régionaux, meubles bretons ou encore faïence de Quimper font vivre ce bâtiment comme ils font vivre le passé. Cet ensemble éclectique fut composé par une famille de trois collectionneurs : Joseph Astor II, Maire de Quimper de 1870 à 1886, conseiller général (de 1877 à 1895) et premier Sénateur républicain du Finistère, élu en 1890, et qui le restera jusqu’à son décès, en 1901. Son fils, Joseph-Georges Astor, docteur en droit, compléta la collection familiale tout au long de sa vie, avant de léguer - sous certaines conditions - l’ensemble de la collection à l’Institut de France. Dernier membre de cette famille de collectionneurs, beau-frère de Joseph Astor II et oncle de Joseph-Georges Astor, Georges Arnoult fut élu Député de la seconde circonscription de Quimper de 1876 à 1885. Le manoir et son domaine, connurent de très amples modifications, depuis la fin du XVe siècle à nos jours, et c’est ce que nous allons aborder ici, par le prisme de différentes disciplines, à savoir : histoire politique, histoire sociale et histoire des arts.Ce fut donc sous l’action de plusieurs familles et collectionneurs que le manoir fut modifié : tant dans son architecture, que dans ses décors intérieurs. Enfin, nous analyserons, l’histoire du goût au travers de l’exemple de la constitution de la collection de Kerazan. Peintures, mobiliers et objets quotidiens demeurés en l’état méritent-ils l’appellation de « collection bretonne » ? Quels étaient les objectifs de cette collection, quelles impulsions peuvent en être dégagées, et quels processus avons-nous pu déceler ? Ces derniers peuvent-ils être comparés à d’autres collections ? / The domain of Kerazan, still an underestimated set, was bequeathed to the Institute of France by Joseph-Georges Astor in 1929. Placed right in the heart of the Bigouden County, between Pont-l'Abbé and Loctudy, the manor house of Kerazan is today one of the jewels of the lifestyle in the XIXth century, in South Finistère. Spreading out from the XVIth century to 1934, a whole collection of decorative arts fills the manor house: paintings of regional masters, Breton furniture or still earthenware of Quimper make this building live as they make the past live. This eclectic set was made by a family of three collectors: Joseph Astor II, Mayor of Quimper from 1870 to 1886, member of the “General Council” (from 1877 to 1895) and first republican Senator of Finistère, elected in 1890 until he died in 1901. His son, Joseph-Georges Astor, Doctor of Law, continued the family collection throughout his life, before bequeathing - under certain conditions - the whole collection to the Institute of France.Last member of this family of collectors, brother-in-law of Joseph Astor II and uncle of Joseph-Georges Astor, Georges Arnoult was elected Member of Parliament of the second district of Quimper from 1876 to 1885.The manor house and its domain, have known very important modifications, since the end of the XVth century up to nowadays, and that is what we are going to study here, thanks to various subjects, that is to say : political history, social history and art history.Thus, the manor house was changed thanks to several families’ and several collectors’ actions in its architecture and also in its internal decoration. Finally, we will analyze, the history of taste through the example of the constitution of the collection of Kerazan. Do paintings, furniture and daily objects deserve the name of " Breton collection "?What were the goals of this collection, which trends can be observed, and which processes could we identify ? Can the latter be compared with other collections ?

Lorsque cette province quitta l’orbite française après une capitulation des troupes royales devant les armées impériales de Charles-Quint, la question de la représentation du territoire fut posée immédiatement. Les Etats de Tournai-Tournaisis naquirent de ce besoin en s’émancipant progressivement tant du Magistrat de Tournai que de l’office de bailliage dont ils reprirent certaines prérogatives. Bénéficiaires d’octrois des souverains espagnols, les Etats s’organisèrent autour de leur assemblée régulièrement convoquée à partir de 1556. Ils étaient présidés de droit par l’évêque ou son délégué. / When this province left the French orbit after a capitulation of the royal troops to the imperial armies of Charles V, the question of the representation to the territory was laid immediately. States Tournai-Tournaisis born of this need gradually emancipating both Magistrate Tournai as office bailiwick they regained some prerogatives. Award recipients of the Spanish sovereigns, States organized around their meeting duly convened from 1556. They were presided over by the Bishop of law or his delegate.

This Master Thesis is the research done in the country of Rwanda. The project leads to study the climate of this country in order to establish whether this climate could be used to produce energy from air and to implement the first wind turbine for serving the nation.   After an introduction about the historical background of wind power, the thesis work deals with assessment of wind energy potential of Rwanda in focusing of the most suitable place for wind power plants. The best location with annual mean wind speed, the rate of use of turbine with hub height for an annual production per year, the mean wind speeds for 6 sites of Rwanda based on ECMWF for climatic data for one year at relief of altitude of 100m and coordinates are reported too.   The result of energy produced and calculations were done based on power hitting wind turbine generator in order to calculate Kinetic energy and power available at the best location to the measurement over the period of 12 months, that could be hoped for long term.   With help of logarithmic law, where wind speed usually increases with increasing in elevation and the desired wind speeds at all 6 sites were used. The annual energy production was taken into account at the best site with desired wind speed at the initial cost of turbine as well as the cost of energy (COE).However, with comparison of the tariff of EWSA, the price of Wind designed in this Research per kWh is cheaper and suitable for people of Rwanda. / <p><em>Rwanda has considerable opportunities development energy from hydro sources, methane gas, solar and peat deposits. Most of these energy sources have not been fully exploited, such as solar, wind and geothermal. As such wood is still being the major source of energy for 94 per cent of the population and imported petroleum products consume more than 40 per cent of foreign exchange. Energy is a key component of the Rwandan economy. It is thus recognized that the current inadequate and expensive energy supply constitutes a limiting factor to sustainable development. Rwanda’s Vision 2020 emphasizes the need for economic growth, private investment and economic transformation supported by a reliable and affordable energy supply as a key factor for the development process. To achieve this transformation, the country will need to increase energy production and diversify into alternative energy sources. Rwandan nations don’t have small-scale solar, wind, and geothermal devices in operation providing energy to urban and rural areas. These types of energy production are especially useful in remote locations because of the excessive cost of transporting electricity from large-scale power plants. The application of renewable energy technology has the potential to alleviate many of the problems that face the people of Rwanda every day, especially if done so in a sustainable manner that prioritizes human rights.</em></p>