Twenty first century Lutheran secondary schools operate in a complex and demanding social, historical and theological environment. Leadership needs to be conceptualized in a manner which is appropriate for a fluid, dynamic learning community. Contemporary thinking about school leadership explores concepts such as teacher leadership, shared and distributed leadership. Successful school leadership is also perceived to impact positively on student educational outcomes. The leadership of the deputy principal in many school sectors has traditionally been structured on the basis of a bureaucratic, hierarchical model. Such models are increasingly perceived as unhelpful in the school context, yet in response, little has changed for deputy principals. The purpose of the current study was to consider the situation in Lutheran secondary schools. It explored the understandings about leadership embedded in the current role of the deputy principals. This was achieved by comparison of the participants’ perceptions with historical leadership narratives. The key finding of this research is that in Lutheran schools, the leadership role of the deputy is often not as fully developed as would be appropriate in the existing climate, where schools and principals are expected to provide ever expanding services and fulfil multiple purposes. In many schools, the leadership role of the deputy does not provide sufficient training for succession to the principalship. Deputy principals are seen to focus on activity which supports educational leadership, but leaves them on the fringe of it. Deputies are often not involved in major teaching and learning strategic planning, vision and change management. This hinders their preparation for a future role as principal, but also deprives the school of a potentially significant source of leadership activity. Deputy principals are seen to model the Christian ethos of the school through the way they interact with staff and students and their involvement in the devotional life of the school. However, in-depth involvement in ongoing dialogue about Lutheran identity and the church in the school is usually dependent on the interest and passion of the individual deputies, not inherently demanded by the role. There is also a limited understanding of servant leadership influencing the practice of deputy principals in the schools. In order to maximise the effectiveness of the leadership role of the deputy principals in Lutheran secondary schools, it would be timely to draw together key doctrinal statements, leadership theory and Luther’s reflections on vocation, into a cohesive and practical understanding of leadership. This could form the basis for further development of distributed leadership in Lutheran secondary schools and help to ensure that they continue to successfully meet the needs of their communities.

The main aim of this research was to investigate the conditions that influence and shape the occupational perceptions of principals; systematically observe primary school principals in the islands of Malta, and to contrast these findings with the perceptions of a group of deputy principals. To achieve this aim three studies were conducted. The first study employed a self-administered questionnaire survey method employed with all principals in primary schools (i. e. state, church and private). 'Discussions with parents', 'discussions with staff' and 'desk work' have been highlighted as the major job functions taking up most of the principals' time. Half of the respondents rated 'desk work' as their majorjob function. The Maltese principal tended to perceive his/her role as falling within the chief executive model. The principal's duties related largely to the division and allocation of work, the co-ordination and control of organisational activities, communication with parents and staff, maintaining discipline and order, and maintaining the level of resources and plant upkeep. This survey, however, shows that principals wanted to take on functions within the leading professional model. In the second study, an observational study was conducted with the aim of checking out some of the perceptions principals held towards their role and to add another dimension to the overall picture by identifying what principals actually did in their daily life at work. The study explored the work patterns of eight primary school principals in the state sector. The observational study attested to the multi-varied nature of the principal's role. The principal's day was generally hectic in pace, varied in its composition, discontinuous and superficial in any pursuit of tasks, with the unexpected always as one of the few certainties of thejob. The principal's energy was observed as being devoted to keeping the school ticking over in the short run with hardly any time being devoted to discuss matters of direct relevance to the teaching-learning process, such as classroom practice, curriculum review and update. The dominant model was that of the transactional leader who is fixing things, managing and coping in order to maintain the smooth operation of the organisation. As highlighted in the questionnaire survey principals devoted their time to administration, pastoral care and communication with parents. Little to no time was stated as being devoted to high value tasks such as strategic planning and curriculum review. The portrayal of Maltese primary school principals is that they are not so much reflective or transformational leaders, rather they are chronically busy, reactive as against proactive, and caught up in, and tied down by the unceasing demands of others for their attention. The present research seems to have identified the transactional nature of leadership as the main medium of interaction that the primary school principals opted for. Bearing in mind the present period of changes and development of school management practices in Malta, it was felt appropriate to seek feedback from deputy principals whose own role was undergoing change. A small group of twenty newly-appointed deputy principals were approached to view how they perceived the role of the principal. At the same time it sought to identify their perceptions of their own role, and get an indication of how they viewed tomorrow's principalship. This, it was felt, would provide data as to how Maltese administrators in general viewed their role. Deputy principals presented similar feedback to that presented by principals. The major difference being in the way deputy principals perceived tomorrow's principalship – one which went beyond the transactional model of principal as administrator to the transformational model of principal as leading professional. However, nothing conclusive can be drawn out. There is a strong indication that principals and deputy principals desire this move but some responses express a certain degree of inconsistency which shows that the implications behind the transformational model are not well and truly understood by the participants of this survey. The implications of the findings for today's and tomorrow's principalship were discussed.

Correctional Officers are responsible for responding to emergency/crisis situations in correctional settings. Research shows that their work is characterized by numerous psychological stressors that vary by degree and intensity, which can lead to compromised job performance and, ultimately, job burnout. Despite the increased attention directed to the problem of occupational stress in first responders among other professions over the past several years, virtually no investigations have focused on correctional officer resilience. The purpose of this study was to: (a) identify whether select positive personal variables (i.e., hope, optimism, social support) are associated with increased resilience, (b) determine the extent to which individual resilience acts as a protective factor against job burnout, (c) ascertain whether resilience serves as a significant mediator between hope, optimism and social support and reduced burnout, and (d) utilize the findings to make suggestions for future interventions and research in this area. By identifying specific individual characteristics that increase resilience and protect correctional officers against job burnout, it is expected that more efficacious approaches can be identified to enhance stress reduction and management.

Internet application servers are currently designed to maximize resource efficiency by servicing many thousands of users that may fall within disparate privilege classes. Pooling users into a shared execution context in this way enables adversaries not only to laterally propagate attacks against other clients, but also to use the application server as a "confused deputy" to gain escalated privileges against sensitive backend data. In this work, we present the Single-use Server (SuS) model, which detects and defeats these attacks by separating users into isolated, containerized application servers with tailored backend permissions. In this model, exploited servers no longer have unfettered access to the backend data or other users. We create a prototype implementation of the SuS model for the WordPress content management system and demonstrate our model's ability to neutralize real-world exploits against vulnerable WordPress versions. We find that the SuS model achieves a high level of security while minimizing the amount of code modification required for porting an application server. In our performance evaluation, we find that the CPU and latency overheads of the SuS model are very low, and memory consumption scales linearly. We generalize the SuS model to be applicable to a wide range of application server and backend resource pairs. With our modularized codebase, we port IMAP, a widely-used mail retrieval protocol, to the SuS model and find that doing so requires minimal effort.

In this study, the role of the deputy-principal is examined. An attempt is made to gain a better understanding on how distributed leadership manifests in the role of the primary school deputy-principal by focusing on the deputy-principal’s activities and interactions with, among others, the Department of Basic Education (DBE), the principal, educators, the School Governing Body (SGB) and the community. A deputyprincipal is in the unique position of being not only the assistant to the principal and deputising for the principal during his or her absence, but also a teaching staff member. Education leadership literature shows that little attention has been given to the specific duties and responsibilities of South African deputy-principals in comparison to other leadership and management positions in schools. Due to the vaguely defined position of deputy-principals, their role and responsibilities remain largely undetermined. By posing the central research question to the study: “How is distributed leadership manifested in the role of the primary school deputy-principals?” the aim was to determine what primary school deputy-principals do on a daily basis at school, what the different perspectives are on the role and responsibilities of the deputy-principal with regard to school management and leadership, and also who determines what the primary school deputy-principal does and what criteria are used to determine these duties. Purposive sampling was used, selecting five large primary schools in the Tshwane South District of the Gauteng Department of Education (GDE). / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Education Management and Policy Studies / MEd / Unrestricted

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the work of the Deputy State Superintendents on the high schools of Texas.

Il existe une véritable « civilisation du théâtre » en France au XIXe siècle. Cette thèse analyse l’ensemble des débats parlementaires qui s’y rapportent de 1789 à 1914 à partir d’un vaste corpus de sources, en particulier les débats budgétaires, les pétitions, les questions et interpellations et les projets de loi. La première partie interroge la contribution parlementaire à la politique théâtrale de l’Etat à travers trois leviers d’action. Le « système du privilège » s’oppose à la logique libérale de l’industrie théâtrale entre 1807 et 1864. La subvention que l’Etat accorde aux théâtres passe de la liste civile au budget de l’Etat à partir de 1820 : ce transfert de souveraineté menace le principe même de la subvention en le soumettant de façon inédite aux aléas des débats parlementaires. La censure constitue le troisième grand levier d’action sur les théâtres, que l’Etat conserve jusqu’en 1905 : l’analyse des arguments pour la justifier ou la combattre met en exergue une corrélation peu évidente entre les convictions énoncées et la culture politique des parlementaires. La seconde partie montre comment leur participation à la politique théâtrale de l’Etat peut être envisagée comme un révélateur de la viepolitique au XIXe siècle. La plongée au cœur de l’action parlementaire, en commission, à la tribune, ou à l’extérieur du Parlement, débouche sur une typologie des parlementaires intervenant sur le théâtre. La question théâtrale est ensuite envisagée au miroir du parlementarisme, tandis que l’instrumentalisation politique des débats sur le théâtre est soulignée à travers les nombreuses digressions internes qui les affectent. La troisième partie s’attèle enfin à comprendre les préoccupations esthétiques et sociales des parlementaires du XIXe siècle à l’égard de la vie théâtrale, envisagée du triple point de vue du répertoire, des auteurs et des artistes, et propose ainsi une histoire parlementaire du goût. / There is a real “theatre civilization” in France in the 19th century. This thesis analyses thewhole of parliamentary debates about this ‘’theatre civilization’’ between 1789 and 1914 based on alarge corpus of sources, including especially the budgetary debates, petitions, questions andinterpellations, and bills. The first part questions the parliamentary contribution to the State theatricalpolicies through three levers of action. The “privilege system” goes against the liberal logic of thetheatre industry between 1807 and 1864. The grant given by the State to the theatres goes from thecivil list to the State budget in 1820 : this sovereignty transfer undermines the very principle of grant,by making it subject to the whims of parliamentary debates in an entirely new way. Censorshipconstitutes the great third lever of action on theatres that the state retains until 1905 : the analysis ofthe arguments aimed at justifying or fighting censorship brings out a not so obvious correlationbetween the expressed beliefs and the political culture of Parliament members. The second part showshow the participation of Parliament members in the State theatre policies can be considered as anindicator of the political life in the 19th century. The dive into the heart of parliamentary action, incommittee, at the tribune or outside the parliament opens into a typology of Parliaments membersintervening about theatres. The theatrical matter is next considered in the mirror of parlementarismwhile the political instrumentation of debates about theatre is underlined through the many internaldigressions which affect them. Finally, the third part gets down to understanding the aesthetic andsocial concerns of the Parliament members in the 19th century towards the theatre life consideredunder a triple view point of repertory, authors and artists, thus suggesting a parliamentary history oftaste.

Någon gång i livet drabbas av ett försämrat hälsotillstånd är mycket vanligt, men vilken typoch omfattning sjukdomen genererar varierar givetvis. Den 1 juli 2017 stiftades en lag omframtidsfullmakter som är tänkt att vara ett komplement till ställföreträdarskap och detraditionella fullmakterna. Dessa är tänkta att användas likt en fullmakt men den skillnadenatt framtidsfullmakten kommer skrivas i förtid, innan den ska träda i kraft. Detta för attunderlätta den dagen man blir försatt i en varaktig sjukdom och inte längre kan råda översina ekonomiska eller personliga angelägenheter. Denna nya lag kommer att ge utrymme förden enskilde att själv låta besluta över vem som ska utses som den framtida fullmaktshavarenoch även omfattningen kring behörigheten samt befogenheten kring fullmakten. Uppsatsensgrund syftar till att göra en komparativ utredning avseende framtidsfullmakter och de olikatyper av traditionella fullmakter samt ställföreträdarskap som finns. Uppsatsen syftar äventill att ta fram de fördelar respektive nackdelar och klargöra vad som skiljerframtidsfullmakter från de traditionella fullmakter och ställföreträdarskap som finns idag. / At some point in a lifetime it is likely that one would be affected by an impaired healthcondition, of course to which degree and affect varies. The 1 of july 2017 a law wasestablished concerning future power of attorney and it was meant to complement the alreadyexisting laws about trustees and traditional power of attorneys. Where the execution isthought to be similar as of an ordinary power of attorney but in this instance it is meant tobe written in beforehand, before it is meant to be used, to facilitate in a situation where onecan not care for their personal and economical matters because of a lasting reduced state ofhealth. This new law will allow the individual capacity to alone decide who to be appointedas the future power of attorney and also the extent to what this attorney may do and whatauthority it has to do what. This study aims to do a comparative investigation of future powerof attorney and power of attorney and other forms of deputies and trustees. It also aims toillustrate the advantages respectively disadvantages, also similarities and differencesbetween the different kinds.

Neveu du député Alphonse Baudin tué sur les barricades le 3 décembre 1851, Pierre Baudin (1863-1917) est un homme politique de la Troisième République insuffisamment reconnu aujourd’hui. Élu radical-socialiste au Conseil municipal de Paris en 1890, il y accomplit un parcours exemplaire au service de la défense des Droits de Paris. Rapporteur général du Budget pendant trois ans, il devient viceprésident du Conseil en 1895 et président en 1896, à moins de 33 ans. Député dès 1898, il est nommé, l’année suivante, à 36 ans, à peine, ministre des Travaux publics du cabinet Waldeck-Rousseau, le seul de son groupe politique. Il opte, en 1900, pendant son ministère, pour le siège de Belley, abandonnant le 11e arrondissement de la capitale. Dissident du combisme, il doit lutter contre les radicaux orthodoxes de son département pendant la période 1903-1905. Réélu aisément à la Chambre, en 1902 et 1906, il poursuit une belle carrière de journaliste entamée en 1890. Président de l’association des journalistes sportifs, en 1905, vice-président, en 1907, de l’association des journalistes parisiens (dont il sera l’éphémère président en 1915), administrateur hors pair, il est rapporteur général du budget à la Chambre en 1905 et 1906. P. Baudin est également un homme d’affaires à partir de 1906, en devenant - pendant un an - président de la banque franco-américaine et de la Société internationale des Écoles Berlitz de 1907 à 1913. Sénateur de l’Ain, en 1909, devenu briandiste, il est nommé, en 1910, ambassadeur extraordinaire en Argentine. De retour au Palais du Luxembourg, il se montre d’une rare activité, rapportant d’importants dossiers de politique étrangère notamment. Ministre de la Marine en 1913, il conduit, en 1915, une mission de propagande en Amérique latine. Patriote exigeant, il a dénoncé inlassablement la menace allemande jusqu’à son décès, par maladie, en 1917. / Pierre Baudin (1863-1917), was the nephew of Alphonse Baudin, a Deputy killed on the barricades on December 3rd 1851, and a French statesman. Although a popular political figure of the Third Republic, Pierre Baudin has not been given sufficient recognition today. As a radical-socialist, he was elected to the Paris Municipal Council in 1890. There, he defended, with remarkable skills, the Rights of the City of Paris. After serving as a General Budget Reporter for three years, he was elected Vice-President of the Council in 1895 and subsequently elected President, before the age of 33, in 1896. He entered the chamber as Deputy as early as 1898, and, as the only member of his party, he was appointed the following year, at the age of 36, Minister of Public Works in the Waldeck-Rousseau cabinet. During his ministry, he chose to relinquish Paris’s eleventh arrondissement and run for office in Belley. A dissident of the Combiste movement, he had to oppose the orthodox radicals in his département from 1903 to 1905. He was easily re-elected to the chamber in 1902 and 1906, however, and he was even able to pursue the career of a journalist that he had launched successfully in 1890. He was elected President of the French Association of Sports Journalists in 1905 and subsequently elected Vice-President of the Association of Parisian Journalists in 1907, which he briefly chaired in 1915, and as an administrator beyond compare, he was appointed General Budget Reporter at the chamber in 1905 and 1906. He also established himself as a businessman from 1906, becoming [the first] President of the French-American bank, but only for a year, and President of the International Society of the Berlitz schools from 1907 to 1913. Turned Briandiste, he was elected to the senate by the département of Ain in 1909, and, in 1910, he was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary in Argentina. Upon his return to the Palais du Luxembourg, he was very active in contributing key reports on foreign affairs to the senate. He was appointed Minister of Marine in 1913 and was charged with a propaganda mission in Latin America in 1915. A relentless patriot, Baudin never stopped warning his contemporaries against the German threat until his death, due to a serious illness, in 1917.

The aims of this study were to determine: • The nature of job stress. • Factors causing job stress in management personnel. • The perceived severity or intensity of job stress in management personnel in secondary schools. • The frequency of occurrence of job stress in management personnel in secondary schools. In order to achieve these aims a literature study and empirical investigation were undertaken. The data was investigated and evaluated and certain conclusions were made. Appropriate primary and secondary sources were used in the literature study. A DIALOG search was conducted using the following key words: job stress, occupational stress, career stress, work stress, management and education. The nature of job stress and factors causing job stress in management personnel were discussed. Spielberger's Job Stress Survey (JSS) was used for the empirical investigation. This questionnaire was designed to determine the amount of stress associated with a particular event and the frequency of its occurrence. The population consisted of the management teams (principals, deputy principals and heads of department) of 180 randomly selected secondary schools throughout South Africa. The management teams of 102 secondary schools throughout South Africa constituted the sample. The data obtained in the empirical investigation was statistically analysed and interpreted. In conclusion the study was summarised, findings were reported and specific recommendations were made for implementation in practice and for further research. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000